Protein evaluation of four oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars adapted for cultivation in the south of Brazil
|
|
- Shauna Thompson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 53: , Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Protein evaluation of four oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars adapted for cultivation in the south of Brazil I. PEDÓ, V.C. SGARBIERI and L.C. GUTKOSKI Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Av. Brasil 2880, Caixa Postal 139, Campinas, SP, CEP , Brasil Received 26 March 1998; accepted in revised form 28 August 1998 Abstract. Four oat cultivars adapted for soil and climate conditions in the southern region of Brazil were evaluated for protein nutritive value. Evaluations were done both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro evaluation was done by essential amino acid profile, available lysine, amino acid scoring, and protein digestibility corrected amino acid-scoring (PDCAAS). Nitrogen balance indices and PER were determined in vivo with rats. In all four cultivars (UFP-15, UFP-16, CTC-03, UFRGS-14), lysine was the most limiting amino acid. Available lysine, amino acid score and PDCAAS were highest for cultivar UFRGS-14 and lowest for CTC-03. When compared to casein, only nitrogen retention for UFRGS-14 did not differ statistically (p >0.05); all other indices of protein quality were inferior to casein for the oat cultivars. The oat cultivars tended to be identical among themselves, except for apparent protein digestibility which was significantly higher in the UFRGS-14 and CTC-03 cultivars. On average, the PER values of the oat cultivars were 82% of casein; the net protein utilization was 88% of casein as determined in vivo and 49% by the estimation in vitro (PDCAAS). Key words: Cultivars, Nutritive value, Oat, Protein Introduction Oats represent an important alternative crop for the southern region of Brazil. It can be cultivated as pasture for cattle, as a green fertilizer for the soil and for grain production. Up until recently, oat production in Brazil had been low due mainly to lack of well adapted cultivars. Recently, breeding programs have been implemented to increase adaptability, yield of grain and protein content [1]. The use of oats as human and animal food has been justified by their taste and high nutritive value, when compared to other cereal grains, including a high protein content and protein value. The use of oats as human food has also been stimulated by the quality of its fiber components which act as hypoglycemic and/or hypocholesterolemic agents [2 4]. Protein nutritive value of oat grain was reported by Eggun & Gullord [5] and Eggun et al. [6], who found true protein digestibility in the range of 90.3 to 94.2%, biological value 74.5 to 79.6%, net protein utilization 69.1 to 72.4, and protein efficiency
2 298 ratio 2.25 to Proximate percent composition, amino acid profile, mineral and fatty acid composition of the Brazilian cultivars described in this paper have been reported elsewhere [7]. Materials and methods Oat cultivars. Four oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars, UFP-15, UFP-16, CTC- 03 and UFRGS-14, were selected for this study. The oat kernels were initially cleaned (freed of impurities), dehulled in an Imack impact mill and held in a freezer ( 18 C) prior to grinding. Grinding was done immediately before use in a knife type Renard Mill, Adel MFC , to a particle size less than 500 µm. Analytical procedures. Amino acids were determined in an acid hydrolysate (6N HCl, 110 C, 22 h) using a Beckman 7300 autoanalyzer, according to the method of Spackman et al. [8]. The sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine and cysteine) were determined as methionine sulfone and cysteic acid, respectively, after complete oxidation of the sample protein with performic acid, prior to acid hydrolysis, according to the method of Moore [9]. Tryptophan was determined in an alkaline hydrolysate (4N LiOH) using the method of Lucas & Sotello [10]. Available lysine. Available lysine was determined by the method of Kakade & Liener [11] using a 0.1% water solution of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). The samples were dissolved in an aqueous 4% NaHCO 3 solution for the reaction, and quantification of the lysine derivative was done using the Lambert Beer equation with a molar extinction coefficient of /M/cm. Essential amino acid scoring. The amino acid score was established by comparing the content of each essential amino acid in the oat protein with the corresponding FAO/WHO/UNU [12] standard reference value for the age group of 2 to 5 years. The essential amino acid in smallest quantity relative to the reference represented the chemical score for the protein under study. Protein digestibility corrected amino acid-scoring. PDCAAS was calculated by multiplying the most limiting essential amino acid score by the true protein digestibility. True protein digestibility was determined in vivo [13]. Biological assays with rat. The composition of diets used in the assays with rats is outlined in Table 1 and is in accordance with AOAC [14] methods
3 299 Table 1. Composition of diets utilized in the rat bioassays for determination protein and casein nutritive values of oat cultivars Components Diets a UFP-15 UFP-16 CTC-03 UFRGS-14 CAS Oat flour Casein Soy oil Mineral mix b Vitamin mix b Cellulose 20.0 Sucrose Corn starch a UFP-15, UFP-16, CTC-03, UFRGS-14, CAS cultivars of oats and casein utilized as sources of dietary protein (10% of the diet). b According to AIN-93. except for the mineral and vitamin mixtures which were based on AIN-93 [15]. Male rats of the Wistar strain, specific pathogen-free (SPF), days of age, and an average weight of 51.3 ± 4.1 g were furnished by the Experimental Animal Center of the State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, for use in these experiments. The rats (seven per treatment) were housed in individual stainless steel cages with screen bottom for 28 days, the duration of the experiment. Temperature of the laboratory was maintained at 21 ± 2 C with alternate periods of light and dark of 12 hours. The animals had free access to the diets and tap drinking water. Diet, protein consumption and body weight were recorded every other day for the duration of the experiment for growth evaluation and PER calculation. Feces and urine were collected during the second week of feeding for calculations of nitrogen balance and the protein quality indices derived from nitrogen balance. The procedures for obtaining the various indices of protein quality were those of Sgarbieri [16]. Statistical analysis. The statistical program SAS [17] was used for analysis of variance of the biological data, according to Cochran & Cox [18]. The t test of Tukey for statistical significant differences among means (p 0.05) was also used. Results and discussion Table 2 data show the essential amino acid contents of the four oat cultivars. Comparisons with the FAO/WHO/UNU reference standard [12] for require-
4 300 Table 2. Essential amino acid composition (g/16 g N) a of oat cultivars, compared to FAO/WHO/UNU reference pattern b Amino acid c Cultivars FAO/WHO/UNU UFP-15 UFP-16 CTC-03 UFRGS-14 Valine (95.1) Isoleucine Leucine (96.2) Threonine 2.68 (78.8) 2.83 (83.2) 2.88 (84.7) 2.41 (70.9) 3.4 Histidine (98.0) Lysine d 4.00 (69.0) 3.62 (62.4) 3.52 (60.7) 4.10 (70.7) 5.8 Tryptophane Phenylalanine Tyrosine Methionine Cysteine Phenylalanine Methionine a Average of duplicate determinations. b FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) reference profile. c Values in parenthesis indicate percentages of limiting amino acids with regard to FAO/WHO/UNU reference. d The most limiting essential amino acid. ments of children 2 to 5 years of age revealed that lysine was the most limiting amino acid, in the range of 60 70% of the reference. Threonine was the second limiting essential amino acids in all four cultivars. Sulfur-containing amino acids and tryptophan concentrations were above requirements, which makes oats a good complementary protein source for legume grains. The contents of essential amino acids encountered by other investigators [5, 19, 20] for a number of other oat cultivars are in the same range of values presented here. The available lysine data is shown in Table 3. Availability was in the 80 to 90% range. It was lowest (80% of total lysine) in the cultivar UFP-15, higher and similar (87 to 92%) for the other three cultivars. These values were lower than the 98% determined by Carpenter et al. [21] and in the same range of values reported for other cereal grains: wheat 90.8%, corn 91%, and barley 94% availability [22]. The limiting amino acid score and PDCAAS for the studied cultivars are also reported in Table 3. The highest limiting amino acid score and PDCAAS were found for the cultivar UFRGS-14.
5 301 Table 3. Available lysine, amino acid scores and protein digestibility corrected amino acid scoring (PDCAAS) of four oat cultivars Cultivars Available lysine Amino acid score a PDCAAS b (mg/16 g N) (%) (%) UFP (80) UFP (92) CTC (88) UFRGS (87) a Score based on available lysine (%) of the FAO/WHO/UNU reference pattern for children 2 to 5 years of age (FAO/WHO/UNU 1985). b PDCAAS = protein digestibility corrected amino acid-scoring, Henley & Kuster [13]. Figures between parentheses: Percent of total lysine. Table 4 data show the results of the nitrogen balance experiment, including nitrogen retention, apparent protein digestibility, apparent protein biological value, and net protein utilization for the oat cultivars compared with casein. Nitrogen retention in the UFRGS-14 fed rats did not differ statistically (p >0.01) from those of the casein fed animals. For the other three oat cultivars, nitrogen retention was significantly (p 0.05) lower than for casein. Apparent digestibility was significantly higher in the casein followed by UFRGS-14 and CTC-03 and lowest in UFP-15 and UFP-16. No stat- Table 4. Indices of protein nutritive value of four oat cultivars based on nitrogen balance experiment Cultivars Nitrogen Apparent Apparent Net protein retained digestibility biological value utilization (mg/24 h) (Da%) (BVa%) (NPUa%) UFP b c ns b UFP b c b CTC b bc b UFRGS ab b b Casein 78.0 a a a Mean CV (%) Mean value and coeficient of variation for the oat cultivars. a,b,c Different superscript letters within columns indicate statistically different values (p 0.05).
6 302 Figure 1. Protein consumption, body weight gain and PER determined for cultivars of oats and casein. Different superscript letters indicate significantly different PER values (p 0.05). istical difterences were found between casein and oat proteins and among oat cultivars for protein biological value. Casein was statistically (p 0.05) superior to the oat cultivars with respect to NPUa%. No statistical differences for NPUa% were detected among cultivars. Sarwar et al. [23] reported a protein digestibility in oats of 82%, similar to results reported in this paper. Digestibility for oat protein was superior to values encountered for wheat (77%), rice (67.6%) and corn (80.1%) [24]. The results for apparent biological value (Table 4) were superior to values reported by Kjaergaard & Bruzelius [25] and Eggum et al. [6], which were in the 73 to 75% range. Average NPUa% (Table 4) was slightly below the value of 70% reported by Eggum et al. [6] and Eggun & Gullord [5]. By comparing the average PDCAAS of 49% (Table 3) with the average NPUa of 68% (Table 4), one finds a very large discrepancy between the protein quality evaluation in vitro as suggested by Henly & Kuster [13] and the FDA [26] when compared with in vivo determination by the nitrogen balance technique or PER determination (Figure 1). Although in this research, apparent in vivo protein digestibility was used, rather than true digestibility, as recommended in the PDCAAS method [13], the criteria was the same for casein and for the oat cultivars. It seems that the casein amino acid-scoring of 1.0 recommended for calculation of PDCAAS [13, 25] for humans overestimates the casein nutritive value for rats. Data on protein consumption, body weight gain and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for casein and the oat cultivars are shown in Figure 1. The average PER for oat cultivars was 82% of the casein PER, and there were no statistical
7 303 differences (p >0.05) in PER among the oat cultivars. The oat cultivar PER values reported here are slightly higher than the range of 2.25 to 2.38 reported by Hischke et al. [27]. By examining the data of Tables 3 and 4 and Figure 1, a slight superiority of the cultivar UFRGS-14 can be noticed in terms of amino acid score, PD- CAAS, nitrogen retention, protein digestibility and body weight gain. UFRGS- 14 also had the highest protein content [7], although no statistically significant differences could be shown with regard to NPUa% and PER among the oat cultivars. If one takes the amino acid score of 1.0 for casein [23] and the digestibility of 94% (Table 4), the PDCAAS for casein would be 94%, essentially double the values calculated for the oat cultivars. This difference seems too large on the basis of other determined protein nutritional evaluation indices, as determined by biological assays. An overall examination of the data of Tables 3 and 4 and Figure 1 indicates that the in vitro (PDCAAS) method overestimates the protein nutritive value of casein and underestimates the protein nutritive value of the oat cultivar, for the rat. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the financial support to this work by FAPESP (Fundação de Aniparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo), Brazil. References 1. Carvalho FI, et al. (1987) Potencial genético da aveia como produtora de grãos no sul do Brasil. Pesq Agropec Brasil 22: Anderson JW, Chen WL (1986) Cholesterol-lowering properties of oat products. In Webster FH (ed), Oat chemistry and technology, American Association of Cereal Chemists, pp Ripsin CM, Keenan JM (1992) The effect of dietary oat products on blood cholesterol. Trends Food Sci Technol 3: Shinnich FL, Mathews R, Ink S (1991) Serum cholesterol reduction by oats and other fiber sources. Cereal Foods World 36: Eggum BO, Gullord M (1983) The nutritional quality of some oat varieties cultivated in Norway. Qual Plant-Plant Food Hum Nutr 32: Eggum BO, Hansen I, Larsen T (1989) Protein quality and digestible energy of selected food determined in balance trials with rats. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 39: Pedó I, Sgarbieri VC (1997) Caracterização química de cultivares de aveia (Avena sativa L.). Ciênc Tecnol Alim 17: Spackman DH, Stein WH, Moore S (1958) Automatic recording apparatus for use in chromatography of amino acids. Anal Chem 30: Moore S (1963) On determination of cystine as cysteic acid. J Biol Chem 238:
8 Lucas B, Sotello A (1980) Effect of different alkalies, temperature and hydrolysis time on tryptophane determination of pure proteins and of foods. Anal Biochem 107: Kakade ML, Liener IR (1969) Determination of available lysine in protein. Anal Biochem 27: FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) Energy and protein requirements. FAO/WHO Nutritition Meetings. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, Report Series Henley EC, Kuster JM (1994) Protein quality evaluation by protein digestibility corrected amino acid-scoring. Food Technol 48: AOAC (1990) Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th Edition. 15. AIN-93 (1993) Report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Committee on Standards for Nutritional Studies. J Nutr 123: Sgarbieri VC (1987) Alimentação e nutrição: fator de saúde e desenvolvimento, São Paulo, Almed Editora, pp SAS (1985) Statistical Analysis System. User s guide: statistics, 5th edition, Cary. 18. Cochran WG, Cox GM (1964) Experimental designs, 2nd edition, New York, John Wiley, pp Robbins GS, Pomeranz Y, Briggle LW (1971) Amino acid composition of oat groats. J Agric Food Chem 19: Zarcadas CG, Yu Z, Burrows V (1995) Protein quality of three new canadian-developed naked oat cultivars using amino acid composition data. J Agric Food Chem 43: Carpenter KJ, et al. (1989) The estimation of available lysine in human foods by three chemical procedures. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 39: Taverner MR, Farrell DJ (1981) Availability to pigs of amino acids in cereal grains, 3: A comparison of ileal availability values with faecal chemical and enzymatic estimates. Brit J Nutr 46: Sarwar G, et al. (1989) Digestibility of protein and amino acid in selected foods as determined by a rat balance method. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 39: Hernandez M, Vega A, Sotello A (1984) Determinación de la digestibilidad proteinica in vitro y in vivo en cereales y leguminosas crudos y cocidos. Arch Latinoam Nutr 34: Kjaergaard L, Bruzelius E (1979) Protein from human consumption from oats. Food Proc Eng 1: FDA Food and Drug Administration (1993) Appendix B of the nutrition labeling regulations. Fed Register, Washington 58: Hischke HH, Potter GC, Graham Jr WR (1968) Nutritive value of oat protein, 1: Varietal differences as measured by amino acid analysis and rat growth responses. Cereal Chem 45:
The Amino Acid Content of Hen's Egg in Relation to Dietary Protein Intake, Breed and Environment 1
The Amino Acid Content of Hen's Egg in Relation to Dietary Protein Intake, Breed and Environment 1 P. Lunven and C. Le Clément de St. Marcq Protein Food Development Group Nutrition Division In 1963 the
More informationAmino Acid, Carbohydrate, and Fat Composition of Soybean Meals Prepared at 55 Commercial U.S. Soybean Processing Plants
216 J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 216 2150 Amino Acid, Carbohydrate, and Fat Composition of Soybean Meals Prepared at 55 Commercial U.S. Soybean Processing Plants LISA K. KARR-LILIENTHAL, CHRISTINE M.
More informationEFFECTS OF REPLACING WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE WITH CRYSTALLINE AMINO ACIDS ON WEANLING PIG PERFORMANCE
EFFECTS OF REPLACING WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE WITH CRYSTALLINE AMINO ACIDS ON WEANLING PIG PERFORMANCE 1999 Animal Science Research Report Authors: Story in Brief Pages 258-265 J. Chung, S.D. Carter,C.V.
More informationR. O. Gottlob, J. M. DeRouchey, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, J. L. Nelssen, S. S. Dritz 2, C. W. Hastad, K. R. Lawrence, and D. A.
Swine Day 2004 DETERMINATION OF THE APPARENT AND TRUE ILEAL AMINO ACID DIGESTIBILITY AND DIGESTIBLE AND METABOLIZABLE ENERGY OF SPECIALTY PROTEIN SOURCES INTENDED FOR NURSERY PIG DIETS 1 R. O. Gottlob,
More informationKansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports Volume 0 Issue 10 Swine Day (1968-2014) Article 1092 2004 Determination of the apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibility and digestible and
More informationAmino Acid Digestibility and Energy Concentration of Fermented Soybean Meal and Camelina Meal for Swine 1
Amino Acid Digestibility and Energy Concentration of Fermented Soybean Meal and Camelina Meal for Swine A.B. Graham, J.M. DeRouchey, R.D. Goodband, M.D. Tokach, S.S. Dritz 2, and R.C. Thaler 3 Summary
More informationOpportunities for Using DDGS in Livestock and Poultry Feeds in Canada. Dr. Jerry Shurson Dept. of Animal Science University of Minnesota
Opportunities for Using in Livestock and Poultry Feeds in Canada Dr. Jerry Shurson Dept. of Animal Science University of Minnesota New Generation vs. Old Generation Lower Quality, Less Digestible High
More informationEnergy and Nitrogen Balance of Pigs Fed Four Corn Grains
Energy and Nitrogen Balance of Pigs Fed Four Corn Grains R.W. Fent, S.D. Carter, M.J. Rincker, and J.S. Park Story in Brief Because corn is the primary energy source in diets for pigs, any variability
More informationEFFECTS OF AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTIONS FOR WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE ON WEANLING PIG PERFORMANCE. Authors: J. Chung, S.D. Carter and J.C.
EFFECTS OF AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTIONS FOR WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE ON WEANLING PIG PERFORMANCE 1999 Animal Science Research Report Authors: Story in Brief Pages 266-272 J. Chung, S.D. Carter and J.C. Whisenhunt
More informationIDENTIFICATION OF THE FIRST LIMITING AMINO ACID IN COOKED POLISHED WHITE RICE FED TO WEANLING HOLTZMAN RATS
IDENTIFICATION OF THE FIRST LIMITING AMINO ACID IN COOKED POLISHED WHITE RICE FED TO WEANLING HOLTZMAN RATS Mellova Masrizal 1 and J. B. Lamb 2 1. Pharmaceutical Science Department, Faculty of Mathematics
More informationAmino acid digestibility and energy concentration of fermented soybean meal and camelina meal for swine
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports Volume 0 Issue 10 Swine Day (1968-2014) Article 1195 2013 Amino acid digestibility and energy concentration of fermented soybean meal and camelina
More informationEffect of Excess of Individual Essential Amino Acids in Diets on Chicks
135 Effect of Excess of Individual Essential Amino Acids in Diets on Chicks Jun-ichi OKUMURA and Kiyoto YAMAGUCHI Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi 464
More informationAn Evaluation of Peptone Products and Fish Meal on Nursery Pig Performance 1
An Evaluation of Peptone Products and Fish Meal on Nursery Pig Performance A. J. Myers, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, S. S. Dritz, J. M. DeRouchey, J. L. Nelssen, J. Moline, G. Xu, B. W. Ratliff, and D.
More informationEffects of Addition of Sulfur-containing Amino Acids and Their Catabolites to a Low Protein Diet on Liver Fat Content in Rats
Agr. Biol. Chem., 40 (3), 593 `597, 1976 Effects of Addition of Sulfur-containing Amino Acids and Their Catabolites to a Low Protein Diet on Liver Fat Content in Rats Toshizo KIMURA and Akira YOSHIDA Laboratory
More informationWhat is ProPound Canola Meal?
A New, Cost Effective Protein Replacement for Meal in Swine Diets What is Canola Meal? PROTEIN CONTENT ingredient pricing scenarios and in a variety of swine 1500 is less than that of soybean meal, resulting
More informationBest Management Practices Feeds and Feeding. Paul B. Brown Purdue University
Best Management Practices Feeds and Feeding Paul B. Brown Purdue University pb@purdue.edu Guidelines International Feed Industry Federation (IFIF) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
More informationWhat We ve Learned About Feeding Reduced-Oil DDGS to Pigs
What We ve Learned About Feeding Reduced-Oil DDGS to Pigs Dr. Jerry Shurson 1 and Dr. Brian Kerr 2 University of Minnesota, St. Paul 1 and USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 2 Ultimate Question Does oil extraction from
More informationUSE OF DDGS AS A FEED INGREDIENT ETHANOL AND DDGS OVERVIEW AN EVOLVING ETHANOL INDUSTRY
ETHANOL AND DDGS OVERVIEW 98% of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in North America is produced from Ethanol plants for oxygenated fuels 33+ million metric tons of DDGS are produced in North
More informationEVALUATION OF THE OPTIMAL TRUE-ILEAL-DIGESTIBLE LYSINE AND THREONINE REQUIREMENT FOR NURSERY PIGS
Swine Day 2004 EVALUATION OF THE OPTIMAL TRUE-ILEAL-DIGESTIBLE LYSINE AND THREONINE REQUIREMENT FOR NURSERY PIGS N. A. Lenehan, M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz 1, J. L. Usry 2, R. D. Goodband J. M. DeRouchey,
More informationApparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in gelatin-based diets by growing pigs
Animal Feed Science and Technology 119 (2005) 107 115 Apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in gelatin-based diets by growing pigs G.I. Petersen, M.R. Smiricky-Tjardes 1, H.H. Stein
More informationMINERAL COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT RICE VARIETIES AND THEIR MILLING FRACTIONS
Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 44(2), 2007 MINERAL COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT RICE VARIETIES AND THEIR MILLING FRACTIONS F.M. Anjum, Imran Pasha *, M. Anwar Bugti and M.S. Butt Institute of Food Science and Technology,
More informationAJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. Formulator s Handbook. Measuring and Predicting Amino Acid Contents in Feedingstuffs GO TO ESSENTIALS.
GO TO ESSENTIALS Information N 32 July 2014 New Edition AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. Formulator s Handbook Measuring and Predicting Amino Acid Contents in Feedingstuffs Chromatogramme Tables included Amino
More informationMetabolism of Amino Acids in Aquatic Animals II
Mem. Fac. Fish., Kagoshima Univ. Vol. 26 pp. 45-48 (1977) Metabolism of Amino Acids in Aquatic Animals II The effect of an amino acid supplemented casein diet on the growth rate of carp Yoshito Tanaka,
More informationEvaluation of Fermented Soybean Meal Sources in Diets for Nursery Pigs 1
Evaluation of Fermented Soybean Meal Sources in Diets for Nursery Pigs A.M. Jeffrey, H.L. Frobose, J.M. DeRouchey, M.D. Tokach, R.D. Goodband, S.S. Dritz, and J.C. Woodworth Summary A total of 96 mixed-sex
More informationEvaluation of Chinese Brown Rice as an Alternative Energy Source in Pig Diets**
89 Evaluation of Chinese Brown Rice as an Alternative Energy Source in Pig Diets** X. S. Piao*, Defa Li, In K. Han, Y. Chen, J. H. Lee, D. Y. Wang, J. B. Li and D. F. Zhang Ministry of Agricultural Feed
More informationTryptophan Bioavailability in Soybean Meal for Young Pigs
Introduction Tryptophan Bioavailability in Soybean Meal for Young Pigs O. Adeola Department of Animal Sciences Several studies have been conducted to determine the bioavailability of amino acids for young
More informationAmino Acid Analyzer AAA400
Amino Acid Analyzer AAA400 Determination of amino acid of hydrolyzates (food and feed) Column: LG ANB OSTION 3.6x340 12μm Eluents: sodium-citrate buffers, 0.2 M NaOH Aspartic Acid, Threonine, Serine, Glutamic
More informationEFFECT OF WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE SOURCE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF NURSERY PIGS
Swine Research 2005 EFFECT OF WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE SOURCE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF NURSERY PIGS R. O. Gottlob, J. M. DeRouchey, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, S.S. Dritz 1, J. L. Nelssen, C. R. Neill,
More informationRelationship of two in vitro assays in protein efficiency ratio determination on selected agricultural by-products
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Relationship of two in vitro assays in protein efficiency ratio determination on selected agricultural by-products Suthaya Phimphilai 1, Ronald D. Galyean 2 and Foster B. Wardlaw 3 Abstract
More informationThe Order of Limiting Amino Acids in Ladino Clover Leaf Protein Concentrate Fed to Chicks
227 The Order of Limiting Amino Acids in Ladino Clover Leaf Protein Concentrate Fed to Chicks Hiroshi UEDA and Mitsuaki OHSHIMA Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa-ken 761-07 From
More informationNutrient Analysis of Sorghum Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles from Ethanol Plants Located in the Western Plains Region 1
Nutrient Analysis of Sorghum Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles from Ethanol Plants Located in the Western Plains Region K. M. Sotak, R. D. Goodband, M. D. Tokach, J. M. DeRouchey, S. S. Dritz, and
More informationQuality of U.S. Soybean Meal Compared to the Quality of
Quality of U.S. Soybean Meal Compared to the Quality of Soybean Meal from Other Origins Maitri i Thakur & Charles R. Hurburgh Presenter: Maitri i Thakur Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering
More informationENERGY AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY IN DISTILLERS DRIED GRAIN WITH SOLUBLES FED TO GROWING PIGS
ENERGY AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY IN DISTILLERS DRIED GRAIN WITH SOLUBLES FED TO GROWING PIGS Hans H. Stein Department of Animal and Range Sciences Box 2170 South Dakota State University Brookings, SD,
More informationUniversity of Gembloux, Animal Production Unit, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
SESSION C33.14 Effects of an additive enriched with the first limiting amino acids on growing performances of double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls fed a corn silage based diet P. Rondia 1*, E. Froidmont 1,
More informationCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF THE FODDER GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science. Vol. LVI ISSN 2285-5750; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5769; ISSN-L 2285-5750 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF THE FODDER GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC
More informationAmino acids. Ing. Petrová Jaroslava. Workshop on Official Controls of Feed AGR 46230, , Ankara. Turkey ÚKZÚZ - NRL RO Praha 1
Amino acids Ing. Petrová Jaroslava Workshop on Official Controls of Feed AGR 46230, 6. 7. 12. 2011, Ankara. Turkey 6.12.2011 ÚKZÚZ - NRL RO Praha 1 Content of this presentation 1. Function of amino acids
More informationEffect of High Available Phosphorus Corn and Elevated Fat and Protein. Corn on Nutrient Digestibility and Excretion in Finishing Pigs
Effect of High Available Phosphorus Corn and Elevated Fat and Protein Introduction Corn on Nutrient Digestibility and Excretion in Finishing Pigs S. L. Hankins, A. L. Sutton and B. T. Richert Department
More informationEffects of Increasing Crystalline Amino Acids in Sorghum-or Corn-based Diets on Nursery Pig Growth Performance
Effects of Increasing Crystalline Amino Acids in Sorghum-or Corn-based Diets on Nursery Pig Growth Performance As proposed by: K.E. Jordan, J.E. Nemechek, M.A.D. Goncalves, R.D. Goodband, M.D. Tokach,
More informationThe effect of the extrusion process on the digestibility of feed given to laying hens
Animal Feed Science and Technology 116 (2004) 313 318 The effect of the extrusion process on the digestibility of feed given to laying hens M. Lichovnikova a,, L. Zeman b, S. Kracmar b, D. Klecker a a
More informationEffects of Increasing PEP-NS on Nursery Pig Performance 1
Effects of Increasing PEP-NS on Nursery Pig Performance A. J. Myers, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, S. S. Dritz, J. M. DeRouchey, J. L. Nelssen, B. W. Ratliff, D. McKilligan, G. Xu, and J. Moline Summary
More informationIN THE experiments of the preceding
408 R. E. SMITH AND H. M. SCOTT and W. W. Cravens, 1947. Liberation of essential amino acids from raw, properly heated, and overheated soybean oil meal. J. Biol. Chem. 167: 143-150. Schweigert, B. S.,
More informationKeeping Control of Feed Costs in an Uncertain Market
Keeping Control of Feed Costs in an Uncertain Market Presented To: Iowa Pork Producers Association Regional Meetings February, 2009 John F. Patience Iowa State University Ames, IA Outline What s new in
More informationOverview of Production, Nutrient Profile, Physical Characteristics, and Quality Assessment of New Generation DDGS
Overview of Production, Nutrient Profile, Physical Characteristics, and Quality Assessment of New Generation DDGS Dr. Jerry Shurson and Dr. Sally Noll Dept. of Animal Science University of Minnesota What
More informationGrain Sorghum as a Feedstuff For Livestock
Grain Sorghum as a Feedstuff For Livestock What can I do right now to make my farm more viable? well, Anything and everything that contributes to lower cost of gain!!! Improved genetics Improved health
More informationMicrobial Enhanced Fish Fertilizer Supplement with Vitamins and Nutrients for Plant Health
Microbial Enhanced Fish Fertilizer Supplement with Vitamins and Nutrients for Plant Health INTRODUCTION: MicrobeBio Hydro Activator naturally occurring beneficial organisms, 100% organic proteins, and
More informationJennifer E. Wubben 1, David M. Albin 1, Michelle R. Smiricky 2 and Vince M. Gabert 3. Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Introduction
Ileal Digestibilities of Amino Acids in Growing Pigs fed Soybean Meal and Corn Starch-Based Diets Supplemented with Fiber-Degrading Enzymes and Steeping Jennifer E. Wubben 1, David M. Albin 1, Michelle
More informationCOURSE TITLE: Animal Production. SECTION: Principles of Animal Nutrition COURSE CODE: VETM1111
COURSE TITLE: Animal Production SECTION: Principles of Animal Nutrition COURSE CODE: VETM1111 Dr. Shamjeet Singh Biochemistry Unit Dept. of Preclinical Sciences FMS, UWI, St. Augustine : 868-645-2640 (4653,
More informationEUV/16/06 Brussels, 8 th February Request for publication as Codex Room Document -
EUV/16/06 Brussels, 8 th February 2016 - Request for publication as Codex Room Document - EUVEPRO comments on Item 2 of the CCMAS37 Agenda Matters Referred by the CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION and other
More informationWhat is ProPound Canola Meal?
A New Protein Replacement for Soybean Meal What is Canola Meal? Conventional Canola 0 PROTEIN CONTENT Soybean 0 6% 5 Some Key Features of Dow Canola Meal Soybean 10 20 Conventional Canola For turkey producers,
More informationRecent Developments in Net Energy Research for Swine
Recent Developments in Net Energy Research for Swine Jean Noblet INRA, UMR SENAH, 35590 Saint Gilles, FRANCE; Email: Jean.Noblet@rennes.inra.fr Introduction The cost of feed is the most important cost
More informationA COMPARISON OF WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE AND SPRAY-DRIED ANIMAL PLASMA IN DIETS FOR WEANLING PIGS 1
Swine Day 2004 A COMPARISON OF WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE AND SPRAY-DRIED ANIMAL PLASMA IN DIETS FOR WEANLING PIGS 1 R. O. Gottlob, J. M. DeRouchey, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, S. S. Dritz 2, J. L. Nelssen,
More informationWhat Are Proteins? Lecture 9: Proteins. Proteins: large complex molecules composed of amino acids. Nutrition 150 Shallin Busch, Ph.D.
What Are Proteins? Lecture 9: Proteins Nutrition 150 Shallin Busch, Ph.D. Proteins: large complex molecules composed of amino acids. Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Primary source of nitrogen
More informationWhey-Grown Yeast as a Protein Source for Baby Pigs
Whey-Grown Yeast as a Protein Source for Baby Pigs Y. J. Ajeani, C. V. Maxwell, F. N. Owens, D. Holbert, K. B. Poling and J. S. Schooley Story in Brief The nutritive value of whey-grown yeast for baby
More informationProf Velmurugu Ravindran Massey University, New Zealand
Prof Velmurugu Ravindran Massey University, New Zealand Digestible amino acids in feedstuffs for poultry Sponsored by: Ileal Digestible Amino acids in Feedstuffs for Poultry V. Ravindran Massey University
More informationAnnex F: Guidelines on Formulated Supplementary Foods for Older Infants and Young Children
247 Annex F: Guidelines on Formulated Supplementary Foods for Older Infants and Young Children (FAO/WHO 1994 Food Standards Program Codex Alimentarious Commission) 1. PURPOSE To provide guidance on nutritional
More informationEvaluation of Heparin Production By-Products in Nursery Pig Diets 1
Evaluation of Heparin Production By-Products in Nursery Pig Diets A. J. Myers, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, M.U. Steidinger, S. S. Dritz, J. M. DeRouchey, J. L. Nelssen, B. W. Ratliff, and D. M. McKilligan
More informationNUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF EGGS FROM HENS FED WITH DDGS
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF EGGS FROM HENS FED WITH Yan Zhang National Corn to Ethanol Research Center Southern Illinois University Edwardsville and Jill K. Winkler-Moser National Center for Agricultural Utilization
More informationQuality of the United States Soybean Crop: Dr. Jill Miller-Garvin, Dr. James Orf, and Dr. Seth Naeve
Quality of the United States Soybean Crop: 2014 Dr. Jill Miller-Garvin, Dr. James Orf, and Dr. Seth Naeve 1 OUTLINE Part 1: 2014 Growing Season Part 2: Historical Protein and Oil Variation Part 3: Survey
More informationBreeding oats for high quality animal feed
Breeding oats for high quality animal feed Sandy Cowan, Irene Griffiths, Catherine Howarth, Tim Langdon and Athole Marshall 24 th November 2015 Birmingham Oats for animal feed Source of energy and protein
More informationSummary. Procedures. (Key Words: Sorghum, Distillers Grains, Waxy, Endosperm, Finishing Pigs.) Introduction
Swine Day 1998 EFFECTS OF WHOLE GRAIN AND DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES FROM NORMAL AND HETEROWAXY ENDOSPERM SORGHUMS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY, AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS
More informationLesson 3 Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance
Unit B Understanding Animal Body Systems Lesson 3 Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance 1 Terms Balanced ration Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates Disaccharides Essential nutrients Ether Fat Fat-soluble
More informationClinical Evaluation of Pearl Millet Conophor Weaning Mix as Supplementary Food for Nigerian Children
531 Vol.48, n. 4 : pp. 531-536, July 2005 BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF ISSN 1516-8913 Printed in Brazil BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Clinical Evaluation of Pearl Millet Conophor Weaning Mix
More informationStudies on the Nutritional Value of Sorghum Grains with Varying Tannin Contents for Chicks 2. AMINO ACID DIGESTIBILITY STUDIES 1
77 H. S. ROSTAGNO, W. R. FEATHERSTON AND J. C. ROGLER ments of poultry (6th Ed.) National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C. Rayudu, G. V. N., R. Kadirvel, P. Vohra and F. H. Kratzer, 970. Toxicity
More informationDETERMINING THE THREONINE REQUIREMENT OF THE LACTATING SOW 1
Swine Research 2005 DETERMINING THE THREONINE REQUIREMENT OF THE LACTATING SOW 1 J. D. Schneider, J. L. Nelssen, M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz 2, R. D. Goodband, and J. M. DeRouchey Summary A total of 182
More informationAmino acid composition and mineral bioavailability: Important feed quality traits in cereals
Amino acid composition and mineral bioavailability: Important feed quality traits in cereals Preben Bach Holm University of Aarhus Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Department of Genetics and Biotechnology
More informationEffects of Increasing Wheat Middlings and Net Energy Formulation on Nursery Pig Growth Performance
SWINE DAY 0 Effects of Increasing Wheat Middlings and Net Energy Formulation on Nursery Pig Growth Performance J. A. De Jong, J. M. DeRouchey, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, S. S. Dritz, and J. L. Nelssen
More informationJournal of the Science of Food and Agriculture J Sci Food Agric 83:7 12 (online: 2002) DOI: /jsfa.1273
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture J Sci Food Agric 83:7 12 (online: 2002) DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.1273 Study of the effect of using different levels of (sesame butter) on the protein digestibility-corrected
More informationRelationship between total crude protein content and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of Australian wheat for broilers
Relationship between total crude protein content and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of Australian wheat for broilers D. ZHANG, X. LI and W. L. BRYDEN School of Animal Studies, University of Queensland,
More informationThreonine Is More Limiting Than Valine in Diets of Lactating Sows with High Rates of Body Protein Loss
Threonine Is More Limiting Than Valine in Diets of Lactating Sows with High Rates of Body Protein Loss Kevin T. Soltwedel, Robert A. Easter, and James E. Pettigrew Department of Animal Sciences University
More informationTrue Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Digestibility of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles
2006 Poultry Science Association, Inc. True Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Digestibility of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles A. B. Batal 1 and N. M. Dale Department of Poultry Science, University
More informationCertification GMP, HACCP Certification ISO 9001:2008
LEADER IN BIOTECHNOLOGY PROBIOTIC SOYA FERMENTATION Certification GMP, HACCP Certification ISO 9001:2008 Evershining Ingredient Co.,Ltd. Thailand. Soybean meal -- the cheapest protein supply ingredient.
More informationThe Effect of Enzymes, Steeping and Dietary Protein Level on Apparent Fecal Digestibility and Fecal Output in Pigs fed Corn- Soybean Meal Diets.
The Effect of Enzymes, Steeping and Dietary Protein Level on Apparent Fecal Digestibility and Fecal Output in Pigs fed Corn- Soybean Meal Diets. Jennifer E. Wubben 1, Michelle R. Smiricky 2, David M. Albin
More informationVitamin A / B, potassium, zinc and omega-3 fatty acids from chia seeds Vitamin C, iron and antioxidants from goji berries
Veety - plant power for higher performance Essential amino acids of hemp, pea and rice protein contribute to an increase in muscle mass. Valuable carbohydrates from dates, rice and agave syrup for a natural
More informationVARIATION IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOYBEAN HULLS 1. F. F. Barbosa, M. D. Tokach, J. M. DeRouchey, R. D. Goodband, J. L. Nelssen, and S. S.
Swine Day 2008 VARIATION IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOYBEAN HULLS 1 F. F. Barbosa, M. D. Tokach, J. M. DeRouchey, R. D. Goodband, J. L. Nelssen, and S. S. Dritz 2 Summary The objective of this study was
More informationDr. Juan Carlos Rodriguez-Lecompte FINAL REPORT. January 14, 2011
Dried distiller grains with soluble (DDGS) in poultry diets and manure phosphorus content - implications for feeding strategies to decrease phosphorus loading Dr. Juan Carlos Rodriguez-Lecompte FINAL REPORT
More informationAbd El-Rahman, H.H; Y.A. A. El-Nomeary; A. A. Abedo; Fatma M. Salman and M. I. Mohamed
Abd El-Rahman, H.H; Y.A. A. El-Nomeary; A. A. Abedo; Fatma M. Salman and M. I. Mohamed Presented by: Yasser Ahmed Abd El-Fattah El-Nomeary Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Egypt.
More informationFEEDING MANUAL Feed manual TOPIGS Finishers
FEEDING MANUAL Feed manual TOPIGS Finishers TOPIGS Support & Development Updated: 13 August 2012 Copyright TOPIGS Feeding advice Talent progeny Target Group: Nutritionists and Farm managers Explanation:
More informationEffect of Heating on Nutritional Quality of Conventional and Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor-Free Soybeans
Effect of Heating on Nutritional Quality of Conventional and Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor-Free Soybeans J. C. ANDERSON-HAFERMANN, Y. ZHANG, and C. M. PARSONS Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois,
More informationSustainable Proteins. Jo Gould Assistant Professor in Food Science
Sustainable Proteins Jo Gould Assistant Professor in Food Science joanne.gould@nottingham.ac.uk What constitutes protein? What is protein? Protein is a sequence of amino acids Indispensable amino acids
More informationDigestibility to swine of energy and nutrients in field peas.
Digestibility to swine of energy and nutrients in field peas. Hans H. Stein, PhD. Department of Animal Sciences University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 1 Summary Field peas (Pisum sativum L.) have a nutrient
More informationAn Update on Current Amino Acid Requirements and Energy for Swine K STATE. RESEARCH and EXTENSION. KSUswine.org
An Update on Current Amino Acid Requirements and Energy for Swine K STATE RESEARCH and EXTENSION KSUswine.org How do you value synthetic amino acids? When using synthetics amino acids to replace intact
More informationNUTRITION. Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance
NUTRITION Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance What are the essential nutrients for animal production? Good nutrition can increase feed efficiency and the rate of gain for animals. Animals must
More informationThe composition and nutritive value of naked oat grain (Avena sativa var. nuda)
Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 10, Suppl. 2, 2001, 303-307 The composition and nutritive value of naked oat grain (Avena sativa var. nuda) K. Petkov, W. Biel, A. Kowieska and I. Jaskowska Szczecin
More informationThe energy value of cereal grains, particularly wheat and sorghum, for poultry
Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium, (005), 17, 1-9. The energy value of cereal grains, particularly wheat and sorghum, for poultry J.L. Black 1, R.J. Hughes, S.G. Nielsen 3, A.M. Tredrea
More informationCOMMISSION DIRECTIVE 96/8/EC. of 26 February on foods intended for use in energy-restricted diets for weight reduction
No L 55/22 ( ENI Official Journal of the European Communities 6. 3. 96 COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 96/8/EC of 26 February 1996 on foods intended for use in energy-restricted diets for weight reduction (Text with
More informationProteins and Amino Acids. Benjamin Caballero, MD, PhD Johns Hopkins University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this
More informationKey-words: thermoplastic extrusion; experimental design; breakfast cereal; broken rice; broken common bean.
Optimization of technological parameters to produce breakfast cereal from rice and common bean flour by extrusion Carvalho, A.V. a, Rios, A. de O. b, Bassinello P.Z. c a Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Belém,
More informationFeed ID Options /10/2016. DM% CP% TDN% Fat% Ca% P%
Feed ID Options Ammonium Chloride Beet Pulp Shreds w/molasses Blood Meal Calcium Carbonate Calf Manna Corn Gluten Pellets Cottonseed Hull Pellets Cottonseed Hulls Cottonseed Meal Dehydrated Alfalfa Pellets
More informationSprint. Revolutionary technology for the rapid, safe and direct determination of protein
Sprint Rapid Protein Analyzer Revolutionary technology for the rapid, safe and direct determination of protein Benefits Its simple to use Fast analysis of all types of food No hazardous chemicals Safer
More informationSELECTIVE GRIND TECHNOLOGY and FIBER BY-PASS
SELECTIVE GRIND TECHNOLOGY and FIBER BY-PASS Fluid Quip Process Technologies, LLC 1940 South Yellow Springs Street Springfield, Ohio 45506 www.fqptech.com Fluid Quip Process Technologies Leverage Years
More informationJ.C. Whisenhunt and S.D. Carter. Story in Brief Animal Science Research Report
2000 Animal Science Research Report Pages 147-153 Effects of Providing Amino Acids from Whey Protein Concentrate or Crystalline Amino Acids on The Performance of Conventionally Weaned Pigs J.C. Whisenhunt
More informationLatest developments in policy and research on the DIAASmethod to determine protein quality
Latest developments in policy and research on the DIAASmethod to determine protein quality Daniel Tomé AgroParisTech, INRA, France and Wageningen University, The Netherlands Event name Introduction The
More informationThe Effect of a Wheat Gluten Supplement In a Steer Fattening Ration Comprised of Varying Levels of Wheat
The Effect of a Wheat Gluten Supplement In a Steer Fattening Ration Comprised of Varying Levels of Wheat Special Report 201 November 1965 Agricultural Experiment Station Oregon State University Corvallis,
More informationThere are six general classes of nutrients needed in the horse s diet: water carbohydrates fats protein minerals vitamins.
HORSE NUTRITION Nutrients A nutrient is defined as any feed constituent that is necessary to support life. The following is a list of functions that nutrients perform in the horse's body: source of energy
More informationProtein and Amino Acid Quality of Meat and Bone Meal
Protein and Amino Acid Quality of Meat and Bone Meal C. M. PARSONS,1 F. CASTANON, and Y. HAN Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 ABSTRACT The in vivo protein quality
More informationComparison of spray-dried blood meal and blood cells in diets for nursery pigs 1,2
Comparison of spray-dried blood meal and blood cells in diets for nursery pigs 1,2 J. M. DeRouchey 3, M. D. Tokach, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodband, S. S. Dritz, J. C. Woodworth, and B. W. James Department
More informationCOMMISSION DIRECTIVE 96/8/EC of 26 February 1996 on foods intended for use in energy-restricted diets for weight reduction. (OJ L 55, , p.
1996L0008 EN 20.06.2007 001.001 1 This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents B COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 96/8/EC of 26 February 1996
More informationCHOOSING THE RIGHT PHYTASE TO MAXIMIZE PHYTATE DEGRADATION
CHOOSING THE RIGHT PHYTASE TO MAXIMIZE PHYTATE DEGRADATION Wenting. Li, and Rafael. Durán Giménez-Rico Danisco Animal Nutrition, Marlborough, United Kingdom OBJECTIVES ANTI-NUTRITIONAL IMPACTS OF PHYTATE
More informationCHANGING QUALITY INDICATORS OF WHEAT CROPS FOLLOWING FERTILIZERS APPLICATION
CHANGING QUALITY INDICATORS OF WHEAT CROPS FOLLOWING FERTILIZERS APPLICATION Florin CRISTA*, Isidora RADULOV*, Laura CRISTA**, Alina LATO*, Florin SALA*, Adina BERBECEA*, Lucian NITA*, Karel LATO* *Banats
More informationCan Canola meal replace Soybean meal?
Can Canola meal replace Soybean meal? A.C. Edwards ACE Livestock Consulting Pty Ltd PO Box 108 Cockatoo Valley SA Australia 5351 Characterisation of the Australian Livestock Feeding Industry Utilizes a
More information