THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM : (circulatory system) Lab-4

Transcription

1 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM : (circulatory system) Lab-4

2 The Circulatory System: The circulatory system (cardiovascular system) has 3 basic components:- *A muscular pump: heart *Interconnecting tubes: blood vessels *A circulatory fluid: blood

3 Blood (fluid in vessels) heart Blood vessels

4 What are the function of the cardiovascular system? 1. Generate blood pressure 2. Transport blood 3. Exchange of nutrients and wastes at the capillaries 4. Regulate blood flow as needed

5 1- Heart : A large, muscular organ consisting of mostly cardiac tissue called the myocardium Consists of two sides, right and left, separated by a septum Surrounded by fibrous sac pericardium Protects and anchors the heart Human heart removed from a 64- year-old man

6 Anatomy of the heart Has four chambers -Two atria: upper chambers -Two ventricles: lower chambers Has four valves prevent backflow -Two atrioventricular (AV) valves -Two semilunar valves ***Examine human heart model

7 Aorta Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary artery Left atrium Pulmonary semilunar valve Right atrium Right atrioventricular (AV) valve Right ventricle Aortic semilunar valve Left atrioventricular (AV) valve Left ventricle Septum

8 2- Blood vessels: There are three types of blood vessels: A. Arteries: carry blood away from the heart. B. Veins: transport blood from the body tissues to the heart C. Capillaries : smallest blood vessels * Examine artery & vein cs under microscope.

9 Artery & vein cross section

10 3-Blood What is the composition of blood? Remember: blood is a fluid connective tissue Formed elements: produced in red bone marrow Red blood cells/erythrocytes (RBC) White blood cells/leukocytes (WBC) Platelets Plasma: 91% water and 9% salts (ions) and organic molecules Plasma proteins are the most abundant molecules

11 Plasma (55%) Whole blood Platelets and WBC (1%) RBC (44%) Whole blood. Blood after being spun in centrifuge. A table-top centrifuge.

12 Red Blood cells: *Make up almost half the blood volume *5 million/mm 3 * Functions: transport oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) *Packed with hemoglobin, a protein which transports O 2 *** Examine RBC s under microscope

13 White Blood cells Make up 1% of whole blood Functions Protection from infection Regulation of the inflammatory reaction Two general types: Granular: contain noticeable granules, lobed nuclei neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Agranular: no granules, nonlobed nuclei.lymphocytes and monocytes

14 Neutrophils Have lobed nucleus (3-5 lobes) First on the scene to fight infection Eosinophils Lobed nucleus,red granules Defend against large parasites (worms) and allergic reactions Basophils Lobed nucleus, blue granules role in inflammation and allergic reactions Monocytes Kidney like nucleus. Transform into macrophages Lymphocytes Round nucleus. Play a large role in the immune response ***Examine WBC s under microscope

15 Red blood cells platelets Types of white blood cells

16 Platelets Platelets play an important role in hemostasis If blood vessel is injured, platelets initiate the clotting process Platelets participate in the repair process

17 WBC s RBC s Platelets

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19 Exercise 1. heart beat measurement Procedures: Stop watch with second hand In this Exercise you will examine the pulse rate on rest : 1. Find your pulse by alternatively on the thumb side of inner wrist, or placing your index and middle finger in the groove in your neck beside the esophagus use your Central and forefinger and Press down lightly until you can feel your pulse.(( Do not use your thumb)). 2. While resting, count your pulse for 60 seconds, to get your pulse in beats per minute. 3. Repeat this processing three times, and then average your results..

20 In this Exercise you will examine the pulse rate on exercise: 1. Run for 5 minutes. 2. Immediately after running, take your pulse rate the same way as above 3. Repeat this processing three times, and then average your results

21 Results Heart beat per minute Test1 Test2 Test3 average Resting Exercise The heart contracts,or beats, about 70 times per minute. The normal resting rate varies from 60 to 80 beats per minute

22 Exercise 2. Monitoring Blood Pressure Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Normal Below 120 Below 80 Prehypertension Stage 1 Hypertension Stage 2 Hypertension 160 or more 100 or more

23 Procedure: 1.Obtain a blood pressure cuff (sphygmomanometer) and a stethoscope. Clean the earpieces of the stethoscope with an alcohol prep pad. 2. Have your lab partner sit comfortably and place his or her arm on the counter. 3.Wrap the blood pressure cuff around the upper arm, just above the elbow. Place the stethoscope sensor over the brachial artery. 4. Close the valve of the bulb and inflate the cuff to a pressure of about 175 mm Hg. Caution: Do not inflate the cuffs to pressures higher than 180, and do not leave an inflated cuff on a person s arm for more than a minute

24 4- While listening to the artery, open the valve slightly and slowly release the air. At a certain point as the pressure decreases you will start to hear a tapping sound. The systolic pressure is the reading of the pressure gauge when you first hear tapping sounds through the stethoscope. Note the pressure reading. 5. Continue to decrease the pressure until the tapping sounds fade away. This pressure measurement is the diastolic pressure.

25 6. Let your lab partner rest a minute, then measure the blood pressure again to verify your measurements. Blood pressure is expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure. 7. Have a partner determine your blood pressure in a seated position. and record your blood pressure: /