Female Populations. By: Kelsey Joyce. Group Members: Sooriya Jhanagan, Nelson Ferreira, Lindsay Hummell. TA: Jingjie Hu. Biology 240W Section 002

Transcription

1 The Influence of Exercise on Pulse and Blood to the Male and Female Populations By: Kelsey Joyce Group Members: Sooriya Jhanagan, Nelson Ferreira, Lindsay Hummell TA: Jingjie Hu Biology 240W Section 002 4/5/14

2 Introduction This cardiovascular physiology lab explores how the circulatory and respiratory systems coordinate to efficiently and effectively meet the body s metabolic needs. To be able to effectively explore how the body s metabolic needs are meet you need to understand the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood pressure. Both the circulatory system and respiratory system contribute to gas exchange in the body. Parts of the circulatory system that contribute in gas exchange are the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Parts of the respiratory system that contribute in gas exchange are the lungs, trachea, and bronchial tree.(lab Manual) These two systems aid in the gas exchange of oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body to ensure a homeostatic like state. Beginning in the veins blood travels through the left ventricle of the heart, and then into the left atria.(lab Manual) From the left atria of the heart blood flows in to capillaries in the lungs where oxygen exchange occur.(lab Manual) Once the blood is oxidized it leaves the lungs into the right atria of the heart.(lab Manual) From the right atria of the heart the oxidized blood enters the right ventricle of the heart, and then gets pushed in to the bodies arteries.(lab Manual) The arteries flow into the body tissues where oxygen is deposited and carbon dioxide is collected.(lab Manual) The carbon dioxide rich blood enters the veins and this process of oxygen exchange repeats. Blood pressure is the exertion of force upon the walls of the arteries in the body and is able to be measured. The cardiac output and peripheral resistance are

3 the primary factors responsible for blood pressure. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle per unit time.(lab Manual) Cardiac output is determined by the rate at which the heart beats, and the stroke volume (blood volume contained in each beat).(lab Manual) Peripheral resistance is the resistance to flow through capillaries. This the pressure from dropping below zero in between each heart beat. Blood pressure is measured by the systolic pressure, high peak of blood pressure, over the diastolic pressure, lowest level of blood pressure.(lab Manual) The goals of this lab are to collect cardiovascular physiology data for each individual in the class and compare their resting values of blood pressure and pulse count with values collected after exercise. From the data collected the cardiovascular fitness for each individual in the class is investigated. Comparing each individual s personal histories with their cardiovascular parameters does this. This lab is intended to address the following questions. Does an individual s blood pressure in crease with exercise? With exercise does the rate of gas exchange in the body increase? What happens to the rate of blood flow returning to the heart during strenuous exercise? What about the stroke volume and cardiac output during exercise? In this experiment the pulse count, systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure of an individual will increase, decrease, or have no change with strenuous exercise. I hypothesize that overall a persons pulse count, systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure will increase with exercise. However, this hypothesis states that the average pulse count, systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure will increase with

4 strenuous exercise. Depending on other factors such as sex, weight, age, number of cigarettes per day, amount of caffeine consumed per day, amount of alcohol consumed per day, and amount of exercise per week the individual s degree of increase in pulse count, systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure can vary. Materials and Methods This experiment uses a sphygmomanometer (aka a blood pressure cuff) and a stethoscope in order to record blood pressure values. A timer is also used during this experiment to aid with recording pulse counts. In the exercise portion of this experiment a step box and metronome is used. To prepare for this experiment the personal history for each group member was collected. A table similar to the one pictured below was used to record the group s personal history. Information on the individual s age, sex, weight, and height were recorded. Along with the average number of cigarettes, servings of caffeine, and servings of alcohol consumed per day. The final piece of personal history recorded in preparation for this experiment was the average number of days per week that the individual exercises and the average amount of time spent exercising per day. Ex: Personal History Table PSU ID (last 4 #s) Age Sex Weight (lbs.) Height (inche s) Smoke (average # cigarettes / day) Caffeine (average # servings / day) Alcohol (average # servings / day) Exercise (average # days / week) and time per day

5 In the preparation stage for this experiment the next step was to assign each member of the group to a task to per form for each trial. A table similar to the one pictured below was used divide tasks between our group members. Ex: Division of Labor Table Task Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Exerciser Timer/recorder Pulse counter Blood pressure taker For the data collection phase of this experiment values were recorded for our groups resting data. The resting pulse count was taken three times and then the average of the three was calculated. Next each group members resting heart rate was calculated by multiplying the average thirty second pulse count by two. The last portion of resting data collected was the systolic and diastolic measurements of blood pressure. All of the resting data values collected were then placed into a table similar to the one pictured below. Ex: Group Data Table PSU ID (last 4 #s) 30 Second Pulse Count At Rest Average Heart Rate (beats per minute) Blood (systolic) Blood (diastolic)

6 The exercise data for both fifteen steps per minute and thirty steps per minute were recorded next. Starting with obtaining the group data for fifteen steps per minute of exercise a table similar to the one pictured below was used to organize data. The resting data recorded in preparation for this experiment was inserted into the table for comparison to the exercise data. Setting the metronome for 60 beats per minute one group member used the step box to stimulate exercise. The exerciser for the first trial uses the step box to perform timed exercise for one minute. At the completion of exercising for one minute the exercisers pulse count and blood pressure are immediately taken and recorded. Each group member s data is then consecutively recorded after each performs the timed exercise as well. Ex: Group Exercise Data Table 15 steps/minute Pre- exercise treatment: Data PSU ID (last 4 #s) Pulse Count Systolic Diastolic Exercise Pulse count Exercise Data Exercise Systolic Exercise Diastolic The collection method of data for exercising at thirty steps per minute is then recorded as well using the same method. For thirty steps per minute the rate of the metronome is increased to 120 beats per minute. Using the same method as data collection for the fifteen steps per minute exercise data for the thirty steps per minute exercise is recorded in a table similar to the one pictured below.

7 Ex: Group Exercise Data table 30 steps/minute Pre- exercise treatment: Data PSU ID (last 4 #s) Pulse Count Systolic Diastolic Exercise Pulse count Exercise Data Exercise Systolic Exercise Diastolic To collect the data for this experiment the pulse count and blood pressure for each group member must be recorded. The method of taking a person's blood pressure used both the blood pressure cuff and the stethoscope. To take blood pressure place the blood pressure cuff on the upper arm with the stethoscope placed on the inside of the elbow underneath the cuff. Inflate the cuff to restrict blood flow to the arm, and slowly release the air pressure while listening for the systolic and diastolic pressure. Record the mmhg of both the systolic and diastolic pressures to determine blood pressure. Pulse count is easy to calculate. Find you pulse in either your neck or wrist and count the number of beats felt for one minute. The analysis portion of this experiment used the entire classes data found through the method above. The data collected was organized by sex in preparation for analysis. Both male and female data was analyzed using the following equations. The average of each population was calculated for table 1 in the results by adding all of the values for pulse count, systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure respectively. The n(male) value of 57 then divided the male total, and the n(female) value of 56 divided the female total. Inputting the function STDEV in to excel and inserting the

8 correct data range calculated standard deviation. The next calculation is the standard error. Standard error was found by using the equation: SE = (SD)/(sqrt(n)) To find the ttest value use the TTEST function in excel and enter the respective data. TTEST= (male parameter of data, female parameter of data, tail, type) For a ttest the tail equals the number of populations, in this experiment use the value 2, and the type equals three. For the tables containing the normalized average change you will need to insert extra columns in to you original data in the excel document. In these new columns calculate the average percent difference. Average % Difference = ((After Exercise )/) x 100 Once all of the average percent difference values have been found you can calculate the averages for male and females and input the solutions in to table 2, 3, or 4 depending on how far you are in the analysis. Each table included in the results section is analyzed using the equations written above. Each table created was then used to make bar graphs of the analyzed data for comparison. There were some exceptions and deviations from lab manual. Or group did divide tasks for each trial, but the planned individual did not always perform the assigned positions, other than the exerciser. Our group also did not have a pre- exercise treatment like the lab manual states. This means that it is possible that group members consumed caffeine or consumed a large meal within twenty minutes of performing this experiment. Also the correct height box was not always used during performance of this experiment.

9 Results The two populations studied in this experiment were males and females. Each population was analyzed to find the changes in pulse count, systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure compared to the other population. The ttest calculations were also used to determine if there is and expected difference between the two populations based on the control values. By calculating a ttest the solution found is equal to the P- Value. If the P- Value is less than 5% than there is a significant difference in data between the two populations. Table 1: Level Values Males Females Average STDEV SE Average STDEV SE Pulse count Sys.B P Dias.B P P-Value Table one shows the control values for this experiment. These resting values are used as a base line for comparison of the exercise data in this experiment. For the male population the resting level values of the average pulse count was calculated to be , the systolic pressure was , and the diastolic pressure was The standard deviation values found for the male population was for pulse count, for systolic pressure, and for diastolic pressure. The standard deviation values were then used to find the standard error values. For the female population the calculated averages were for pulse count, for systolic pressure, and for diastolic pressure. The resting standard deviations for females

10 were for pulse count, for systolic pressure, and for diastolic pressure. The standard error for the female population was then calculated from the standard deviations. The p- values for this chart show if there is a significant difference between resting data values for both the male and female populations. The p- value for pulse count is approximately 21%, systolic pressure is approximately 37%, and systolic pressure is approximately 36%. Table 2: Normalized Average Change in Pulse Count After Exercise 15- step 30- steps Male Female av.% diff STDEV SE av.% diff STDEV SE t-test Table two shows the average change in pulse count after exercise for the fifteen step and the thirty step exercises. The numbers calculated during data analysis were place into this table. Based on the ttest values you can tell if there is a significant different in data gathered from the two populations. For the fifteen- step exercise the p- value approximately equals 0.1% this value shows that a significant difference occurred between the male and female populations for this exercise strength. For the twenty- step exercise the p- value approximately equals 7% showing that a significant difference did not occur between populations for this exercise strength. Table 3: Normalized Average Change in Systolic BP After Exercise 15- step 30- steps Male Female av.% diff STDEV SE av.% diff STDEV SE t-test

11 Table three shows the average change in systolic blood pressure after fifteen step and thirty step exercises. The values determined through data analysis were placed into this table. Through this analysis the ttest values can be calculated to give the p- values for the change of systolic blood pressure after exercise. The calculated p- value shows if a significant difference occurred between the male and female population. For the fifteen- step exercise the calculated p- value approximately equals 85% showing that no difference between populations occurred. The calculated p- value for the thirty- step exercise is approximately 47% showing no difference occurred between the male and female population for systolic blood pressure in this exercise. Table 4: Normalized Average Change in Diastolic BP After Exercise 15- step 30- steps Male Female av.% diff STDEV SE av.% diff STDEV SE t-test Table four shows the average change in diastolic blood pressure for the two populations after performing the fifteen step and thirty step exercises. The calculated values for average percent difference, standard deviation, and standard error from data analysis of the fifteen step and thirty step exercises are inserted into this table. These calculated values for both the male and female populations are used to find the ttest. The ttest s solutions are the p- values for this portion of data. The p- value for the fifteen- step test is approximately 27% showing that there was not a significant difference between the male and female populations for this portion of data. The p- value for the thirty- step exercise is approximately equal to

12 2%. This 2% show that there was a significant difference that occurred between the two populations diastolic blood pressure after the thirty step exercise. Each graph shows a visual representation of that data stated in the correlating table above. These graphs include standard error bars from the calculated standard errors in their correlating tables. From these graphs you are easily able to compare the differences in collected data from each exercise and the control group. The use of asterisks ** on the following graphs represent a difference in T- test results. Graph 1 Visual Representation of Table 1 Average Values of Pulse Count, Systolic Blood, and Diasolic Blood for Males and Females ulse Count (BPM) Pulse count Sys.BP Dias.BP Average Males Average Females Graph 2 Visual Representation of Table 2 ** Average % Difference in Pulse Count of Males and Females After Exercise PUlse Count (BPM) Males av. % diff Females 15- steps 30- steps

13 Graph 3 Visual Representation of Table 3 Average % Difference in Systolic BP of Males and Females After Exercise Systolic BP Males av. % diff Females 15- steps 30- steps Graph 4 Visual Representation of Table 4 ** Average % Difference in Diasolic BP of Males and Females After Exercise Diastolic BP Males av. %diff Females 15- steps 30- steps Discussion The major findings from the results are interpreted by using sources 1-3. This experiment shows the average percent increase of pulse count, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure after the influence of exercise. The data given also shows the potential difference in increase based upon the male or female population. Graph two shows that the pulse count for both males and females increases with exercise. Overall the increase in pulse count after exercise was higher for the male

14 population after both the fifteen step and thirty step exercises. This finding is most likely due to the fact that males tend to be taller than females. Therefore, blood has a farther distance to flow to obtain gas exchange. The increase in distance causes the heart to beat more frequently to maintain the optimum level of oxygen in the body. Graph three shows that the systolic blood pressure for both males and females increases with exercise. The increase in systolic blood pressure was slightly higher for males than females. But this difference in increase was only present after the thirty- step exercise. The amount of increase in systolic blood pressure after the fifteen- step exercise was relatively the same for both males and females. This greater increase in systolic blood pressure for the male population could also be due to the fact that the heart needs to pump blood over a larger area. The systolic blood pressure is due to the contraction of the left ventricle which pumps blood for gas exchange to the tissues. Graph three shows that the diastolic blood pressure for both males and females increases with exercise. The male populations increase in diastolic pressure is more significant than systolic pressure and pulse count. For both the fifteen step and thirty step exercises the increase in diastolic blood pressure for males is approximately double the increase of diastolic blood pressure for females. This significant difference can be due to the larger surface area to cover with gas exchange as well. Diastolic blood pressure is caused by ventricular relaxation and filling of the heart back up with blood. With a larger area demanding and oxygen increase the volume of blood filling up increases in order to have more blood being pumped at one time and have more force to pump blood through the body.

15 The p- values found during this experiment from performing a t- test helps to show whether there was a significant difference between the male and female populations. There were two tests that showed there was a significant difference between males and females. These two test were the diastolic blood pressure after the thirty- step exercise and the change in pulse count after the fifteen- step exercise. The significant difference in diastolic pressure after the thirty- step exercise is most likely from the larger area for blood to travel and the increased need for oxygen for the body. The significant difference in pulse count after the fifteen step exercise is most likely due to the initial spike in exercise over a short period of time and the body s reaction was delayed causing overcompensation when the signal to increase blood flow was translated. From this information we can answer the questions this lab is intended to address. Yes, and individual s blood pressure does increase with exercise. Yes, the rate of gas exchange in the body does increase with exercise. The rate of blood flow returning to the heart increases during strenuous exercise. The stroke volume and cardiac out put both increase with exercise. Some sources of error could include delayed measurements of blood pressure and pulse count. If the individual is very physically active their body could have a lessened response to the stimulated exercise, and an individual might not know their exact weight and height. The results of this experiment were expected. My initial hypothesis that overall a persons pulse count, systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure will increase with exercise was observed. There are several resources that can confirm these

16 findings are overall correct. A few (sources 1-3) used in evaluation of data in this experiment are listed below. Form this information it can be concluded that pulse count and blood pressure are both increased with exercise, and the degree of increase is different for males and females. Additional experiments can be done to see if other factors such as weight, smoking, alcohol, previous activity, and age determine a difference in the increase of pulse count and blood pressure. Research in how exercise has an impact upon the heart can have significance for individuals who have heart related problems.

17 References Lab Manual Cardiovascular Physiology: The Relationship between Gas Exchange and Cardiac Activity. Edited by Nelson, K. and Burpee, D. Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. (2014) Source 1 Golbidi, Saeid. Laher, Ismail. Exercise and the Cardiovascular System. Cardiology Research and Practice (2012). US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health. Web. 7 April Source 2 Agarwal, Shashi K. Cardiovascular Benefits of Exercise. International Journal of General Medicine 2012:5 (2012): Dovepress. Web. 7 April Source 3 Yilmaz, DC. Buyukakilli, B. Gurgul, S. Rencuzogullari, I. Adaptaion of Heart to Training: A Comparative Study Using Echocardiography & Impedance Cardiography in Male & Female Athletes. Indian J Med Res 137:6 (2013): US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health. Web. 7 April