Introduction to Medical Careers. Cardiovascular & Circulatory Systems Chapters 11-12

Transcription

1 Introduction to Medical Careers Cardiovascular & Circulatory Systems Chapters 11-12

2 CHAPTER 11 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

3 I will be able to: 1. Define at least eight terms referring to the cardiovascular system. 2. Describe the function of the cardiovascular system. 3. Identify at least ten cardiovascular system structures and the function of each. 4. Describe at least three disorders of the cardiovascular system.

4 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM double sided pump weighs less than 1 lb. about the size of a fist located behind and to the left of the sternum

5 Structure and Function Functions of the cardiovascular system: Transports nutrients and oxygen to the body Transports waste products from the cells to the kidneys for excretion Distributes hormones and antibodies throughout the body Helps control body temperature and maintain electrolyte balance

6 Tissue Layers of the Heart ENDOCARDIUM Smooth layer of cells lining the inside of the heart and forming the valves MYOCARDIUM (the heart muscle ) The thickest layer, consisting of muscle tissue PERICARDIUM Double membrane that covers the outside of the heart, providing lubrication between the heart and surrounding structures to prevent tissue damage

7 Heart (Continued) Activity of the heart muscle is controlled by the nervous system Also affected by action of hormones and fluid balance

8 Heart (Continued) PULMONARY CIRCULATION Right side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION Left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to rest of the body Blood returns to the right side of the heart from the body to complete the cycle Hepatic circulation Blood flow between the digestive organs Path of the blood from the intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, and spleen through the liver

9 Heart (Continued) Four chambers of the heart Atria Top two chambers Blood enters the heart through the atria Ventricles Lower two chambers Blood leaves the heart through the ventricles Septum Divides the right and left sides of the heart

10 URV7rezzc8lLBxDqjhUS_x9gy1BRl qurv7rezzc8llbxdqjhus_x9gy1brl

11 Anatomy 4 chambers of the heart R & L ventricle (bottom) R & L atrium (top) RA LA LV RV

12 Blood Vessels Superior & Inferior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood from body to the heart Pulmonary Artery delivers deoxygenated blood TO lungs Pulmonary Vein brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart Aorta sends oxygenated blood out to body

13 Heart (Continued) Four valves of the heart Prevent blood from flowing back into heart

14 Valves pulmonary tricuspid bicuspid (mitral) aortic

15

16

17 Figure 11-1 Blood Flow Through the Cardiovascular System

18 Pathway of Blood Deoxygenated blood enters Vena Cava to Right Atrium Through Tricuspid Valve to Right Ventricle Through Pulmonary Valve to Pulmonary Artery To lungs pick up oxygen, back to heart via Pulmonary Vein Into Left Atrium into Bicuspid Valve into Left Ventricle Through Aortic Valve into Aorta, oxygenated blood is taken to the body.

19

20 Table 11-1 Path of the Blood Through the Heart

21

22 CHAPTER 12 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

23 I will be able to: 1. Define at least eight terms referring to the circulatory system. 2. Describe two functions of the circulatory system. 3. List five functions of blood. 4. Describe the function of lymph. 5. Describe at least three disorders of the cardiovascular system.

24 Structure and Function Structure of the circulatory system Includes the blood and lymph that move through the body Function of the circulatory system Both blood and lymph are tissues that maintain homeostasis and give the body immunity

25 Blood Body contains approximately 4 to 5 liters of blood, making up about 8% of the body s weight Functions include: Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and hormones Removing metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide Providing immunity through antibodies Maintaining body temperature and electrolyte balance Clotting to prevent bleeding from a wound

26 Red Blood Cells Make up our blood, millions in just a drop of blood Each red blood cell lives only 90 to 120 days

27 Table 12-1 Formed Elements of Blood

28 Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Erythrocytes contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to all cells and removes carbon dioxide New cells are manufactured by the red marrow or myeloid tissue in bones Hemopoiesis Process in which a few million new blood cells are made each second The liver and spleen remove dead red blood cells

29 Figure 12-2 Erythrocytes Circulating in the Blood

30 White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) White blood cells Remove foreign particles Fight infection Help prevent disease There are fewer white blood cells than red White blood cells are larger than red Leukocytes live about 9 days Pus consists of white blood cells mixed with bacteria

31 Phagocytosis Videos megshq 28itVVw DvZQ6dU

32 Platelets (Thrombocytes) Smallest blood cells Platelets promote clotting to prevent blood loss Platelets can form a plug to seal small vessels by themselves or start the clotting process Produced in red bone marrow Live about 5 to 9 days

33 Plasma A pale yellow liquid that remains when elements are removed from blood Whole blood is 55% plasma Plasma is 90% water and approximately 10% proteins It contains nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen, enzymes, hormones, and wastes Helps fight infection and assists in the clotting (coagulation) of blood

34 Blood Typing A person s blood type is an inherited characteristic of the blood A blood type is determined by the antigens located on the surface of the red blood cell Clumping of incompatible cells blocks blood vessels and may cause death

35 Blood Typing (Continued) Four main blood types: A B AB (universal recipient) Person with AB can safely receive any type of blood O (universal donor) Can safely be given to a person of any blood type

36 Table 12-2 Four Major Blood Groups

37 Table 12-3 Distribution of Blood Types in the U.S. Population

38 Blood Typing (Continued) Rh factor Antigen Found in the red blood cells 85% of North Americans are Rh-positive Giving Rh-positive blood to a person with Rhnegative blood can be fatal Considered a foreign particle to the Rh person s blood and tries to combat it by forming antibodies Rh factor also important in Rh-negative mother having a second Rh-positive baby

39 os/ /

40 Lymph and Lymphatic Tissue Two important functions: The process of immunity Maintaining the body s fluid balance Lymph is a watery substance formed from fluid that filters into the body tissue or interstitially Lymphatic tissues consist of the tonsils, thymus, spleen, nodes, and the lymph vessels

41 Figure 12-4 Lymph Vessels and Nodes

42 Immunity Immune response takes on two forms: As a barrier of the skin, mucous membranes, tears, and the leukocytes In leukocytes, antibodies are formed in response to antigens or foreign materials that enter the body May be a localized or systemic reaction Acquired and/or inherited immunity

43 Blood Vessels Arteries Carry blood away from the heart Blood is oxygenated Have a muscular layer of tissue that helps pump blood out of the body Aorta is the largest artery in the body, which branches into smaller arteries Arterioles Smaller vessels Blood moves from arterioles to capillaries

44 Blood Vessels (Continued) Capillaries Microscopic vessels that carry blood between the arterial and venous vessels Gases, nutrients, and waste exchanged Blood gives up oxygen Blood flows from capillaries into venules

45 Veins Blood Vessels (Continued) Venues branch together to form veins Carry blood back to the heart by gravity Blood is deoxygenated except for pulmonary vein Contain valves that prevent blood from flowing back Have a much thinner muscular layer Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava Largest veins

46 Blood vessels Arteries- bright red blood, under pressure, to the body, usually with oxygen, thick walls Veins- dark red blood, no pressure, to the heart, usually without oxygen, thin walls Capillaries- oozing blood, gives blood to the muscles

47 Figure 11-4 Blood Vessels

48 Major Vessels Carotid Artery Brachial Artery Femoral Artery Radial Artery

49 Figure 11-5 Principal Arteries and Veins

50 Assessment Techniques Pulse Surge of blood against the walls of the arteries Eight pulse points on the body Normal pulse rate for adults is 60 to 90 beats per minute Blood pressure Force of blood against the walls of the arteries Systolic pressure Ventricles of the heart contract Diastolic pressure Ventricles relax Normal blood pressure 120/80 Blood pressure varies greatly among people

51 Figure 11-6 Peripheral Pulse Points

52 Assessment Techniques (Continued) Heart sounds Lub-dub sound of the heart Heard through a stethoscope Murmurs Abnormal or extra sound Classified by timing, intensity, location, pitch, and quality of the sound May be benign or indicate a disorder Thrill Vibration felt by touch over an artery Caused by an abnormal flow of blood

53 Assessment Techniques Electrocardiogram (Continued) Measures graphically the pattern of electrical activity in heart contractions Normal and abnormal heart activities have characteristic wave patterns Echocardiography Uses ultrasonic waves to show the structures and motions of the heart Transducer plots the sound echoes to produce a graphic picture

54 Disorders of the Cardiovascular & Circulatory Systems

55 Angina Pain, tightness, or discomfort in chest from decreased blood supply to heart Symptoms spread into your jaw and arms Worsened by stress, exercise Warning sign of upcoming heart attack Tx: Exercise, medication

56 Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Aneurysm An area of a blood vessel that bulges because of a weakness in the wall Atherosclerosis A narrowing of blood vessels caused by deposits of fatty material containing calcium and cholesterol Cardiac arrhythmia A disturbance of the heart s rhythm caused by a defect in the heart s pacemaker cells or by damage to heart tissue

57 Cardiovascular disease A general term for the combined effects of arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, and related conditions called coronary artery disease Congenital heart disease A group of disorders that affect about 25,000 newborns each year in the united states Congestive heart failure The inability of the heart to pump blood adequately to meet the body s needs Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (Continued)

58 Hypertension High blood pressure Increased salt intake in diet Stress High cholesterol Inactivity Treatment: medications, lifestyle adjustment

59 Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) Culmination of hypertension, angina, excess fat build-up, clot Blood supply to/from heart is completely cut off, causing death of muscle Tx: prevention, 911, CPR

60 Disorders of the Circulatory System Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Dysfunction of the immune system caused by a virus Allergy Hypersensitive response by the immune system to an outside substance Anemia The blood has an inadequate amount of hemoglobin, red blood cells, or both

61 Disorders of the Circulatory System (Continued) Autoimmune Conditions in which the immune system of the body turns against itself Elephantiasis A massive accumulation of lymphatic fluid in body tissues, causing an abnormally large growth of tissue or hypertrophy

62 Table 12-5 Autoimmune or Autoimmune-Related Disorders

63 Disorders of the Circulatory Hemophilia System (Continued) A rare sex-linked genetic blood disease in which the blood is missing a clotting factor Hepatitis A viral infection of the blood Hodgkin s disease A malignant cancer of the lymph system

64 Table 12-6 Hepatitis

65 Disorders of the Circulatory System (Continued) Leukemia Also called blood cancer, is an abnormal malignant increase in the number and longevity of white blood cells Sickle cell anemia A genetic condition that results in malformed red blood cells Thrombosis A condition in which a blood clot, called a thrombus, forms in the blood vessels