Essentials of Anatony and Physiology, 5e (Martini/Nath) Chapter 13 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

Transcription

1 Essentials of Anatony and Physiology, 5e (Martini/Nath) Chapter 13 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The muscular layer of blood vessels is the A) tunica intima. B) tunica externa. C) tunica media. D) tunica intima. E) tunica adventitia. 2) Compared to veins, arteries A) are more elastic. B) have less smooth muscle in their tunica media. C) have a smooth endothelium. D) have thinner walls. E) lose their shape when cut. Answer: A 3) The blood vessels that carry blood at the highest pressure are the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) veins. D) venules. E) capillaries. Answer: A Page 1 of 26

2 4) The blood vessels that have only a tunica intima are the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) veins. D) venules. E) capillaries. 5) Which of the following blood vessels hold the greatest volume of blood? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins 6) Blood flow has the highest velocity in the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins. Answer: A 7) Thick-walled vessels with a large degree of distensibility are called arteries. A) coronary B) pulmonary C) elastic D) muscular E) arteriolar Page 2 of 26

3 8) The brachial artery would be classified as a(n) artery. A) anastomotic B) elastic C) conducting D) large E) muscular 9) The outermost layer of the arterial wall is the A) endothelium. B) tunica intima. C) tunica externa. D) tunica media. E) serosa. 10) Which of the following is lesser amount? A) the normal blood volume of the arterial system B) the normal blood volume of the venous system Answer: A 11) The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the cells and the blood are termed A) capillaries. B) arterioles. C) arteries. D) venules. E) veins. Answer: A Page 3 of 26

4 12) Plasma proteins that remain in the blood capillaries help A) maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood. B) decrease the osmotic pressure of the blood. C) maintain the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. D) decrease the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. E) increase the osmotic pressure of the blood. Answer: A 13) Blood flow through the cardiovascular system is affected by A) pressure differences. B) the viscosity of the blood. C) the amount of friction in the blood vessels. D) the length and diameter of the blood vessels. E) all of the above 14) Which of the following conditions would completely stop all NET filtration? A) Blood hydrostatic pressure forces fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space. B) Blood osmotic pressure moves fluid from the interstitial space into the capillary. C) The blood hydrostatic pressure and the blood osmotic pressure are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 15) As blood travels from the aorta toward the capillaries the A) pressure increases. B) resistance increases. C) flow increases. D) viscosity increases. E) all of the above Answer: B Page 4 of 26

5 16) Blood pressure increases with A) increased cardiac output. B) increased peripheral resistance. C) increased blood volume. D) B and C only E) all of the above 17) The one-third of the systolic pressure added to diastolic pressure is called the A) critical closing pressure. B) mean arterial pressure. C) pulse pressure. D) blood pressure. E) circulatory pressure. Answer: B 18) Which of the following is faster? A) blood flow along the walls of a blood vessel B) blood flow in the center of a large vessel Answer: B 19) Which of the following is a normal pressure within capillaries? A) mm Hg B) mm Hg C) 5 10 mm Hg D) mm Hg E) mm Hg Answer: A Page 5 of 26

6 20) Which of the following is the top number in a blood pressure reading? A) diastolic pressure B) systolic pressure C) pulse pressure D) mean arterial pressure E) blood osmotic pressure Answer: B 21) Transport mechanisms used by capillaries include A) diffusion. B) filtration. C) osmosis. D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D 22) Swelling of a tissue is due to A) trauma to the blood. B) constriction of vessels. C) release of bone fragments. D) increased permeability of capillaries. E) filtration. Answer: D 23) Blood moves forward through veins A) because the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries. B) with the aid of contractions of skeletal muscles. C) with the aid of changes in cavity pressure. D) A and B only E) all of the above Page 6 of 26

7 24) Which of the following has the greatest effect on blood flow? A) HR B) SV C) peripheral resistance D) vessel length E) adipose tissue 25) In which of the following would the resistance be least? A) a vessel 10 microns in diameter B) a vessel 1 mm in diameter C) a vessel 1 cm in diameter 26) In which of the following would the rate of blood flow be greatest, assuming the same pressure? A) a vessel 10 microns in diameter B) a vessel 1 mm in diameter C) a vessel 1 cm in diameter Answer: A 27) The third and fourth heart sounds are caused by A) resistance. B) opening valves. C) closing valves. D) viscosity. E) turbulence. Page 7 of 26

8 28) Edema would be likely to form when A) the concentration of protein in the blood increases. B) hemorrhage occurs. C) the heart is an insufficient pump. D) blood hydrostatic pressure at the capillary decreases. E) the blood hydrostatic pressure in a capillary is equal to the blood osmotic pressure. 29) Which of the following will cause a decrease in blood pressure? A) increased levels of aldosterone B) increased levels of angiotensin II C) increased blood volume D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) E) increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Answer: D 30) Which of the following changes will result in increased nutrient delivery to a specific tissue? A) increased blood volume B) increased vessel diameter C) increased blood pressure D) decreased peripheral resistance E) relaxation of precapillary sphincters 31) Baroreceptors that function in the regulation of blood pressure are located in the A) left ventricle. B) brain stem. C) carotid sinus. D) common iliac artery. E) all of the above Page 8 of 26

9 32) Blood pressure in the systemic arteries is greatest during A) atrial systole. B) ventricular systole. C) ventricular diastole. D) atrial diastole. E) none of the above Answer: B 33) Angiotensin increases blood pressure by A) increasing peripheral resistance. B) promoting the release of renin. C) inhibiting aldosterone. D) promoting the excretion of sodium. E) inhibiting ADH. Answer: A 34) Which of the following factors is most likely to result in an increase in blood pressure? A) decreased blood flow to the kidneys B) decreased volume of body fluids C) increased excretion of sodium D) increased excretion of water E) increased excretion of potassium Answer: A 35) causes a direct increase in blood volume. A) Renin B) Erythropoietin C) ADH D) ACTH E) Angiotensin Page 9 of 26

10 36) Which of the following is greater? A) blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases B) blood pressure when parasympathetic stimulation to the heart increases Answer: A 37) When a capillary bed decreases in blood flow due to locally high oxygen levels, it is caused by A) intercellular chemicals. B) angiotensin. C) autoregulation. D) neural mechanisms. E) endocrine mechanisms. 38) Blood pressure is lowest in which of the following structures? A) arteriole B) artery C) capillary D) vein E) venule Answer: D 39) The baroreceptor reflex causes changes in A) blood pressure. B) stroke volume. C) heart rate. D) peripheral resistance. E) all of the above Page 10 of 26

11 40) Pulse pressure is the difference between A) the heart at rest and the heartbeat. B) elastic rebound and elastic recoil. C) circulatory pressure and blood pressure. D) blood pressure and osmotic pressure. E) systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. 41) A decrease in vessel diameter is called A) heart action. B) vasoconstriction. C) vasodilation. D) viscosity. E) peripheral resistance. Answer: B 42) Which of the following affects blood pressure indirectly by altering blood volume? A) neural factors B) venous return C) endocrine factors D) changing blood glucose concentration Answer: D Diff: 3 43) In response to hemorrhage, there is A) decreased vasomotor tone. B) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. C) mobilization of the venous reserve. D) A and C only E) all of the above Learning Outcome: 13.4 Page 11 of 26

12 44) Symptoms of shock include A) hypotension. B) rapid, weak pulse. C) decreased urine formation. D) acidosis. E) all of the above Learning Outcome: ) Which of the following is greater? A) heart rate normally B) heart rate during cardiovascular shock Answer: B Learning Outcome: ) Which is a branch of the pulmonary trunk? A) right coronary artery B) left coronary artery C) pulmonary artery D) left common carotid artery E) brachiocephalic artery Learning Outcome: ) The celiac artery provides blood to the A) brain. B) diaphragm. C) liver and spleen. D) large intestine. E) suprarenal glands. Page 12 of 26

13 48) Which of the following supplies blood to parts of the intestinal tract? A) phrenic arteries B) superior mesenteric artery C) lumbar artery D) middle sacral artery E) celiac artery Answer: B 49) An important artery that supplies blood to the brain is the A) external carotid. B) subclavian. C) vertebral. D) brachiocephalic. E) maxillary. 50) Blood from the face returns to the heart by way of the A) vertebral vein. B) axillary vein. C) brachiocephalic vein. D) internal jugular vein. E) external jugular vein. 51) The pulse point on the wrist is actually the artery. A) brachial B) radial C) ulnar D) antebrachial E) cubital Answer: B Page 13 of 26

14 52) After passing the axilla, the axillary artery becomes the A) radial artery. B) ulnar artery. C) brachial artery. D) subclavian artery. E) digital artery. 53) In the forearm, the brachial artery becomes the A) radial artery. B) ulnar artery. C) antebrachial artery. D) subclavian artery. E) both A and B 54) The basilar artery gives off the arteries. A) circle of Willis B) anterior cerebral C) external carotid D) internal carotid E) posterior cerebral 55) The internal carotids and the basilar artery are interconnected by an anastomosis called the A) common carotid artery. B) cerebral ring. C) circle of Willis. D) external carotid artery. E) none of the above Page 14 of 26

15 56) The divides the aorta into a superior thoracic aorta and an inferior abdominal aorta. A) pericardium B) mediastinum C) diaphragm D) peritoneum E) pleura 57) Near the level of vertebra L4, the aorta branches to form the A) common carotid arteries. B) common iliac arteries. C) femoral arteries. D) popliteal arteries. E) tibial arteries. Answer: B 58) The lumbar arteries are A) paired and travel in the intercostal spaces. B) paired and found in the lower abdomen. C) multiple in number and found exiting the posterolateral abdominal aorta. D) single branches of the abdominal aorta. E) none of the above 59) The vessel that receives blood from below the diaphragm is the A) internal jugular vein. B) external jugular vein. C) superior vena cava. D) inferior vena cava. E) coronary sinus. Answer: D Page 15 of 26

16 60) Small veins of the brain empty into the A) coronary sinuses. B) dural sinuses. C) circle of Willis. D) external jugular vein. E) vertebral veins. Answer: B 61) The is superficial and runs along the medial upper limb. A) digital vein B) cephalic vein C) axillary vein D) brachial vein E) basilic vein 62) After receiving the internal jugular vein, the subclavian vein becomes the A) cephalic vein. B) vena cava. C) axillary vein. D) brachiocephalic vein. E) external jugular vein. Answer: D 63) The fusion of the brachiocephalic veins forms the A) inferior vena cava. B) superior vena cava. C) cephalic vein. D) subclavian vein. E) iliac vein. Answer: B Page 16 of 26

17 64) The two common iliac veins form the A) femoral vein. B) internal iliac vein. C) inferior vena cava. D) lumbar vein. E) common iliac vein. 65) Which of the following is a remnant of a fetal blood vessel? A) hepatic portal B) ligamentum arteriosum C) ductus arteriosus D) umbilical artery Answer: B Learning Outcome: ) Elderly individuals are more prone to suffer from than younger individuals. A) hypertension B) venous thrombosis C) arteriosclerosis D) problems with the conducting system of the heart E) all of the above Learning Outcome: ) Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include A) smoking. B) lack of exercise. C) high-fat diets. D) obesity. E) all of the above 0 Page 17 of 26

18 68) Vicki has a disabled posterior pituitary. What type of cardiovascular affects might you expect? A) decreased blood volume B) increased blood pressure C) peripheral vasoconstriction D) increased numbers of red blood cells E) all of the above Answer: A 0 Skill Level: 3 Critical Thinking & Clinical Applications Matching Questions 1) Match the blood vessels in the first column with the characteristic in the second column. 1. artery A. controls blood pressure 2. arteriole B. most permeable 3. capillary C. largest lumen 4. venule D. drains tissues 5. vein E. thickest wall Answer: 1-E, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D, 5-C 2) Match the arteries in the first column with the major regions they supply in the second column. 1. internal carotid A. posterior abdominal wall 2. phrenic B. upper digestive tract 3. renal C. brain 4. celiac D. diaphragm 5. lumbar E. kidney Answer: 1-C, 2-D, 3-E, 4-B, 5-A Page 18 of 26

19 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) The blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to allow the exchange of gases between the blood and tissues are. Answer: capillaries 2) drain fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the general circulation. Answer: Lymphatic vessels 3) Strong, elastic blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called. Answer: arteries 4) The smallest vessels of the arterial system are called. Answer: arterioles 5) Blood flowing out of a capillary bed first enters vessels called. Answer: venules 6) The force that pulls water INTO a capillary is called pressure. Answer: osmotic 7) Diastolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure equals. Answer: mean arterial pressure 8) The force that pushes fluid out of the capillaries is called pressure. Answer: hydrostatic 9) The term refers to the pressure in the arterial side of the cardiovascular system. Answer: blood pressure Page 19 of 26

20 10) refers to the factors that oppose blood flow in the cardiovascular system. Answer: Total peripheral resistance 11) are the distinctive sounds heard during the measurement of blood pressure. Answer: Korotkoff's sounds 12) The instrument used to determine blood pressure is the. Answer: sphygmomanometer 13) is the regulation of blood flow at the tissue level. Answer: Autoregulation 14) In, the wall of an artery becomes thicker and tougher. Answer: arteriosclerosis Learning Outcome: 13.4 Page 20 of 26

21 15) The condition known as is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques in the lining of arteries. Answer: atherosclerosis Learning Outcome: ) The largest blood vessels are the. Answer: venae cavae 17) Supply the name of the missing vein: liver,, inferior vena cava. Answer: hepatic vein 18) Supply the name of the missing vein: cephalic vein, subclavian vein,. Answer: brachiocephalic vein 19) The vessel that carries blood to the arm and shoulder is called the. Answer: subclavian artery 20) The vessel that supplies blood to the head and neck is the. Answer: common carotid artery 21) The second branch off of the aortic arch is the. Answer: left common cartoid artery Page 21 of 26

22 Page 22 of 26 22) The vessels that supply blood to the diaphragm are the arteries. Answer: phrenic 23) The vessel that supplies blood to the brain and spinal cord is called the. Answer: vertebral artery 24) The vessel that supplies blood to the liver, stomach, and spleen is called the. Answer: celiac artery 25) The vessel that supplies blood to the pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large intestine is called the. Answer: superior mesenteric artery 26) The vessel that supplies blood to the arm and shoulder is the. Answer: subclavian artery 27) The vessel that branches to form a right common carotid artery and a right subclavian artery is the. Answer: innominate artery or brachiocephalic artery 28) The vessel that supplies blood to the muscles of the upper arm is the. Answer: brachial artery 29) The small intestine and most of the large intestine receive blood from the. Answer: superior mesenteric artery 30) The lower part of the large intestine, including the rectum, receives blood from the. Answer: inferior mesenteric artery

23 31) Ovaries or testes receive a blood supply from the. Answer: gonadal arteries 32) The kidneys receive blood from the. Answer: renal arteries 33) The branch of the common iliac artery that serves the leg is the. Answer: external iliac artery 34) The vessel that collects blood from the overlying structures of the head and neck is the. Answer: external jugular vein 35) Blood from the inside of the cranium is drained by the. Answer: internal jugular vein Page 23 of 26

24 36) The receives blood from the kidney. Answer: renal vein 37) Blood is drained from the liver by the. Answer: hepatic vein 38) In a fetus, blood from right atrium skips the right ventricle by passing through the. Answer: foramen ovale Learning Outcome: 13.8 Essay Questions 1) Tom loves to soak in hot tubs and whirlpools. One day, he decides to raise the temperature in his hot tub as high as it will go. After a few minutes in the very warm water, he feels faint, passes out, and nearly drowns. Luckily, he is saved by an observant bystander. Explain what happened physiologically. Answer: In response to the high temperature of the water, Tom's body shunted more blood to the superficial veins to decrease body temperature. The dilation of the superficial veins caused a shift in blood to the arms and legs and resulted in a decreased venous return. Because of the decreased venous return, the cardiac output decreased and less blood with oxygen was delivered to the brain. This caused Tom to feel lightheaded and faint, nearly causing his demise. Diff: 2 0 Skill Level: 3 Critical Thinking & Clinical Applications Page 24 of 26

25 Labeling Exercises Using the figure above, identify the labeled part. 1) Label A: Answer: Ascending aorta Learning Outcome: ) Label B: Answer: Superior vena cava Learning Outcome: ) Label C: Answer: Right pulmonary arteries Learning Outcome: ) Label D: Answer: Right pulmonary veins Learning Outcome: ) Label E: Answer: Inferior vena cava Learning Outcome: 13.6 Page 25 of 26

26 6) Label F: Answer: Descending aorta Learning Outcome: ) Label G: apillary Learning Outcome: ) Label H: Answer: Alveolus Learning Outcome: ) Label I: Answer: Left pulmonary veins Learning Outcome: ) Label J: Answer: Left pulmonary arteries Learning Outcome: ) Label K: Answer: Pulmonary trunk Learning Outcome: ) Label L: Answer: Aortic arch Learning Outcome: 13.6 Page 26 of 26