Feeding bio-emulsifiers to young and old pigs for superior performance

Transcription

1 Introduction Feeding bio-emulsifiers to young and old pigs for superior performance Chinnadurai Sugumar, L.V Bindhu and Hans Lee Kemin Animal Nutrition and Health, Asia Pacific The use of fats and oils in swine diet is of great importance owing to their high energy value compared to other energy yielding nutrients. There is increasing evidence that efficiency of energy utilization and feed efficiency improve when dietary energy is increased using fat rather than carbohydrates. Strategic use of fat enables flexibility in the management of weaner, grower, finisher and lactating pig facilities owing to the beneficial effects of added fat on growth rate, throughput and feed efficiency. Adding fat to feed offered to young pigs can reduce dustiness and improve palatability and so encouraging feed intake at this important stage of production. Feed intake is low in the immediate post-weaning period therefore weaner diet nutrient specifications are aimed at ensuring high nutrient intake and helping the pig to get off to a good start. Fats can also be added to diets of grower and finisher pigs to increase the energy density of consumed feed which can increase growth rate, carcass weight and feed conversion efficiency. Fat that is well distributed through the mash can also help with feed pelleting at the feedmill. Fat is efficiently metabolized with a relatively low heat increment that may help facilitate a higher feed intake and with associated advantages in hot summer conditions when feed intake may be inhibited. During the lactation period, sows are always in negative energy balance. Very often feed intake is not sufficient to cover nutrients requirement, particularly for modern (hyper prolific) sow breeds. This energy imbalance could negatively affect sow fertility as well as piglet weight and homogeneity at weaning. Adding high levels of fats in lactation diets helps meet the nutritional demands to avoid negative energy balance and improve milk production. However, fats ain t fats as there are a number of factors that affect quality, digestibility, and utilization by the animal. Processing conditions during production of fats and oils can impact on quality parameters such as oxidative stability and free fatty acid (FFA) content, as can postproduction handling including storage conditions and storage duration. The fatty acid components of fats and oils are either saturated or un-saturated with un-saturated fatty acids containing one (mono-unsaturated) or more (poly-unsaturated) double bonds in their chemical structure. Fats and oils with a higher content of un-saturated fatty acids are more digestible, but are more susceptible to oxidation and rancidity. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of bio-emulsifiers in swine diets. Lysophospholipids are biological emulsifiers highly effective in enhancing the absorption of Page 1 of 9

2 oils and fats from feed by the animal. Lysophospholipids enhance nutrient absorption, which leads to improved animal performance. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of lysophopholipids in increasing pig performance and nutrient digestibility when supplemented on top as well as improving energy utilization in pigs fed reformulated diets (with lower energy) to the level of normal energy diets. This paper compiles the results from many recent studies on the effect of Lysoforte (bioemulsifier product of Kemin Industries containing lysophopholipids) on young and adult pigs including sows in achieving superior performance. Weaner pigs Fat digestion and absorption in the young pig is poor for several weeks after weaning. This was demonstrated by Cera et al (1988) with added fat from either corn oil, pig lard or beef tallow (Table 1). They found a progressive increase in fat digestibility over time after weaning with low post-weaning digestibility being particularly evident for the animal fats. This limited fat digestibility prevents the young pig from extracting maximum available energy from the fat during crucial weeks post-weaning. Undigested fat passed out in the faeces (steatorrheoa) makes the dung sticky and difficult to clean from pens which in turn can create hygiene problems. Undigested fat passing through the small intestine to the large intestine may also disturb hind-gut fermentation and negatively impact on pig productivity. Table 1. Digestibility of fat in pigs after weaning at 3 weeks. Age of pig Corn oil Lard Tallow Week Week Week Week Significance * * * *, linear increases with age for each fat type (P<0.01) A trial conducted in weaner pigs in Seoul University, Korea demonstrated a positive growth response from a bio-emulsifier added to the feed that acts on ingested fat in the intestinal tract. A total of 140 crossbred ([Yorkshire Landrace] Duroc) pigs with averaging 7.29 ± 1.62 kg of initial body weight were randomly assigned to each treatment based on sex and initial body weight according to randomized complete block (RCB) design in 5 replicates with 7 pigs per pen. The 2 2 factorial design was used and the first factor was dietary energy level (3,200 or 3,300 kcal of ME/kg) and the second factor was supplementation of LYSOFORTE TM (0% or 0.05%). Major ingredients for experimental diets were corn and soybean meal and three phase feeding programs were used in this experiment. Pigs were grown up to 10 weeks of age and the results were shown in table 2. Page 2 of 9

3 Table 2: The effect of dietary energy levels and supplemental Lysoforte on growth performance of pigs 1. Item Body weight ( kg) Low energy diet Low energy diet + Lysoforte Treatments High energy diet High energy diet + Lysoforte SEM Initial P value 10 week Average daily gain (g) 0-10 week Average daily feed intake (g) 0-10 week FCR 0-10 week This experiment represented a clear beneficial effect of dietary Lysoforte. When pigs were fed low energy level diet (3,200 kcal of ME/kg) with Lysoforte supplementation, growth performance was much higher than that of high energy level diet (3,300 kcal of ME/kg) without Lysoforte supplementation. Moreover, there is approximately 10% of saving on feed cost by supplementing LYSOFORTE to low level of energy diet compared to no Lysoforte supplementation without negative effect on growth performance of growing pigs. Grower pigs Whilst digestibility of fats increased over the weeks immediately after weaning (Table 1), Wiseman et al (1998) developed prediction equations showing only marginal superiority in feed fat digestibility in kg pigs compared with kg pigs, the difference diminishing as the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased in the fat source. Brooke et al (2015) showed that adding tallow at 4% and 8% to grower diets for 5 weeks from 30 kg live weight improved growth rate (Table 3). Table 3: Effects of added tallow on production performance in male & female grower pigs. Page 3 of 9

4 Sex Females Males Added tallow 0% 4% 8% 0% 4% 8% Daily gain, g/day* (+8%) 890 (+12%) (+7%) 850 (+6%) Feed intake, kg/day FCR P2, mm *, daily gain differences for males & females approached significance (P=0.054) but increased linearly (P=0.025) A digestibility study in kg pigs (van Barneveld et al, 2003, Table 4) showed that Lysoforte increased the ileal digestibility of energy, protein (nitrogen), lysine and calculated digestible energy (DE) value in a diet containing 2.5% tallow. Hence the benefits of Lysoforte appear to continue beyond the immediate post-weaning period. The mechanism causing the improved protein and amino acid digestibility presumably arises from faster and more complete fat digestion and absorption and thus greater clearance of fat from the contents of the small intestine. This may then enable more rapid access of protein digesting enzymes to ingested protein as well as permitting more rapid passage of small peptides and amino acids to the intestinal epithelium for absorption. Table 4: Effect of Lysoforte on the ileal digestibility of nutrients in grower pigs. Parameter Control LYSOFORTE Nitrogen,% 0.70a 0.80b Energy,% Lysine,% a 0.73* 0.83b Diet DE, MJ/kg * Values with different letters in a row are significantly different (P<0.05); *, significantly different (P<0.10) Another trial was performed in Schothorst research centre, the Netherland. In total 360 pigs (180 boars and 180 gilts allocated together) entered the experiment with a starting body weight of approximately 26 kg and ended at approximately 55 kg of body weight. The pigs were randomly assigned to three treatments: Positive Control (PC), pigs received the standard grower diet; Negative control diet (NC) was formulated to contain around -70 kcal/kg NE, keeping the SID (Standard Ileal Digestible) Lysine/NE ratio constant; Lysoforte supplemented diet (LYS), the NC diet was supplemented with 1000 g Lysoforte/tonne feed. There results were shown in Table 5. Table 5. Global comparison of performance parameters of the three treatments 2. Page 4 of 9

5 Positive Control Negative control diet Negative control diet + Lysoforte P value Final body weight (Kg) 53.0 a 51.4 b 53.4 a 0.03 Average daily gain (g/d) Average daily feed intake (g/d) FCR a,b: means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly between them It is evident from the results that the growing pigs fed the reformulated diet supplemented with Lysoforte were able to perform equally to the pigs from the positive control group. The challenge imposed with the reformulation diet was not only the -70kcal/kg NE gap, but also a lower concentration of SID amino acids (e.g. Lysine, Methionine). This dietary management procedure was followed by the Schothorst Feed Research Centre in order to maintain a constant energy to amino acids ratio, after the reformulation. Finisher pigs The growth rate and feed conversion efficiency of older finisher pigs respond positively to increasing DE levels which included increasing tallow levels as reported by Henman et al (1999, Table 6). Table 6. Effects of increased Digestible Energy in diets fed ad lib from 16 to 22 weeks old. DE (MJDE/kg) Daily gain, g/day FCR Feed intake, kg/day Significance ** ** NS **, differences in column are statistically significant (P<0.01); NS, not significant In the experiment of Brooke et al (2015) in which pigs were fed grower diets with 0, 4 or 8% added tallow for 5 weeks from 30 kg live weight, these same pigs were then fed diets for the next 5 weeks from 60 kg live weight containing 0 or 4% added tallow. Growth rate during this finisher period was also increased by 8% with the inclusion of 4% tallow, i.e. 1,041 vs 970 grams/head/day (P=0.045) and this was associated with an improved FCR, i.e vs Campbell (2005) concluded that once fat has been added to pig diets, it should continue to be added to subsequent diets as the pigs continue to grow. Page 5 of 9

6 A growth trial was performed in FBF Technology Centre, Suffolk. In total 288 pigs entered the experiment with a starting body weight of approximately 7.7 kg and ended at approximately 96 kg of body weight. The pigs were randomly assigned to four treatments: The trial was done with 4 treatments: Treatment A: Control group fed a standard commercial diet; Treatment B: A + Lysoforte at 1 kg/t; Treatment C: Standard diet reformulated with less 120 Kcal NE/kg Treatment D: C + Lysoforte at 1 kg/t; Results were shown in table 7. Table 7. The overall effect of treatment on live weight gain (g/pig/day), feed intake (g/pig/day) and feed conversion ratio in wean to finish pigs 3. Live weight Selection Feed Intake End Weight Treatments Gain FCR Weight (Kg) (g/pig/day) (Kg) (g/pig/day) A ab B a C ab D b a,b: means with different superscripts within the same column differ significantly between them There were no significant differences among the groups for the parameters measured except feed intake. Pigs fed with Lysoforte (Treatment B & D) are getting more body weight compared with their respective control diets. There is a numerical reduction in the performance of pigs when reducing the energy level of the diets. Supplementation of Lysoforte could support the pigs to partially recovery from the reduced energy and helped pigs performing better than low energy group. Lactating sows Lactation diets are high in energy and fat and so it s important that the added fat is utilized well by the sow to support milk production and minimize body condition loss so that the subsequent reproductive cycle will not be compromised. As found in the growing pig, different fat sources with different specific fatty acids can also have different effects on reproductive physiology. For example, gilt diets containing tallow (saturated fatty acids) or tuna oil (omega 3, n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids) were associated with significantly more pigs born alive and fewer mummified foetuses than safflower oil (omega 6, n-6 poly-unsaturated fatty acids; Newman et al, 2009). In a study conducted by Seoul National University, South Korea, 10 control sows were compared to 10 sows receiving Lysoforte from day 90 of gestation through to weaning at day 21 of lactation. Experiment diets were consisted of corn-soybean meal based diet. Crude protein and lysine contents of gestating sows diets were 12.90% and 0.74%, and lactating sows diets Page 6 of 9

7 were 16.80%, and 1.05%. Other nutrient requirement were met or exceed by NRC(1998). Sow and litter responses are shown in Table 8 & 9 4. Table 8: Effect of Lysoforte in sow performance comparing control 4. Measurement Control Lysoforte SEM P-value Body weight changes Body weight at day 110, kg Body weight at weaning, kg Body weight loss, kg Body weight loss 15% 11% Average daily feed intake(lactation period), kg/d Back-fat thickness (mm) 24 hr post-partum Day 21 of lactation Back-fat thickness loss Back-fat thickness loss 7% 5% Weaning to estrus interval (days) Table 9: Reproductive and litter performance responses in sows comparing control & Lysoforte. Measurement Control LYSOFORTE SEM P-value Reproductive performance Total born/litter No. of born alive Litter weight, kg Litter birth weight day of lactation Litter weight gain Piglet weight, kg Piglet birth weight After cross-foster day of lactation Piglet weight gain Lysoforte numerically improved the reproductive performance of sows and performance parameters of piglets, although the improvement is not statistically significant. Lysoforte also helped to reduce the body weight loss and back fat loss. Discussion Young piglets poorly digest fats due to low secretion of bile. This makes the faeces sticky and can create hygiene problems. Adding bio-emulsifier Lysoforte in young piglets diets helps to digest the fat more effectively to improve piglets performance. Lysoforte fed piglets excrete less fat in the faeces, thereby improving farm hygiene. Trials done by Kemin proved that the final coliform bacteria load was much smaller in fecal samples from animals which had received Lysoforte treated feed compared to the control animals 5. Page 7 of 9

8 Adding fat in grower and finisher pigs diets increases energy density of consumed feed and results in better growth rate and feed conversion. Supplementation of a high fat diet with Lysoforte improved body weight and average daily gain of growing and finishing pigs. Nitrogen retention was also improved by addition of Lysoforte in high fat diets. Lactating sows are always in negative energy balance during lactation period due to lower feed intake. This energy imbalance could negatively affect sow reproductive performance as well as litter performance. That is the reason, lactation diets are high in energy and fat and so it s important that the added fat is utilized well by the sow to support milk production and minimize body condition loss. Supplementation of Lysoforte helped sows to maintain back fat reserves and mobilizing sufficient back fat tissue to support their litter growth. This was reflected in higher litter weight at weaning. Conclusion Adding bio-emulsifier Lysoforte in weaner diets helps young piglets to digest the fat more effectively and improve the growth performance. This improved fat digestion results in less excreta faecal loss of fat and improve farm hygiene. Supplementation of a high fat diet with Lysoforte improved weight and average daily gain of growing and finishing pigs. Lysoforte can increase nutrient digestibility in grower and finisher diets and improve the performance and save cost. Lysoforte reduces sow body weight loss during lactation and therefore help to improve the sow reproductive performance and litter performance. References Cera, K.R. et al (1988). J. Anim. Sci. 66: ; Carter, R.R., Henman, D.J. (2003). In Manipulating Pig Production IX, p.170. ed. J. Paterson. (Australasian Pig Science Association:Werribee); Wilkinson, S.J. et al (2009). In Manipulating Pig Production XII, p.30. ed. R.J. van Barneveld. (Australasian Pig Science Association:Werribee); Wilkinson, S.J. et al (2011). Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, 18:79; Wiseman, J. et al (1998). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 71:1-9; Brooke et al (2015). J. Agric. Sci. 153: ; van Barneveld, R.J. et al (2003). In Manipulating Pig Production IX, p.42. ed. J. Paterson. (Australasian Pig Science Association:Werribee); Henman, D.J., Argent, C.J., Bryden, W.L. (1999). In Manipulating Pig Production VII, p.263. ed. P.D.Cranwell. (Australasian Pig Science Association:Werribee); Campbell, R.G Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, 15:15; Newman, R.E. et al (2009). In Manipulating Pig Production XII, p. 44. ed. R.J. van Barneveld. (Australasian Pig Science Association:Werribee); O Halloran, K.S. et al (2015). In Manipulating Pig Production XV, ed. R.J. van Barneveld. (Australasian Pig Science Association:Werribee) 1. Kemin Internal Document: TD Kemin Internal Document: TD Kemin Internal Document: TD Kemin Internal Document: TD Kemin Internal Document: BB Page 8 of 9

9 Certain statements may not be applicable in all geographic regions. Product labeling and associated claims may differ based upon regulatory requirements. Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2016 All rights reserved. TM Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A. All papers and presentations of the 2016 Pig Feed Quality Conference are copyright of Asian Agribusiness Media Pte Ltd and the authors. They are presented only for the personal reference of 2016 Pig Feed Quality Conference delegates. Should you desire to reproduce a paper or presentation or part thereof please contact admin@asian-agribiz.com for written permission. Page 9 of 9