2015 SENIOR FEED NUTRIENTS

Transcription

1 2015 SENIOR FEED NUTRIENTS EASY 3220 (easy) HIH725-2 Q: What is the only mineral that horses have a definite appetite for? A: Sodium 3221 (easy) HIH750-2 Q: Name a reason why your horse's digestible energy needs may increase. A: Temperature changes, cold/wet weather, growing, reproduction, activity level/showing/racing, etc (easy) HIH755-2 Q: Which is safer to feed to meet a horse's energy needs, fat or grain? A: Fat 3223 (easy) HIH742-4 Q: What is a "calming supplement" designed to do? A: Quiet down a nervous or excited horse 3224 (easy) HIH730-2/TH221 Q: Vitamin D regulates the absorption of what important mineral? A: Calcium 3225 (easy) HIH Q: What is one of the most unstable nutritional components of hay? A: Vitamins 3226 (easy) HIH730-2/HS35/TH238 Q: Lack of what nutrient can cause a horse to go blind? A: Vitamin A 3227 (easy) HIH740-1 Q: What physical part of hay contains the highest level of carbohydrates & proteins? A: Leaves 3228 HIH710 Q: What is the most essential, easily available, & often overlooked nutrient? A: Water 3229 (easy) HS35/FCH48/HIH730-3 Q: Which vitamin is known as the "sunshine vitamin"? A: Vitamin D 3230 (easy) HIH725-4/TH233 Q: Which mineral is necessary in the blood to carry oxygen to the body's cells? A: Iron

2 3231 (easy) HIH730-3/HS35/TH240 Q: Which vitamin is responsible for the strength & proper development of the bones & mineral balance in the blood? A: Vitamin D 3232 (easy) HIH725-1,2/TH227-29/HS36 Q: What 2 minerals are necessary for proper bone & teeth formation? A: Calcium & phosphorus 3233 (medium) TH258-59/HIH730-3 Q: What 2 vitamins are found in good quality hay? A: Vitamin A & D 3234 (easy) HIHvarious Q: Name 2 main types of nutrients. A: Water, vitamins, minerals, protein, energy (carbohydrates & fats) 3235 (easy) HIH420-3,710-1 Q: Horses will usually drink enough water during the winter if water is maintained at what temperature? A: degrees (accept any number within this range) 3236 (easy) HIH730-3 Q: Where do horses get Vitamin D? A: Sunlight or sun-cured hay 3237 (easy) HIH740-1/FCH68 Q: What part of grass is high in protein? A: Leaves 3238 (easy) HIH725-2 Q: Phosphorus should NEVER exceed the amount of what mineral in the horse's diet? A: Calcium 3239 (easy) HIH725-1/FCH395/HS35 Q: What is a macro-mineral? A: Mineral that's needed in large quantities 3336 (easy) HIH725-1 Q: What are trace or micro-minerals? A: Minerals that are only required in small amounts 3337 (easy) HIH735-3 Q: Which forage has a higher calcium content, legumes or grasses? A: Legumes 3338 (easy) TH208-9/HS37 Q: Why is it an advantage to know the amount of nutrients in a feed? A: To determine quality of the feed OR to determine if you re feeding your horse the right feed for its needs (accept either)

3 3339 (easy) TH208/HS32/HIH Q: What is TDN? A: Total Digestible Nutrients 3340 (easy) TH256/HS40 Q: Tell when a protein supplement is needed? A: When horse is not getting enough protein in his current diet or if his protein requirements increase 3341 (easy) TH239-40/HIH730-3 Q: Name 1 thing Vitamin D is responsible for. A: Strength of bones, development of bones, store calcium in bones, mineral balance in blood, calcium absorption 3342 (easy) HIH760-10/TH256 Q: What are the 2 types of nutrients that animals need in relatively small amounts? A: Vitamins & minerals 3343 (easy) TH200/HIH730-2 Q: What vitamin comes from carotene in green grass? A: Vitamin A 3344 (easy) HIH720-1 Q: Which nutrient supplies the material from which body tissue is made? A: Protein 3345 (easy) FCH384/HIH715-1 Q: What is the major nutritional function of carbohydrates? A: Energy 3346 (easy) HIH120-3 Q: Name one factor that influences a horse's nutritional requirements. A: Size of animal, environment, age, type of use/activity, metabolic rate, growth, reproduction, lactation, recovery from injury/illness 3347 (easy) HIH730 Q: Give 2 examples of minerals. A: Iron, copper, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfur, chloride, zinc, manganese, iodine, selenium, sodium, etc (easy) HS41 Q: What is the main result of excess energy consumption? A: Horse gains weight 3349 (easy) HIH730-2/TH243 Q: What nutrient may be expected to maintain or improve the condition of the hooves? A: Biotin (additional info -- biotin is one of the B vitamins)

4 3350 (easy) HIH765-1,2 Q: Of a weanling, yearling, or 2 year old, which one needs the most protein? A: Weanling 3351 (easy) HIH725-2 Q: Chloride in the horse's diet is usually accompanied by which other mineral? A: Sodium 3352 (easy) HIH730 Q: Name the 2 general types of vitamins. A: Fat soluble & water soluble 3353 (easy) HIH750-2 Q: Which vitamin is higher when grass is green? A: Vitamin A 3354 (easy) HIH715-1/TH272 Q: Which nutrient requirement is most increased for hard-working horses? A: Energy (also accept water, calories, or carbohydrates) 3355 (easy) HIH710-1 Q: How do suckling foals meet the majority of their water needs? A: Through mare's milk 3356 (easy) HIH710-2 Q: How many times do most horses drink per day? A: 2 8 (accept any number within this range) 3357 (easy) HIH710-2 Q: By the age of 2 months, most foals are drinking how much water per day? A: Up to one gallon 3358 (easy) HIH710-2 Q: When allowed to choose between a bucket & an automatic watering system, which one did most horses prefer? A: Bucket 3359 (easy) HIH710-2 Q: What is an advantage to hand watering your horse? A: You can monitor how much they drink 3360 (easy) HIH741-3 Q: What is the most commonly used fat source in horse diets? A: Vegetable oil (corn oil most common) 3361 (easy) HIH725-1 Q: What is a readily available storage location in the body for calcium? A: Skeleton

5 3362 (easy) HIH730-1 Q: Why would horses stalled 24 hours a day need supplemental vitamin D? A: Vitamin D comes from sunlight (if they're in the stall, they're not in the sunlight) 3363 (easy) HIH710-1 Q: How much water do horses require each day? A: 8-12 gallons (accept any number within this range) 3364 (easy) HIH710-1 Q: What nutrient is vital to life & essential for all body systems? A: Water 3365 (easy) HIH725/TH221 Q: Iron, copper, & phosphorus are examples of which kind of nutrients? A: Minerals MEDIUM 3366 (medium) HIH799 Q: Legumes are higher in protein & calcium than what? A: Grasses 3367 (medium) FCH71/ADV302-1 Q: Which of the following common cereal grains fed to horses is lowest in crude protein - barley, oats, corn or wheat? A: Corn 3368 (medium) HIH740-7 Q: What type of feed will provide the horse with the greatest amount of crude protein? A: Alfalfa hay 3369 (medium) ES146 Q: What happens to excess simple sugars when the glycogen storage capacity of the kidneys, liver, & muscles are full? A: Stored as fat

6 3370 (medium) TH241 Q: Give two reasons why you do not need to add Vitamin B to a horse s ration. A: Good quality hay is an excellent source; significant amounts are produced in the horse s intestines 3371 (medium) TH233/ES139 Q: Anemia can result from the deficiency of what mineral? A: Iron 3372 (medium) TH251/FCH74 Q: Which grain is the highest source of energy? A: Corn 3373 (medium) TH201/HIH760=7 table 3 Q: Timeline: Put the following feedstuffs in order from most energy dense to least: wheat, oats, corn. A: Wheat, corn, oats (additional info: digestible energy in hard red wheat 1.56 Mcal/lb., soft red wheat 1.55 Mcal/lb., corn 1.54 Mcal/lb., oats 1.30 Mcal/lb. ) 3374 (medium) TH199 Q: Which nutrients are more easily digested by the horse sugars & starches or fats? A: Sugars & starches 3375 (medium) HIH799 Q: Are mineral & vitamin contents higher, lower or equal in immature grasses & legumes than in mature plants? A: Higher 3376 (medium) TH219 Q: What are the "bricks & mortar" from which bodies are made? A: Proteins 3377 (medium) HIH730-1 Q: How do vitamins differ from minerals? A: They're organic (also accept: they contain carbon) 3378 (medium) HIH730-1 Q: What kind of compounds are vitamins? A: Organic 3379 (medium) TH199 Q: Why is it important to know the fiber content of feed? A: Fiber is hard to digest OR feeds with higher fiber content will have less energy (accept either) 3380 (medium) DET16 Q: What is the name of the residue remaining in feeds after complete burning of the organic material? A: Ash

7 3381 (medium) FCH325 Q. Name one of the eight states in the U.S. that has excessively selenium-rich soils due to native plants? A. California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming (medium) TH218 Q: Energy deficiency in young animals results in what? A: Slow growth OR poor condition (accept either) 3383 (medium) TH218 Q: Energy deficiency in mature animals results in what? A: Weight loss, poor reproduction or poor athletic performance (only need to name one) 3384 (medium) TH238 Q: Deficiency of what vitamin is rare if good quality hay or pasture is available? A: Vitamin A 3385 (medium) TH231 Q: What are trace nutrients? A: Nutrients required in small amounts 3386 (medium) TH219 Q: Define an essential amino acid. A: It is one that must be supplied in the diet 3387 (medium) TH238 Q: What is carotene? A: Plant pigment that is converted to Vitamin A (medium) THch6/HIH730 Q: Name the essential organic compounds that are needed in relatively small amounts by the horse. A: Vitamins 3389 (medium) TH271 Q: When are the nutrient requirements of pregnant mares greatly increased? A: Last 1/3 of pregnancy 3390 (medium) TH Q: Water, trace mineralized salt, & good pasture or good quality hay can supply all needed nutrients for what type of horse? A: Idle mature one (mature one that s not in hard work) 3391 (medium) TH272 Q: Hardworking horses require more feed with a higher concentration of what? A: Digestible energy 3392 (medium) FCH50 Q: Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting? A: Vitamin K

8 3393 (medium) FCH388 Q: Electrolytes are minerals that dissolve in water & are essential for many chemical processes in the body. Name 3 important electrolytes that are lost in sweat. A: Sodium, chloride, potassium 3394 (medium) TH241 Q: What vitamins are synthesized in the large intestine? A: B 3395 (medium) TH245 Q: The first effect of inadequate water intake is decreased what? A: Feed intake 3396 (medium) FCH18 Q: What is the difference between fats & oils? A: At room temperature, fats are solids & oils are liquids 3397 (medium) TH220 Q: Which amino acid is often the limiting one in vegetable proteins? A: Lysine 3398 (medium) HIH741-3 Q: Which has more digestible energy per pound, timothy hay or oats? A: Oats 3399 (medium) FCH62/HIH730-3 Q: Name a forage that is a good source of Vitamin E. A: Alfalfa, orchard grass, fescue or timothy 3400 (medium) FCH46/ES123 Q: What is the precursor of Vitamin At? A: Beta-carotene (also accept carotene) 3401 (medium) HIH720-2 Q: What effect does excess phosphorus have on calcium? A: Interferes with calcium absorption 3402 (medium) HIH770-2 Q: Horses with laminitis and/or Cushing s disease will benefit from a diet low in what? A: Sugars & starches (also accept simple carbohydrates) 3403 (medium) FCH214 Q: Fatigue or exhaustion may result from a deficit of what 2 nutrients? A: Energy, water, electrolytes 3404 (medium) FCH60 Q: Which vitamin is not needed in the horse's diet, but a lack of it in human diets causes scurvy? A: Vitamin C

9 3405 (medium) HIH782old Q: What represents 70-80% of the total cost of managing a mare to produce a foal? A: Nutrition 3406 (medium) HIH720-1/ES117 Q: How many amino acids are found in proteins? A: (medium) TH219 Q: How many of the 22 amino acids are essential to the horse? A: (medium) TH219 Q: Which amino acid has been found to be the most essential to the horse? A: Lysine 3409 (medium) BEG102 Q: What is the most economical protein supplement? A: Soybean meal 3410 (medium) FCH38 Q: In order to successfully transport oxygen, hemoglobin must combine with what mineral? A: Iron 3411 (medium) TH239 Q: Why does the carotene level in hay stored for a long time decrease? A: It's easily oxidized 3412 (medium) FCH9 Q: In feed analysis, what do the initials DE stand for? A: Digestible Energy 3413 (medium) TH219 Q: During digestion, proteins are broken down into what? A: Amino acids 3414 (medium) FCH142 Q: Give 2 reasons why soybean meal is a popular supplement. A: High in protein, economical 3415 (medium) HIH715-1 Q: What are considered to be the building blocks of protein? A: Amino acids 3416 (medium) TH200,238-39/ES123 Q: What yellow pigment found in plant material is used to form Vitamin A in the horse? A: Carotene or beta-carotene

10 3417 (medium) FCH394 Q: Which amino acid is most often deficient in the growing horse's diet? A: Lysine 3418 (medium) TH20 Q: 99% of the calcium in a horse's body is concentrated in what 2 areas? A: Bones/skeleton & teeth 3419 (medium) DET284/HIH730-3 Q: The lack of which vitamin can cause white muscle disease? A: Vitamin E 3420 (medium) HIH755-1 Q: What is the biggest nutritional difference between exercising & non-exercising horses? A: Energy demands (also accept water) 3421 (medium) DET45 Q: Which mineral aids in muscular activity, blood clotting, blood balance, enzyme activation & bone formation? A: Calcium 3422 (medium) HIH715-3 Q: The measure of energy from feed that's available for absorption is called what? A: Digestible energy 3423 (medium) HIH715-3 Q: What percentage of the available energy in feed do horses actually use? A: 20-25% (accept any number within this range) 3424 (medium) HIH715-3 Q. Which nutrient has the highest energy density? A. Fat (additional info: fat has 9 calories/gram & protein & carbohydrates have 4 calories/gram) 3425 (medium) HIH750-4 Q: What happens to the total nutrient content of hay when it is over-cured and baled with a moisture content that is too low? A: The nutrient content decreases (because the leaves shatter and fall off) 3426 (medium) HIH725-1 Q: Over supplementing minerals may cause what? A: Mineral imbalance 3427 (medium) HIH725-1 Q: At what two stages of a horse s life are the calcium needs the greatest? A: Young animals & lactating mares 3428 (medium) HIH720-1/TH219 Q: Protein is composed of a chain of smaller units called what? A: Amino acids

11 3429 (medium) HIH725-2 Q: Sodium plays an important role in the function of which body system of the horse? A: Central nervous system 3430 (medium) HIH725-2 Q: What percent of the sodium consumed by the horse is absorbed? A: % (accept any number within range) 3431 (medium) HIH725-2 Q: What percent of chloride consumed by the horse is absorbed? A: 100% 3432 (medium) HIH730-1 Q: Which vitamins are water soluble? A: C & B complex/b vitamins 3433 (medium) ES138/HIH725-4 Q: What mineral is necessary for proper function of the thyroid gland? A: Iodine 3434 (medium) HIH725-4 Q: It's important to know if your region's soil is deficient in this mineral before supplementing. Which mineral is it? A: Selenium 3435 (medium) HIH725-4 Q: What is the main cause of selenium toxicity? A: Over supplementing it 3436 (medium) HIH730-2 Q: What forage has the highest concentration of biotin? A: Alfalfa 3437 (medium) HIH742-1 Q: Glucosamine & chondroitin sulfate are supplements commonly used for what condition? A: Joint problems or arthritis 3438 (medium) HIH742-1 Q: Most horses supplemented with Glucosamine for joint problems will begin to show improvement within what time frame? A: One month 3439 (medium) HIH742-2 Q: By itself, selenium doesn't have much antioxidant capacity. Its antioxidant properties become strong when selenium is paired with which vitamin? A: Vitamin E

12 3440 (medium) HIH730 Q: 2 part question: What vitamins are essential in the horse's diet & why? A: A & E; because they can't be synthesized in the body 3441 (medium) HIH750-2 Q: What should the calcium to phosphorus ratio be for horse feeds? A: Between 1:1 and 6:1 (accept any ratios in this range) 3442 (medium) HIH750-2 Q: Name a result of having inverted calcium to phosphorus ratio in your horse's ration. A: Impaired calcium absorption impaired OR skeletal abnormalities 3443 (medium) HIH710-1 Q: The body of an adult horse is approximately what percent water? A: Over 60% (65-75%) accept any number within range 3444 (medium) TH236/FCH25-26 Q: Sweating & lactation are 2 physiological functions that will increase the free choice consumption of what mineral supplement? A: Salt (sodium chloride) 3445 (medium) FCH38 Q: The largest percentage of which mineral is found in the myoglobin or hemoglobin in the horse s body? A: Iron 3446 (medium) TH233/DET139 Q: What is the primary cause of iron deficiency? A: Loss of blood 3447 (medium) FCH20 Q: Approximately what percent of body calcium is contained in the bones & teeth? A: 99% 3448 (medium) TH233/DET111 Q: What condition can iron deficiency cause? A: Anemia HARD 3449 (hard) HS33/ES117 Q: What element do proteins contain that carbohydrates & fats do not? A: Nitrogen

13 3450 (hard) TH257/HS39/HIH741-3 Q: What is the percentage of digestible protein in protein supplements? A: 25-48% (accept any number within this range) 3451 (hard) FCH51 Q: Sweet clover poisoning results in altered blood clotting and a deficiency of which vitamin? A: Vitamin K 3452 (hard) FCH296 Q: A horse with chronic renal failure would require a diet that has less of certain nutrients. Name 2. A: Protein, calcium, phosphorus 3453 (hard) FCH39 Q: What mineral deficiency results in a deficiency of Vitamin B12? A: Cobalt 3454 (hard) FCH83 Q: What plant provides high quality protein, high levels of lysine, & is used as a common protein supplement? A: Soybean 3455 (hard) HS28 Q: When the percentage of water, minerals, fats, fiber are added together, the total will be somewhat less than 100 percent. The difference is referred to as what? A: Nitrogen free extract 3456 (hard) HS24 Q: Trypsin converts proteins & partly hydrolyzed proteins into what? A: Peptides & amino acids 3457 (hard) HIH760-5 Q: When comparing the nutrient value of timothy and orchard grass in a hay sample, which grass provides the highest percent of crude protein? A: Orchard grass 3458 (hard) HS31 Q: Which 2 vitamins do brans contain? A: Thiamine & Niacin 3459 (hard) TH22 Q: What is required in the diet to aid in the absorption of vitamins A, D, E, & K? A: Fat 3460 (hard) HIH745-2 Q: The National Research Council (NRC) recommends horse rations be balanced on percentages of what 2 things? A: Crude protein & lysine

14 3461 (hard) TH234-35/HIH730-3/DET284 Q: What can selenium deficiency cause? A: Muscular problems OR loss of muscular coordination OR white muscle disease (accept either) 3462 (hard) HIH715-3 Q: Compared to proteins & carbohydrates, fats contain what percent more digestible energy on a per pound basis? A: 2.25% (additional info: fats have 9 calories/gram; proteins & carbohydrates have 4 calories/gram) 3463 (hard) ADV304-3L Q: Why do some older horses have higher energy requirements? A: Older horses may have problems chewing, digesting, and/or absorbing nutrients 3464 (hard) BEG102 Q: Cottonseed meal is used as what in a horse's diet? A: Protein supplement 3465 (hard) TH208 Q: What does net energy refer to? A: Energy actually used by the animal 3466 (hard) TH220/HS34 Q: What happens when excess protein is fed? A: Nitrogen is separated from the compound & is excreted in the urine& the rest of the molecule is used for energy 3467 (hard) HIH715,725-2/TH227 Q: What happens if there s excess calcium in the horse's ration? A: Prevents the absorption & utilization of phosphorus & other minerals; can cause bone disease in young horses (only need to give one) 3468 (hard) HIH715-1,120-3 Q: Horses require differing amounts of nutrients in their daily diet - why? A: Depends on their nutritional class or status OR individual differences/uses 3469 (hard) HIH505-2/ES123 Q: Name 2 things vitamin A does in the body. A: Necessary for vision (especially night vision), needed for healthy skin/muscles/bones, involved in reproductive function, antioxidant 3470 (hard) TH209 Q: After nitrogen is removed from proteins, what happens to the rest? A: Converted into energy OR stored as fat (accept either) 3471 (hard) TH219 Q: What determines the quality of the proteins? A: The amount of essential amino acids (additional info -- more essential ones = higher quality)

15 3472 (hard) HS33/ES147 Q: Why do fats contain more energy than carbohydrates? A: Energy is more concentrated in fats (Additional info -- fats have 9 calories/gram, carbohydrates & proteins have 4 calories/gram) 3473 (hard) HS33/ES117 Q: All proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen & oxygen. Name another element that some proteins contain. A: Sulfur, phosphorus, or iron 3474 (hard) HS33 Q: What is the composition of fiber? A: Very complex carbohydrates (also accept cellulose) 3475 (hard) TH227 Q: What is rickets? A: Weak, deformed bones due to deficiency of calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D 3476 (hard) TH234 Q: What is white muscle disease? A: Disease of the muscles caused by deficiencies of selenium and/or Vitamin E (muscles become pale) 3477 (hard) TH267/HIH765-2 Q: What percent protein is required by yearlings? A: 12-14% (accept any number within this range) 3478 (hard) TH256 Q: Protein supplements should contain a good mixture of what? A: Essential amino acids 3479 (hard) TH260 Q: What is the #1 principle of ration balancing? A: Determine the nutrient requirements of the horse & formulate a diet to satisfy those requirements 3480 (hard) TH231 Q: Define goiter. A: Enlarged thyroid gland (usually due to iodine deficiency) 3481 (hard) FCH42 Q: Why is an excess of fat soluble vitamins more detrimental than an excess of water soluble ones? A: Water soluble ones are easily excreted from the body 3482 (hard) FCH382 Q: What causes "big head" disease? A: Excessive phosphorus & low calcium 3483 (hard) FCH265/HIH765-1,2/TH220 Q: At weaning time, most foals six months of age should be fed a diet containing what protein level? A: 16% (accept any number between 14%-18%)

16 3484 (hard) FCH391 Q: What is the chief form in which carbohydrates are stored in the horse's body? A: Glycogen 3485 (hard) FCH25,26 Q: What are 2 physiological functions that will increase the natural intake of salt in a horse's diet? A: Sweating & lactation 3486 (hard) FCH34 Q: The Great Lakes basin, Rocky Mountains, Northern Great Plains, upper Mississippi Valley & Pacific Coast regions are all deficient in iodine. Name a condition that may be caused by this deficiency. A: Hypothyroidism, goiter, cretinism, myxedema 3487 (hard) TH227 Q: Bran disease is caused by a deficiency of what mineral? A: Calcium 3488 (hard) FCH24 Q: Give the more common name for nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. A: Big Head Disease OR Miller's Disease OR Bran disease (only need to give one) 3489 (hard) FCH274 Q: The percentage of water & sugar in mare's milk is higher than that of cow's milk. Name 2 components in which the mare's milk is lower. A: Protein, fat, ash 3490 (hard) HIH710-1 Q: Lactating mares may increase their water intake over their maintenance requirement by what amount in order to meet lactation demands? A: 2 3 times maintenance requirement 3491 (hard) FCH400 Q: The act of pica may be caused by a deficiency of what substance? A: Sodium chloride (salt), potassium, phosphorus, or protein (only need to name one) 3492 (hard) HIH420-1 Q: According to the Horse Industry Handbook, a hay ration for mature horses should contain what percentage of crude protein? A: 10-12% (accept any number within this range) 3493 (hard) HIH730-1 Q: Where in the digestive tract are amino acids synthesized? A: Large intestine 3494 (hard) FCH16 Q: When caused by feed, hives are often referred to as what? A: Protein bumps

17 3495 (hard) TH231 Q: What is the term for enlargement of the thyroid gland? A: Goiter 3496 (hard) FCH52 Q: In what 2 areas of the body is thiamin converted to its active form? A: Kidneys & liver 3497 (hard) TH303 Q: What is the term used to describe a horse that eats dirt because of a mineral deficiency? A: Geophagia 3498 (hard) HIH710-1 Q: What percent of proteins in grain-based diets is digested to amino acids & absorbed from the small intestine? A: 50-70% (accept any number within this range) 3499 (hard) TH209 Q: What is the term for the digestible organic nutrients (protein, fiber, nitrogen-free extract & fat)? A: TDN or Total Digestible Nutrients 3500 (hard) TH227 Q: Which mineral is essential for blood coagulation? A: Potassium 3501 (hard) HIH525-3 Q: Foals can develop a metabolic bone disease called Developmental Orthopedic Disease (DOD) if fed excessive amounts of what? A: Protein or phosphorus 3502 (hard) HS40 Q: Barley has about what percent more TDN per pound than crushed oats? A: 10% 3503 (hard) TH257/HS39 Q: Energy-rich grains have what percent digestible protein? A: 7-10% (accept any number within this range) 3504 (hard) TH51 Q: Sweet clover poisoning results in a deficiency of what vitamin? A: Vitamin K 3505 (hard) TH252/HS39 Q: Corn, oats, barley & milo contain what percent TDN? A: 70-80% (accept any number within this range) 3506 (hard) HIH742-2 Q: Omega 3 fatty acids have been reported to do what? A: Enhance the coat

18 3507 (hard) HS43 Q: What is the percentage of TDN in brans? A: 65% 3508 (hard) ES119 Q: What is "crude protein"? A: The total nitrogen content of the feed 3509 (hard) HS43 Q: How many grams of phosphorus per pound is there in rolled oats? A: 1.95 grams 3510 (hard) ADV302 Q: Steamed bone meal & dicalcium phosphate are the most common sources of what minerals? A: Calcium & phosphorus 3511 (hard) FCH411 Q: 2 part question: Name a time period when the energy requirement for a broodmare increases & what is the percentage of increase? A: Last 1/3 of gestation period/pregnancy or last 3 months; increases 10-20% above maintenance OR during early lactation; increases 45% above late pregnancy 3512 (hard) HIH420 Q: According to the Horse Industry Handbook, a hay ration for mature horses should contain what percentage of crude protein? A: 8-12% (accept any number within this range) 3513 (hard) ES119 Q: What is digestible crude protein? A: The amount of nitrogen content that's available to the horse during digestion 3514 (hard) TH9 Q: How is a nutritional calorie defined? A: The heat required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree C (additional info -- 1 kilocalorie increases 1 kilogram of water 1 degree C) 3515 (hard) TH Q: What is the advantage of feeding Zeolite to young horses? A: Increases bone density, decreases exertion induced bone injuries 3516 (hard) TH241 Q: Name 2 things vitamin E does in the body. A: Maintains & protects cell membranes from oxidation/acts as antioxidant, enhances immunity, involved in DNA production, enhances absorption & storage of Vitamin A 3517 (hard) HS25 Q: What 2 minerals are necessary in a horse's diet for the regulation of all body fluids, maintenance of acidbase fluids, & nerve impulses? A: Sodium & chloride

19 3518 (hard) DET173 Q: Name the amino acid necessary for growth & milk production. A: Lysine 3519 (hard) FCH16 Q: What are the structural components of carbohydrates? A: Simple sugars 3520 (hard) TH321 Q: Name the trace nutrient that is a compound of thyroxine, a thyroid hormone. A: Iodine 3521 (hard) DET160 Q: What protein is the main ingredient of hair & the hoof horn? A: Keratin 3522 (hard) ES140 Q: Which micro-mineral acts as a partner with vitamin E in helping to prevent cell damage due to oxidation? A: Selenium 3523 (hard) TH256 Q: Which protein supplement contains more lysine than most other vegetable proteins? A: Soybean meal 3524 (hard) HIH710-1 Q: The water intake of individual horses with the same diet & under the same environmental & exercise conditions may vary by how much? A: Up to 50% 3525 (hard) HIH799-4 Q: Which hay would have a higher calcium content, timothy or clover? A: Clover 3526 (hard) HIH740,741 Q: Which is higher in protein, alfalfa hay or corn? A: Alfalfa 3527 (hard) HIH710-2 Q: What is TSS? A: Total Soluble Salts 3528 (hard) HIH720-1,750-1 Q: Name 2 ways protein is used in the horse's body. A: Formation of tissue, muscle function, makes hormones/enzymes/antibodies 3529 (hard) HIH725-1 Q: Name one thing that minerals influence about other nutrients. A: Absorption, metabolism, excretion of other nutrients

20 3530 (hard) HIH725-2 Q: 60% of the magnesium in a horse's body is found where? A: Skeleton/bones 3531 (hard) HIH725-2 Q: What is the major electrolyte involved in the maintenance of the acid-base balance? A: Sodium 3532 (hard) HIH725-2 Q: Give 2 signs of sodium deficiency. A: Decreased skin turgor, desire to lick sweat contaminated objects, decreased eating rate, lowered water intake 3533 (hard) HIH725-2 Q: What percent of common salt is chloride? A: 61% 3534 (hard) HIH725-3 Q: What is one thing that sulfur is necessary for in the horse? A: Production of proteins/enzymes, involved in carbohydrate metabolism 3535 (hard) HIH725-3 Q: Excess consumption of sulfur may cause a secondary deficiency in what other mineral? A: Copper 3536 (hard) HIH725-4 Q: Which macro mineral is used in the hindgut to synthesize vitamin B12? A: Cobalt 3537 (hard) HIH430-3 Q: Slow drying for hay preparation can cause up to what percent loss of carotene? A: 80% 3538 (hard) HIH730-3 Q: A deficiency of Vitamin E can cause white muscle disease. What age horse does this predominantly affect? A: Young horses or horses less than 11 months old 3539 (hard) HIH742-1 Q: Glucosamine has various anti-inflammatory properties which can help prevent what? A: Cartilage breakdown (also accept - arthritis) 3540 (hard) HIH&42-1 Q: What does an anti-oxidant do? A: Helps decrease the negative effects of free radicals 3541 (hard) HIH742-1 Q: When does oxidative stress occur? A: When the antioxidant defense system in the body is overwhelmed

21 3542 (hard) HIH742-2 Q: Selenium & Vitamin E work together in the body. Name 2 things they help with. A: Stop nerve cell damage from free radicals, help prevent muscle problems 3543 (hard) HIH742-2 Q: Name a disease condition that has been linked to excessive free radicals or a deficiency of key antioxidants. A: Equine motor neuron disease (EMND), chronic rheumatic disease, degenerative joint/bone disease 3544 (hard) HIH742-2 Q: Most studies to date have shown that herbal supplements don't enhance normal immune response, but may help with what? A: A compromised immune system 3545 (hard) HIH745-3 Q: 2 part question: When reading a feed tag, what is the best indicator of energy content & why? A: Fiber content; as fiber content increases, energy content decreases 3546 (hard) HIH755-1 Q: Determining whether requirements are being met for most nutrients, other than energy, is difficult without doing what? A: Analyzing the diet & comparing it to animal's nutritional requirements 3547 (hard) HIH760-2 Q: In the past, horse diets were formulated at 6-7% fat, but now some have up to what percent? A: 15% (hard) HIH850-1 Q: What is the term that refers to the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, & proteins into energy with the involvement of oxygen? A: Glycosis (also accept aerobic glycolysis or aerobic metabolism) 3549 (hard) DET122/FCH391 Q: What nutrient is primarily stored in the horse's body as glycogen? A: Carbohydrates (also accept glucose) BONUS 3550 (bonus) HIH741-3/TH255 Q: Name 3 protein supplements fed to horses. A: Soybean meal, cottonseed meal, Brewer's grains, peanut meal, linseed meal, fish meal, urea, milk protein, meat/bone meal

22 3551 (bonus) HIH710-3 Q: Many factors can influence digestibility of nutrients in the digestive tract. Name 3. A: Source of feed, level of maturity, method of processing, quantity fed, frequency of feeding, rate of passage, compounds that interfere with digestion, individual differences 3552 (bonus) HIH765-1 Q: Name 4 minerals that should be included in a concentrate feed for foals. A: Calcium, phosphorus, copper, zinc 3553 (bonus) TH Q: Name 3 ways in which grains differ nutritionally. A: Energy, Crude proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Fiber 3554 (bonus) ES111/HS25 Q: What are 3 types of nutrients that are absorbed in the small intestine? A: Vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, fat, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, sugars (accept any 3) 3555 (bonus) HIH725 Q: Name 3 macro minerals. A: Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, potassium 3556 (bonus) HIH730-1 Q: Which vitamins are fat soluble? A: A D E K 3557 (bonus) HIH820-2 Q: Name the 3 electrolytes that are essential for maintaining fluid balance & nerve & muscle function. A: Sodium, chloride, potassium 3558 (bonus) INT202-1L Q: Name 3 things that a good quality legume hay is higher in than a good quality grass hay. A. Energy, Protein, Calcium, Vitamin A, Vitamin B 3559 (bonus) HS33 Q: Energy nutrients are chemically similar to what 3 fuels we use? A: Gas, coal, oil 3560 (bonus) ES33 Q: Name 4 things that proteins contain. A: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, iron, phosphates 3561 (bonus) HS38-39 Q: Dehydrated roughages are usually rich in what 3 things? A: Vitamin A, B vitamins, proteins 3562 (bonus) TH260 Q: What are 2 ways you can use the Nutrition Requirement Tables? A: Check to see if ration being fed is balanced; formulate an adequate ration for your horse

23 3563 (bonus) FCH Q: Name 3 factors influencing the nutritional needs of a horse. A: Age, size, growth, health, activity/exercise, environment, temperature, reproduction, pregnancy, lactation, breed, individual characteristics, metabolic rate 3564 (bonus) TH Q: Name 3 of the 10 essential amino acids. A: Phenylalaine, tryptophane, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, valine, histidine, tereonine, arginine 3565 (bonus) TH244 Q: There are many tasks that water performs in the body. Name 3. A: Necessary for life, transports nutrients to cells, transports waste from cells, makes up most of the blood, regulates body temperature, acts as a lubricant, necessary in most of the body's chemical reactions 3566 (bonus) HIH725 Q: Name 3 micro minerals. A: Copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt, fluorine, molybendenum, chromium, silicon 3567 (bonus) TH ch6 Q: Name 3 problems that can be caused by feeding either too much or too little vitamin or mineral supplements. A: Muscle disorders, bone problems, hormone imbalances, poor hair coat, eye problems, decreased immune function 3568 (bonus) ADV302-2/FCH26 A: Name 3 of the TRACE minerals in trace mineralized salt. A: Iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, zinc, selenium 3569 (bonus) HIH710,715,720,725,730/ES Q: What are the 5 main nutrients needed by the horse? A: Water, energy (carbohydrates & fats), protein, vitamins, minerals 3570 (bonus) HIH735-1 Q: Horses can be divided into classes relative to their nutritional requirements. Name 3 of these classes. A: Maintenance, growing, pregnancy, lactating, working 3571 (bonus) TH220 Q: Give 3 results of protein deficiency in horses. A: Poor growth, unthrifty, weight loss, poor hair coat, decreased reproduction, poor hoof growth 3572 (bonus) HIH710-1 Q: What are 3 factors that affect water requirements for horses? A: Work type, work load, diet, weather, temperature, food intake, type of food, exercise, environmental factors, physiological state, individual variations

24 3573 (bonus) FCH43-44 Q: Name 3 times vitamin supplements are needed. A: Horse getting prolonged oral drug therapy, horse getting high grain/low forage diet, horse getting poor quality hay, horse under stress (traveling, showing, racing, etc), nervous/hyperactive horse, horse in training/prolonged exercise, anemia, horse not eating well (sick/post surgery), etc 3574 (bonus) FCH47 Q: What are 3 symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency? A: Excessive tearing, night blindness, reduced feed intake, slow growth, rough/dry/brittle/long hair coat, reduced fertility 3575 (bonus) FCH52-57/ES126 Q: Name 3 of the B vitamins. A: Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic Acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7), Folic Acid (B9), Cobalamin (B12) (accept either the name or the vitamin number not necessary to give both) 3576 (bonus) FCH20 Q: What are 3 minerals that are of most concern when feeding horses? A: Calcium, phosphorus, selenium, sodium, chloride 3577 (bonus) FCH113 Q: To formulate or change a horse's diet, you must know what 3 things? A: Animal's nutrient requirements, nutrient content of feed, amount being fed, amount needed to provide the nutrients 3578 (bonus) FCH85/HIH742-4 Q: What are 2 benefits of feeding flaxseed to horses? A: Gives glossy hair coat/bloom, softens stools to prevent impaction, has high level of Omega 3 fatty acids, treat allergic skin disease/sweet itch 3579 (bonus) FCH26 Q: Give 4 signs of "salt poisoning". A: Colic, frequent urination, staggering, excessive thirst, diarrhea, weakness, paralysis of hind limbs 3580 (bonus) FCH16 Q: What are maltase, sucrase & lactase & specifically what does each of them do? A: Sugar-digesting enzyme; Maltase - breaks down maltose; Sucrase - breaks down sucrose; lactase - breaks down lactose 3581 (bonus) FCH various Q: What 4 electrolytes are lost in sweat & urine? A: Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium 3582 (bonus) FCH13-14 Q: The protein requirements are greatest & most critical during what 3 phases of a horse's life? A: Growth, reproduction, lactation

25 3583 (bonus) ES148/TH272 Q: Adding fat to the equine diet has several benefits. Name 3. A: Growth, performance/work, helps reproductive function, helps milk production, increase stamina/performance, reduce gut fill, help maintain body weight 3584 (bonus) HIH725-1 Q: Name 3 functions of calcium in the horse's body. A: Bone/teeth formation, normal muscular action, blood clotting, enzyme action, cell membrane function, temperature regulation, neuromuscular function, blood balance 3585 (bonus) HIH720-1 Q: Give 3 reasons why feeding too much protein isn't a good idea. A: Protein can't be stored in body for later use, may affect acid-base balance, may affect calcium retention, protein is one of the more expensive parts of horse rations 3586 (bonus) HIH725-2 Q: Give 3 results of too little magnesium in a horse's diet. A: Nervousness, muscle tremors, ataxia/potential for collapse, hyperpnoea/increased breathing rate, death 3587 (bonus) HIH725-4 Q: Give 3 signs of acute selenium toxicity. A: Blind staggers, hair loss, change in hooves 3588 (bonus) HIH730 Q: Name 3 vitamins & one thing they do in the horse's body. A: Vitamin A - helps with vision, immune response; Vitamin B - most help with enzyme processes; Vitamin C antioxidant; Vitamin D - calcium absorption/balance; Vitamin E antioxidant; Vitamin K - blood clotting, bone metabolism, vascular health 3589 (bonus) HIH742-1 Q: Name 3 things that many commercial supplements may include. A: Vitamins, minerals, amino acids/protein, carbohydrates/fats, herbs, microbials 3590 (bonus) HIH742-3 Q: Just because herbs are natural, doesn't necessarily mean they're safe. Name 3 negative things about using them in the horse's diet. A: Can cause toxicity, negative side effects, drug-like interaction with other components of diet, some contain prohibited substances, potential for some to be banned from various competitions

26 3591 (bonus) HIH742-3 Q: Name 3 commonly fed herbs & their potential actions. A: Devil's claw - anti-inflammatory; Echinacea - anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immune stimulating; Garlic - anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-parasite; Ginger - anti-thrombotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial; Ginseng - immune stimulating, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant; Valerian root - sedative, anti-spasmodic; Yucca - anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-spasmodic, used to reduce arthritis pain