The effect of methane on properties of digestive physiology in dairy cows
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1 The effect of methane on properties of digestive physiology in dairy cows M.T. Dittmann, K.J. Hammond, P. Kirton, D.J. Humphries, L.A. Crompton, S. Ortmann, T. Misselbrook, K.-H. Südekum, A. Schwarm, M. Kreuzer, C.K. Reynolds, M. Clauss ETH and UZH Zurich / CEDAR Reading / IZW Berlin /RR North Wyke/IAS Bonn
2 Methane in herbivores Ruminants:!!Loss of 6-10 % of dietary gross energy
3 Methane in herbivores Ruminants:!!Loss of 6-10 % of dietary gross energy!!loss of app. 100 l CH 4 per kg digested NDF
4 Methane in herbivores Why are there (or appear to be) no indications of evolutionary adaptation to reduce methane losses?
5 Methane in herbivores Why are there (or appear to be) no indications of evolutionary adaptation to reduce methane losses? " does methane contribute to herbivore digestive physiology? " do animals react to enteric methane?
6 Does methane increase digesta retention?
7 Does methane increase digesta retention?
8 Does methane increase digesta retention?
9 Does methane increase digesta retention?
10 Does methane increase digesta retention?
11 Methods: treatments 4 dry fistulated Holstein dairy cows 4x4 Latin square
12 Methods: treatments 4 dry fistulated Holstein dairy cows 4x4 Latin square timothy hay ad libitum / restricted pellets
13 Methods: treatments 4 dry fistulated Holstein dairy cows 4x4 Latin square timothy hay ad libitum / restricted pellets i control ii CH 4 insufflation (276 ± 31 l/d ) iii control N 2 insufflation (313 ± 37 l/d ) iv CH 4 inhibition (bromochloromethane 0.45 g/100 kg bid)
14 Methods: treatments 4 dry fistulated Holstein dairy cows 4x4 Latin square timothy hay ad libitum / restricted pellets i control ii CH 4 insufflation (276 ± 31 l/d ) iii control N 2 insufflation (313 ± 37 l/d ) iv CH 4 inhibition (bromochloromethane 0.45 g/100 kg bid) d adaptation/measurement d recovery incl. RR contents reconstitution
15 Methods: diet
16 Methods: diet
17 Methods: diet
18 Methods: CH 4 measurements GreenFeed exhaled air d x/d Gas chromatography rumen fluid d x/d
19 Methods: CH 4 measurements GreenFeed exhaled air d x/d Gas chromatography rumen fluid d x/d -./01-2"() ' "31"2 4$ 5" #!!" '#!" '!!" &#!" &!!" %#!" %!!" $#!" $!!" #!"!" (" ()'" *%" +(,"
20 Methods: CH 4 measurements GreenFeed exhaled air d x/d Gas chromatography rumen fluid d x/d -./01-2"() ' "31"2 4$ 5" #!!" '#!" '!!" &#!" &!!" %#!" %!!" $#!" $!!" #!"!" (" ()'" *%" +(," -./0123"() & "456"/3 7# 8" '" &" %" $" #"!" (" ()&" *$" +(,"
21 Methods: measurements Dry matter intake Body mass change
22 Methods: measurements Dry matter intake Body mass change Mean retention time MRT (solutes and 3 particle markers)
23 Methods: measurements Dry matter intake Body mass change Mean retention time MRT (solutes and 3 particle markers),-./-0"1-23.2"/45/ " 89"4:";.-3<" #!!" +!" *!" )!" (!" '!" &!" %!" $!" #!"!" D40E6."8F4<" $11"8F2<" '11"8G-<" *11"8F.<"!" $!" &!" (!" *!" #!!" #$!" #&!" #(!" =>1."-?.2"1-23.2"@4A-B."8C<"
24 Methods: measurements Dry matter intake Body mass change Mean retention time MRT (solutes and 3 particle markers) Faeces dry matter Digestibility (total collection) RR motility Chewing activity,-./-0"1-23.2"/45/ " 89"4:";.-3<" #!!" +!" *!" )!" (!" '!" &!" %!" $!" #!"!" D40E6."8F4<" $11"8F2<" '11"8G-<" *11"8F.<"!" $!" &!" (!" *!" #!!" #$!" #&!" #(!" =>1."-?.2"1-23.2"@4A-B."8C<"
25 Methods
26 Methods
27 Results Dry matter intake Body mass change -.,/#01#21 3"4&5 #6 37 8# '&# '%# '$# '!# '"#!&#!%#!$#!!#!"# (# ()$# *!# +(,#
28 Results Dry matter intake Body mass change -.,/#01#21 3"4&5 #6 37 8# '&# '%# '$# '!# '"#!&#!%#!$#!!# +-./#0122#341567#892:1;:<# $# %# &# '#!&#!%#!$#!"# (# ()$# *!# +(,#!"# (# ()%# *&# +(,#
29 Results: correlation with rdmi
30 Results: correlation with rdmi MRT Ce GIT (h) Control CH4 N2 BCM rdmi (g kg d -1 )
31 Results: correlation with rdmi MRT Ce GIT (h) Control CH4 N2 BCM rdmi (g kg d -1 ) => Evaluation as linear mixed models with individuum as random factor, rdmi as covariable, and CH4 exhaled (l kgdmi -1 ) or in rumen fluid (!g ml -1 ) as independent variable
32 GLM Results CH 4 exhaled CH 4 RR fluid MRT solute GIT 0!053 (-) 0!001 - MRT 2mm GIT 0!003-0!007 - MRT 5mm GIT <0!001-0!012 - MRT 8mm GIT 0!003-0!052 (-) MRT solute RR 0!334 0!103 MRT 2mm RR 0!027-0!127 MRT 5mm RR 0!034-0!170 MRT 8mm RR 0!059 (-) 0!274
33 GLM Results CH 4 exhaled CH 4 RR fluid MRT solute GIT 0!053 (-) 0!001 - MRT 2mm GIT 0!003-0!007 - MRT 5mm GIT <0!001-0!012 - MRT 8mm GIT 0!003-0!052 (-) MRT solute RR 0!334 0!103 MRT 2mm RR 0!027-0!127 MRT 5mm RR 0!034-0!170 MRT 8mm RR 0!059 (-) 0!274 The more CH 4!! the shorter the MRT
34 GLM Results CH4 exhaled CH4 RR fluid Apparent digestibility dry matter 0!129 0!058 (-) NDF 0!028 - <0!001 - Faecal DM 0!171 0!013 - Time ruminating (min/h) 0!002-0!013 - Chewing rate (/bolus) 0!001-0!023 - Rumen contractions (/min) (+) Intercontr. interval (s) 0!008-0!071 (-) The more CH 4!! the shorter the MRT
35 GLM Results CH4 exhaled CH4 RR fluid Apparent digestibility dry matter 0!129 0!058 (-) NDF 0!028 - <0!001 - Faecal DM 0!171 0!013 - Time ruminating (min/h) 0!002-0!013 - Chewing rate (/bolus) 0!001-0!023 - Rumen contractions (/min) (+) Intercontr. interval (s) 0!008-0!071 (-) The more CH 4!! the shorter the MRT!! the lower the fibre digestibility
36 GLM Results CH4 exhaled CH4 RR fluid Apparent digestibility dry matter 0!129 0!058 (-) NDF 0!028 - <0!001 - Faecal DM 0!171 0!013 - Time ruminating (min/h) 0!002-0!013 - Chewing rate (/bolus) 0!001-0!023 - Rumen contractions (/min) (+) Intercontr. interval (s) 0!008-0!071 (-) The more CH 4!! the shorter the MRT!! the lower the fibre digestibility!! the lower the faecal dry matter concentration
37 GLM Results CH4 exhaled CH4 RR fluid Apparent digestibility dry matter 0!129 0!058 (-) NDF 0!028 - <0!001 - Faecal DM 0!171 0!013 - Time ruminating (min/h) 0!002-0!013 - Chewing rate (/bolus) 0!001-0!023 - Rumen contractions (/min) (+) Intercontr. interval (s) 0!008-0!071 (-) The more CH 4!! the shorter the MRT!! the lower the fibre digestibility!! the lower the faecal dry matter concentration!! the lower the rumination time &the lower the chews per bolus
38 GLM Results CH4 exhaled CH4 RR fluid Apparent digestibility dry matter 0!129 0!058 (-) NDF 0!028 - <0!001 - Faecal DM 0!171 0!013 - Time ruminating (min/h) 0!002-0!013 - Chewing rate (/bolus) 0!001-0!023 - Rumen contractions (/min) (+) Intercontr. interval (s) 0!008-0!071 (-) The more CH 4!! the shorter the MRT!! the lower the fibre digestibility!! the lower the faecal dry matter concentration!! the lower the rumination time &the lower the chews per bolus!! the more rumen contractions
39 Discussion The more CH 4!! the shorter the MRT!! the lower the fibre digestibility!! the lower the faecal dry matter concentration!! the lower the rumination time &the lower the chews per bolus!! the more rumen contractions
40 Discussion The more CH 4!! the shorter the MRT!! the lower the fibre digestibility!! the lower the faecal dry matter concentration!! the lower the rumination time &the lower the chews per bolus!! the more rumen contractions Contrary to expectation!
41 Discussion The more CH 4!! the shorter the MRT!! the lower the fibre digestibility!! the lower the faecal dry matter concentration!! the lower the rumination time &the lower the chews per bolus!! the more rumen contractions Contrary to expectation! Indication of a feedback mechanism in the sense of an increase of motility and digesta passage to limit additional methane losses in the presence of methane?
42 Discussion The more CH 4!! the shorter the MRT!! the lower the fibre digestibility!! the lower the faecal dry matter concentration!! the lower the rumination time &the lower the chews per bolus!! the more rumen contractions Contrary to expectation! Indication of a feedback mechanism in the sense of an increase of motility and digesta passage to limit additional methane losses in the presence of methane? Methane receptors?
43 Discussion The more CH 4!! the shorter the MRT!! the lower the fibre digestibility!! the lower the faecal dry matter concentration!! the lower the rumination time &the lower the chews per bolus!! the more rumen contractions Contrary to expectation! Indication of a feedback mechanism in the sense of an increase of motility and digesta passage to limit additional methane losses in the presence of methane? Methane receptors?
44 Acknowledgements Thanks to!!!!!! Swiss National Science Foundation Keith Bamford, Debby Cockman, Colin Green, Andy Hicks, Anna Thompson from CEDAR Nigel Tomkins Heidrun Barleben, Neil Donovan, Carmen Kunz for labwork Gerhard Breves and Klaus-Werner Grunert for instruction in rumen motility measurements Joel Niederhauser and Nils Zehner for their support with the Rumiwatch measurements
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