CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

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1 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES Sara Lynn Nicole Farwell Bioscience in the 21 st Century Lehigh University Department of Biological Sciences Wednesday, October 25 th, 2017

2 IN EVERY YEAR SINCE 1919, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ACCOUNTED FOR MORE DEATHS THAN ANY OTHER MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATH IN THE UNITED STATES. American Heart Association Statistical Update Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2017 Report

3 MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH FOR ALL MALES AND FEMALES, UNITED STATES 2014 A: Cardiovascular Diseases B: Cancer C: Accidents D: Respiratory Diseases E: Diabetes F: Alzheimer Disease Circulation. 2017;135: DOI: /CIR

4 PERCENTAGE BREAKDOWN OF CVD DEATHS, UNITED STATES 2014 Circulation. 2017;135: DOI: /CIR

5 BY 2030, 43.9% OF THE US POPULATION IS PROJECTED TO HAVE SOME FORM OF CVD. American Heart Association Statistical Update Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2017 Report

6 ECONOMIC BURDEN OF CVD, UNITED STATES Direct and indirect costs attributed to CVD between were more than $316 billion Circulation. 2017;135: DOI: /CIR

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8 BUT WAIT! THERE ARE PREVENTABLE RISK FACTORS!

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10 RISK FACTORS FOR CVD Conditions Behaviors Other Characteristics High Blood Pressure Unhealthy Diet Age High Cholesterol Physical Inactivity Sex Diabetes Obesity Race or Ethnicity Metabolic Syndrome Alcohol Consumption Genetics Smoking / Tobacco Use

11 AGE, SEX, RACE, ETHNICITY RISK FACTORS Circulation. 2017;135: DOI: /CIR

12 AGE, SEX, RACE, ETHNICITY RISK FACTORS Circulation. 2017;135: DOI: /CIR

13 RISK FACTORS ARE INTERCONNECTED Unhealthy Diet High Cholesterol Age Sex Race Obesity Genetics Diabetes High Blood Pressure Alcohol Consumption Physical Inactivity Smoking

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15 Circulation. 2017;135: DOI: /CIR

16 Circulation. 2017;135: DOI: /CIR

17 WHAT IS HAPPENING AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL?

18 ATHEROSCLEROSIS Definition: A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on the inner wall Blood vessels Endothelial cells Injury / Dysfunction Plaque composition Fat, cholesterol, calcium Dead cells Immune Smooth Muscle Progression Plaque Instability Ruptured artery, aneurysm

19 ATHEROSCLEROSIS

20 J Korean Med Sci Sep;30(9): doi: /jkms

21 w&url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.researchgate.net%2ffigure%2f _fig1_fig-1-schematic-overview-of-key-mechanisms-of-atherosclerosis-inan-evolving&psig=aovvaw2gmm7g7efh3w2ac3rzlboh&ust=

22 Pro-Inflammatory Signaling Stancu, Camelia & Toma, L & V Sima, Anca. (2012). Dual role of lipoproteins in endothelial cell dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Cell and tissue research /s International Journal of Interferon, Cytokine and Mediator Research 2015:7 9 25

23 RECOMMENDATIONS Health screening Family history Physical activity Cardiorespiratory 3-5 days/week for min, moderate intensity Muscular strength and endurance 2-3 nonconsecutive days/week for min, muscle fatigue Flexibility training at least 2-3 days/week Diet (RDA) Limit saturated fat and trans fat Consume less than mg cholesterol/day Consume less than 2300 mg salt/day Balance calorie intake and expenditure Helps others: know signs and symptoms for heart attack, stroke

24 Proteomes 2017, 5, 21; doi: /proteomes

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26 SUMMARY CVDs are globally prevalent and continue to create a huge economic burden Modifiable versus nonmodifiable risk factors Over time, conditions (high blood pressure, cholesterol) causes physical, chemical damage to the endothelium oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory signaling plaque development vessel rupture or dislodging Public health recommendations Broad CVD research

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28 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES --Lifes-Simple-7_UCM_471453_Article.jsp#.WfBxMWiPLIU _future.pdf

29 IMAGE CREDITS es&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahukewim_rkbmorxahwo5imkh WGZC7cQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FCours es%2fdigital_path%2fsystemic_path%2fcardio%2fatherosclerosisca.html&psig=aovvaw2nrncwer3ds1b8rhlgtt5i&ust= es&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahukewin3lgmmorxahuk04mk HabHDHYQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fopeni.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdeta iledresult.php%3fimg%3dpmc _ %26req%3D4&psig=AOvVaw1P6JWOzW9jnrc- 7ynVfRM4&ust= may-help-to-reduce-cancer-risk/

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