Systems Overview. Muscular System. Muscle System. PDF created with FinePrint pdffactory trial version

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1 Systems Overview Muscular System Functions: movement of body stabilizing in posture or joint generate heat support some tissues & organs guard exit & entrance of sphincters Muscle System 3 Types of muscle tissue: 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth 1

2 Skeletal Muscle Make up most of muscles in body Approximately 40% of body weight Under voluntary control Multinucleated (each cell has more than one nucleus) Blood supply via capillaries Cardiac Muscle Smooth muscle Involuntary control Requires constant supply of oxygen Uni-nucleated Smooth Muscle Involuntary control Aid digestion Found in arteries, lung bronchi, hair follicles, pupils of eye 2

3 Muscle Characteristics: Repond to stimulus Contract to generate force Extensibility Sensory System Part of nervous system Role in learning and refining movement I. Sensory Input * aids the process of learning movement by giving feedback for movement accuracy * stimuli must be sufficient to cause sensory nerves to fire Sensory System Sensory Input Aids the process of learning movement by giving feedback for movement accuracy Stimuli must be sufficient to cause sensory nerves to fire 3

4 Sensory System Types of Receptors and Senses Sensory input comes in via special receptors in the body, nerve fibers convey this information to the CNS i.e. brain 2 types of receptors: 1. Generalized 2. Specialized Sensory System Generalized Receptors: 1. Somatic: receive touch, temperature, pain, and awareness of body position 2. Specialized: vision, hearing, taste, smell Sensory System Sensory stimuli is received via the receptors in the body; then travel via sensory nerve to areas of the brain, meaning is attached to the sensory information perception. Perception & Integration: when meaning is attached to the sensory information, sensation becomes perception and allows us to adapt to the task at hand 4

5 Cardiopulmonary System Consists of heart & lungs Heart: Functions as a pump 4 chambers: 2 upper atria 2 lower ventricles Valves separate the four chambers 4 valves: pulmonary, aortic, tricuspid & bicuspid Valves open & close as the chambers contract Valves function to prevent backflow of blood Cardiopulmonary System Blood Pressure Systolic: measurement of BP in the aorta as the left ventricle contracts Diastolic: measurement of BP in the aorta as left ventricle relaxes Cardiopulmonary System Cardiac Output: Amt of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute Calculated by multiplying beats per minute by the stroke volume Stroke volume: measured as the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle during 1 contraction 5

6 Cardiopulmonary System Nodes SA node (Sinoatrial): pacemaker of heart iniates cardiac cycle * sets basic pace for HR triggers atrial contraction AV node (Atrioventricular): triggers ventricular contraction Cardiopulmonary System LUNGS: Function in respiration; respiration is overall exchange of gases Right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes Primary muscle is diaphragm Phrenic nerve innervates diaphragm Phrenic nerve is controlled by brainstem making respiration and automatic function Cardiopulmonary Lungs covered by pleura thin doublelayered sac Outer layer is parietal pleura lines thoracic wall Innermost layer is pulmonary pleura lines external surface of lungs Pleural Cavity: gap b/n the 2 layers Pulmonary ventilation: inspiration and expiration 6

7 Skeletal System Provides support & shape to body Protects vital organs Assists in movement by providing rigid structure Manufactures blood cells Stores calcium & other mineral salts Skeletal System 20% of body s total mass 2 Parts Axial Skeleton Trunk Vertebrae Head Appendicular Skeleton Pelvis Extremities Skeletal System Tissue Composition Fibrous Cartilaginous Osseous Nervous Vascular 7

8 Skeletal System Cancellous Bone: Internal layer Looks like honeycomb Filled with red or yellow bone marrow Compact Bone: Dense outer layer Smooth & solid Skeletal System Epiphysis: end of long bones Epiphyseal Plate: growth plate which is cartilaginous in children Diaphysis: main shaft, mostly compact bone Medullary canal: contains bone marrow & nutrients from arteries Metaphysis: connects diaphysis to epiphysis & is cancellous Periostem: outside covering 8

9 Skeletal System New bone is continually deposited & absorbed in response to hormonal & mechanical stimuli Major factors contributing to healthy bone are: Nutrition Balance b/n bone formation and bone resorption 9