Grain Sorghum as a Feedstuff For Livestock

Transcription

1 Grain Sorghum as a Feedstuff For Livestock

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6 What can I do right now to make my farm more viable? well, Anything and everything that contributes to lower cost of gain!!!

7 Improved genetics Improved health status Improved management Nutrition

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9 So Why Corn? Cost/Availability/Palatability Consistent chemical composition Consistent and minimal issues with toxins and antinutrients Consistent and minimal issues with milling and handling characteristics

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12 Domesticated as a human foodstuff and animal feed 3,000 to 5,000 years ago Became an important human foodstuff in drought-prone regions of the third world Hardy crop with a relatively low requirement for rainfall and/or irrigation

13 Renewed interest in sorghum grain as a foodstuff for humans and feedstuff for animals and for industrial applications such as ethanol production We are here to talk about sorghum as a feedstuff for animals!!

14 Cereals & ADG in Finishing Pigs kg CV Corn vs others, sorg & wheat vs barley (P < 0.01) Corn Sorghum Wheat Barley

15 Cereals & G/F in Finishing Pigs g/kg Sorghum RFV = 95% Wheat RFV = 92% Barley RFV = 89% Corn Sorghum Wheat Barley

16 Myths About Sorghum Grain as a Feedstuff

17 Myth 1 Low content and availability of nutrients

18 Corn vs Sorghum as % of NRC, 0-3wk a Nutrient Requirement, % Corn Sorghum Protein Arginine Gly + Ser Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Met + Cys Phe + Tyr Proline 0.60?? Threonine Tryptophan Valine a Adapted from NRC (1994). All values on a 90% DM basis.

19 So, sorghum has more of some AAs and vits and less of other AAs and vits and generally has more mineral content when compared to corn

20 Myth 2 Sorghum is full of tannins and mycotoxins

21 Tannins & Ileal Dig of DM in Growing Pigs % SE 0.6 Corn vs Sorgs (P < 0.01) Sorg vs Tannin Sorg (P <.04) Corn Sorghum Tannin Sorghum

22 Tannins & Ileal Dig of N in Growing Pigs % SE 0.5 Corn vs Sorgs (P < 0.01) Sorg vs Tannin Sorg (P <.01) Corn Sorghum Tannin Sorghum

23 U.S. sorghum is notoriously low for incidence of mycotoxins: The sorghum producing regions of the U.S. are dry Culture practices for production of sorghum do not coincide with climatic conditions needed for mold growth Physical characteristics of sorghum head vs ear of corn Genetic predisposition

24 Myth 3 Sorghum is inherently variable in feeding value

25 Sorghum does tend to be grown on less fertile soils, in areas of the US with less predictable weather, and in areas prone to drought stress Such extremes in growing conditions will induce variability in grain fill and chemical composition in any cereal grain But, just how much variation do growing conditions really cause?

26 kcal/kg Test Weight & MEn in Broiler Chicks 3,700 3,535 3,478 3,400 3,268 3,100 Normal Medium Light (55 lb/bu) (45 lb/bu) (35 lb/bu)

27 Myth 4 Sorghum is not responsive to advanced processing technologies

28 Grinding

29 Particle Size Recommendations Cereal Sows Gro-fin Nursery Layers Starter Corn < 600 < 600 < 600 > 1,000 < 600 Sorghum???? < 500 < < 500 Wheat???? < 600 < 600????????

30 Mixing

31 X X X X X X X X X X Coefficient of Variation (CV) = standard deviation as a percentage of the mean

32 Mix Uniformity Broilers and nursery pigs: CV for salt, Cr or Microtracer < 20% Finishing pigs: CV for salt < 30%

33 Thermal Processing

34 Roasting Steam flaking Extrusion Pelleting

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36 Why Extrude? Denature proteins Gelatinize starch Sterilize & form feed

37 Extruded Sorghum & ADG in Weanling Pigs g CV 6% 400 Extruded vs Ground (P < 0.05) Sorghum Ext Sorghum

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39 Pelleting ADG increased by 6% Gain/feed increased by 6 to 7% Independent of particle size Pellets of 4 to 6 mm diameter adequate for weaning to market

40 Pellet Quality & ADG in 1.00 Finishing Pigs kg SE Linear effect of fines (P <.04) Meal 0% 25% 50%

41 Pellet Quality Rice Cassava Wheat > Corn Sorghum

42 Myth 5 Sorghum-based coproducts are inferior in nutritional value

43 Nutrient Content of DDGS from Corn and Sorghums Item Dry matter, % CP, % Crude fat, % Crude fiber, % GE, Mcal/kg Corn Bronze Yellow Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Lysine, % Threonine, % Met + Cys, %

44 4600 kcal/kg MEn of Cereals and DDGS in Broiler Chicks Bronze vs yellow (P < 0.07), Grain vs DDGS (P < 0.001), Corn vs sorghums x grains vs DDGS (P < 0.10) 3,829 3,593 3,307 SE ,677 2,866 2, Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Corn Bronze Yellow

45 Sorghum-based DDGS and 600 g ADG in Nursery Pigs SE 10 Quadratic effect (P < 0.001) Control 15% 30% 45% 60%

46 Sorghum-based DDGS and g/kg G/F in Nursery Pigs SE 40 Quadratic effect (P < 0.02) 450 Control 15% 30% 45% 60%

47 Sorghum-based DDGS are similar to corn-based DDGS for MEn in broilers.but may be a bit lower in availability of lysine As much as 20 to 30% DDGS in diets for pigs has no negative effects on growth performance and there is no evidence that this is different for sorghum- vs corn-based DDGS

48 Myth 6 Seed color is an indication of greater nutritional value of sorghum grain

49 Food Quality Sorghums & ME kcal/kg 4,000 3,600 3,734 in Growing Pigs SE 21 Corn vs Sorgs (P < 0.001), Pio vs Foods (P < 0.02), NC+ vs Car & Jow (P < 0.001), Car vs Jow (P < 0.001) 3,603 3,615 3,365 3,647 3,200 Corn Pioneer 8500 NC+ 7W97 Cargill 888Y Jowar 1

50 Pericarp and endosperm color do not seem to be nutritionally significant Starch type/texture and protein quality/quantity are nutritionally significant White seed/tan plant may be important in marketing and perception of sorghum but have no nutritional advantages

51 Conclusions Sorghum is an excellent feedstuff for livestock and poultry Fears about antinutrients and nutrient variability are generally unfounded Proper milling is critical when using sorghum Do not be afraid of complete substitution!!!