ADVANCES IN Anesthesia

Transcription

1 ADVANCES IN Anesthesia CONTENTS VOLUME Associate Editors Contributors Preface: An Introduction to Advances in Anesthesia, 2016 Thomas M. McLoughlin Jr, Francis V. Salinas, and Laurence Torsher vii ix xix The Perioperative Implications of New Weight Loss Drugs 1 Jessica A. Darnobid and Stephanie B. Jones Introduction: nature of the problem 1 Therapeutic options 4 Lorcaserin 4 Phentermine/topiramate 4 Naltrexone/bupropion 5 Clinical outcomes 5 Complications and concerns 6 Lorcaserin 6 Phentermine/topiramate 8 Naltrexone/bupropion 8 Summary 9 Advances in Trauma Anesthesia 13 Joshua W. Sappenfield and Tiffany Sun Moon Introduction 14 Trauma airway management 14 Prehospital airway management 16 Apneic oxygenation 17 Acute coagulopathy of trauma 18 Damage control resuscitation 21 Summary 23 New Developments in Cardiac Arrest Management 29 Matthias L. Riess Introduction 30 History of cardiopulmonary resuscitation 31 Early chest compressions and early defibrillation 32 xiii

2 High-quality chest compressions 33 Prioritizing chest compressions and minimizing pauses 33 Avoid hyperventilation 35 Role of endtidal carbon dioxide partial pressure in resuscitation 35 Adjunct devices 35 Active compression-decompression 36 Automated chest compression 36 Impedance threshold device 37 Important changes from 2010 American Heart Association guidelines 39 Perioperative considerations 40 Experimental postconditioning to ameliorate global ischemia-reperfusion injury 40 Targeted temperature management 41 Summary 41 Environmental Sustainability in Anesthesia: Pollution Prevention and Patient Safety 47 Jodi Sherman and Forbes McGain Introduction 48 Climate change 48 Chemical pollution 48 Quantifying environmental and human health impacts from pollution: life cycle assessment 49 Inhaled anesthetics and atmospheric pollution 50 Inhaled anesthetics and the operating room footprint 51 National contributions of inhaled anesthetics 51 Global contributions of inhaled anesthetics 51 Ozone depletion 52 Solutions: inhaled anesthetic pollution prevention 52 Lowest fresh gas flows 52 Anesthetic choice 52 Waste anesthetic gas capture versus destruction 53 Pharmaceutical pollution 53 Solutions: pharmaceutical pollution prevention 53 Drug choices and manufacturing 53 Reduce pharmaceutical waste 54 Proper pharmaceutical waste disposal 54 Reusable versus single-use disposable medical devices 54 Problems with plastic 55 Solutions: solid waste stream diversion: reusing, reprocessing, and recycling 55 Reusables versus disposables 55 Reprocessing of single-use devices 55 Clinical recycling 56 The international perspective 56 Summary: environmental impact and anesthesia practice 58 xiv

3 Point-of-Care Ultrasonography in Pediatrics 63 Amod Sawardekar, Adam Spencer, Narasimhan Jagannathan, and Suresh Santhanam Introduction 63 Point-of-care ultrasonography for gastric imaging 64 Antral sonography: sonoanatomy and technique 64 Basic scanning movements with the transducer 66 Assessment of the antral content 66 Predicting gastric volume based on antral cross-sectional area 68 Point-of-care ultrasonography for regional anesthesia 69 Upper extremity peripheral blockade 69 Axillary block 69 Interscalene approach 70 Supraclavicular approach 70 Infraclavicular approach 72 Transversus abdominis plane block 72 Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block 72 Rectus sheath block 73 Femoral nerve block 74 Saphenous nerve block 74 Sciatic nerve blocks 75 Point-of-care ultrasonography for airway management 76 Basic considerations 77 Areas to scan 78 Clinical applications of airway ultrasonography in children 79 Future applications 81 Contemporary Perioperative Anesthetic Management of Hepatic Resection 85 Jonathan A. Wilks, Shannon Hancher-Hodges, and Vijaya N.R. Gottumukkala Introduction 85 Anatomy 86 Preoperative considerations 87 Cardiovascular 87 Pulmonary 88 Hepatic 89 Intraoperative management 90 Decreasing blood loss 91 Low central venous pressure anesthesia 91 Surgical techniques 93 Laparoscopic liver resection 94 Ablative therapies 96 Irreversible electroporation 97 Enhanced recovery 98 xv

4 Role of Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia on Perioperative Outcomes in Patients with Hip Fracture 105 Bridget Perrin Pulos, Jiabin Liu, Mark D. Neuman, and Nabil M. Elkassabany Background 106 Choice of anesthesia and outcome 106 Mortality 107 Perioperative complications 108 Perioperative pain management 110 Fascia iliaca and femoral nerve block for preoperative and postoperative analgesia 111 Additional regional anesthetic techniques 112 Future directions 112 Summary 113 The Perioperative Management of Implantable Pacemakers and Cardioverter-Defibrillators 117 Peter M. Schulman and Marc A. Rozner Introduction: nature of the problem 118 Preoperative evaluation and management 120 The cardiovascular implantable electronic devices system 120 The patient 129 The procedure 132 Additional considerations 132 Intraoperative management 132 Monitoring 133 Anesthetic agents 133 Electromagnetic interference 133 Magnets 135 Electrosurgical unit dispersive electrode placement 136 Additional considerations 137 Postoperative management 137 Summary 137 Evidence Basis and Practical Management of Postoperative Thoracic Epidural Analgesia 143 Michelle C. Parra, Patricia J. Barr, and Mark P. Yeager xvi Evolution of thoracic epidural analgesia 143 Current practice 144 Documented benefits of thoracic epidural analgesia for surgical recovery 145 Pulmonary function and complications 145 Cardiovascular morbidity 146 Recovery of bowel function 146 Patient mobilization 146 Opioid sparing 147

5 Neuroendocrine/metabolic/immune response to surgery 147 Thromboembolic events 148 Patient satisfaction 148 Potential side effects of thoracic epidural analgesia 148 Thoracic epidural analgesia indications and alternatives 149 Analgesic solutions 153 The patient care team 154 Summary 156 Evidence-Based Perioperative Management of Cardiac Medications in Patients Presenting for Noncardiac Surgery 161 Jeremy M. Bennett and Kara Siegrist Introduction 161 Statin therapy 162 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers 164 Alpha-2 agonists 167 Beta-blockers 168 Antiplatelet agents 171 Anticoagulants 174 Contemporary Perioperative and Anesthetic Management of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma 181 Francis V. Salinas Introduction 182 Catecholamine synthesis, metabolism, and physiology 182 Clinical presentation 184 Diagnostic workup for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma 184 Biochemical testing 184 Imaging 185 Preoperative management 185 Preoperative blood pressure control 186 a-adrenergic blockade 186 b-adrenergic blockade 188 Nonadrenergic antihypertensive agents 188 Assessment and optimization of myocardial function and metabolic abnormalities 189 Intraoperative management 189 Risk factors for hemodynamic instability 189 Key aspects during the surgical resection of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma 190 Avoid medication-induced catecholamine release 191 Minimize catecholamine release induced by anesthetic or surgical maneuvers 191 xvii

6 Anticipate and minimize hemodynamic responses to paroxysmal increases in catecholamine release that may occur during tumor manipulation 192 Anticipate and minimize expected hypotension after tumor devascularization 192 Anticipate and plan for possible postoperative cardiovascular and metabolic complications 193 Summary 193 xviii