USAID, DFID, GIZ, ACIAR, APSA

Transcription

1 Designing a New Agriculture: AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center Fostering a Revolution in Diets for Good Health! African eggplant Slippery cabbage HQ ADMINISTRATION BUILDING AVRDC is an intergovernmental agency founded in 1971 and is chiefly funded by Taiwan, USAID, DFID, GIZ, ACIAR, APSA and its Founding Countries Japan, S. Korea, Thailand, Philippines. Budget $15m. Laboratory complex Hotel

2 AVRDC --- Does research to promote development Founded in 1971 as the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center with a regional research focus on Asia Our research and development is not-for-profit Our research outputs are global public goods Re-branded in 2008 as The World Vegetable Center. We have an expanding global role with a growing network of regional offices Slide 2 (06/2008)

3 Central & West Asia and North Africa South Asia Headquarters Central America Africa East & Southeast Asia Oceania AVRDC The WORLD Vegetable Center Slide 3 (05/2012)

4 World food supply is precariously reliant on a very small number of crops We need to produce more of the right foods to balance diets Self-sufficiency in staples is not enough! We need to move beyond Green Revolution thinking in both budget allocation and in Education Slide 4 / 50

5 PROSPERITY FOR THE POOR HEALTH FOR ALL From the Irish Hunger Task Force Report Sept Million children below the age of 5 die every year and malnutrition is the underlying factor in one-third to one half of these deaths 40% of all children in SSA risk permanent physical and intellectual impairment because of malnutrition Why? Slide 5 (06/2008)

6 Diets of the poor in Asia-Pacific: monotonous and imbalanced Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Cambodia Georgia Table 1 India Indonesia Lao PDR Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Uzbekistan Viet Nam New Caledonia Solomon Islands Vanuatu 50% of recommended intake Minimum recommended intake of F&V 50% of recommended intake Minimum recommended intake of F&V Average fruit and vegetable intake (kg/capita/yr) Note: Countries, listed in alphabetical order, have rates of undernourishment above 10 percent, or child underweight rates above 20 percent, or both. or both. Source: WHO (2003), ESCAP (2009) and FAOSTAT (Accessed June 22, 2009)

7 2008 Healthy diets begin with knowledge 7

8 AVRDC Fortification, Biofortification and Diet Diversity Diet Diversity Makes Sense! Iodization Fe and Zn Biofortification Vitamin Supplementation

9 Children < 5 mortality rate (1/1000) Children < 5 underweight (%) Insufficiency of vegetables in the diet and the impact on child mortality and malnutrition 300 Health status indicator: Children under 5 mortality rate Nutrition status indicator: Children under 5 underweight Lao PDR Maldives Tajikistan Lao PDR Korea PDR Korea PDR Viet Nam Tajikistan United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia Vegetable availability (g/person/day) Vegetable availability (g/person/day) Slide 9 (08/2010) Green dot: Philippines Philippines Vegetable consumption (g/day/person) 172 Under-five mortality rate, 2006 (1/1000) 29 Underweight (%) 28

10 2008 Recommended nutrient intakes (RNI) and % RNI contributed from 100 gram of plant food RNI for pregnant women (1 st trimester) Protein Vitamin A Iron Folate Zinc Calcium Vitamin E g μg RE mg μg mg mg mg a-te Percentage of RNI % Rice Cassava (root) Millet Meat (chicken) Mungbean Vegetable soybean Cabbage Tomato Slippery cabbage Moringa leaves Amaranth Jute mallow Nightshade Vegetable cowpea leaves` RNI source: FAO/WHO 2004; RNI for iron with low bioavailability; RNI for zinc with medium bioavailability Nutrient data source: USDA nutrient database, AVRDC IV nutrient data, and literature 10

11 Indigenous nutrient-dense vegetables can be used 2008 to overcome malnutrition cheaply and permanently Over 5000 varieties of indigenous vegetables are maintained at AVRDC Hibiscus 11 sabdariffa: A very good source of vitamin C

12 High value/ high nutrient crops -Breeding for nutrition: Tomato: high beta tomato adaptation trials Tomato: search for new genes to improve carotenoids and flavonoids Pepper: high carotenoid paprika for tropics Pumpkin: characterization of varieties for carotenoids Bitter gourd: evaluation of varieties for vitamins and anti-diabetic activities High carotenoid pumpkin High beta, golden tomato Slide 12 High flavonoid tomato High carotenoid, low pungency pepper High vitamins and antidiabetic bitter gourd

13 Tomato genes affecting carotenoid content high pigment dark green Beta Delta green flesh tangerine

14 Effect of fruit pigment genes on tomato carotenoids Gene symbol Betacarotene Lycopene Total Carotenoids Color mg/ 100g (a/b) CLN2070A β CLN1314A β T5020 hp-1 + og c CLN2026D wt UC204A wt Waller- Duncan CV (%)

15 Traits Important in the Current and Future AVRDC Tomato Breeding Progam Horticultural Biotic (resistance) Abiotic Fruit quality Nutrition Yield Bacterial wilt Heat Shape ß-carotene Plant habit Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (Salinity) Size Lycopene Vigor Tobacco mosaic virus (Drought) Color Phenolics Vine cover (Tospovirus) Solids Anthocyanin Earliness Late blight Shelf life Vitamin C Early blight Firmness Anti-oxidant Activity Fusarium wilt Gray leaf spot Fruitworm Root knot nematode No defects

16 Priority Constraints and Target Market Types Tropical lowlands <300 masl 1. Heat tolerance 2. TYLCD, Bacterial wilt 3. Fruit quality problems 4. Early blight 5. Tospovirus Mid- altitude masl 1. TYLCD 2. Heat tolerance 3. BW, Early blight 4. Tospovirus 5. Late blight Highlands > 700 masl 1. Late blight 2. Early blight 3. Bacterial wilt Cherry High Beta Processing Fresh Market

17 The growing cost of obesity in China and India Over a fifth of China s adult population have overweight BMI By % of the world s diabetics will be India Bad diets are becoming a greater burden for the poor than for the rich owing to their over-reliance on carbohydrate-rich crops The economic costs are 4 8 percent of the economy Popkin, B.(2008) Health Affairs, 27(4):

18 Does bitter gourd have a premium value for diabetic health care? AVRDC is gathering evidence which suggests this is the case Momordica charantia can help millions in the developing world who suffer from metabolic disorders such as type-2 diabetes. To be successful on a global scale, this indigenous crop requires attention from breeders and production system specialists. Slide 18 (03/2010)

19 Glucose uptake Cell-based screening for amelioration of insulin resistance by bitter gourd b a b a Normal cell Normal cell + insulin Diabetic cell Diabetic cell +insulin + insulin + bitter gourd fruit extract 1. Normal cell (NC): mouse liver cell FL83B 2. Insulin: increased glucose uptake normal cell 3. Diabetic cell: TNF- α induced insulin resistance of FL83B 4. Bitter gourd fruit extract: restores the glucose uptake of diabetic cell with insulin

20 Anti-diabetic mechanism and bioactive fractions increased insulin sensitivity through the regulation of PTP 1B, an antagonist molecular of insulin receptor Lipid and saponin fractions showed strongest blood sugar lowering effect

21 No. of accessions 59,294 No. of species 435 No. of countries of origin 155 We now need: Not a Green Revolution, but a Revolution with Greens! The world s largest public sector collection of vegetable germplasm

22 2008 The contribution of AVRDC s genebank to the global use of vegetable diversity How can we help Europe s public and private sector more? Seed distribution by recipient type NGOs 3% Universities 15% National genebanks 18% Others 1% Seed companies 17% AVRDC-RC 19% AVRDC-HQ 6% NARES 21% 21% Thousands of genebank accessions and breeding lines are dispatched annually 22

23 ave temp oc ave temp oc Global warming -Is east Asia threatened preferentially? Ave Temp - AVRDC Y= X, R 2 =0.49** (n=37) 4.25 o C/100 years Year Ave temp - KPS Thailand o C/100 years Y= X, R 2 =0.45**, (n=37) Year

24 MDG 7: Ensure environmental sustainability --- Challenge: Climate Change Increasing temperature Drought What are the real limiting factors in sustaining and increasing vegetable productivity? Salinity Flooding Slide 24

25 Improved tomato lines and technologies: Summer Tomato Production simple structure staking Heat tolerant variety mulch raised bed Tomatotone Hormone (fruit-set) Slide 25

26 Tolerance vegetables + development to Abiotic Stresses The World Vegetable Center S. ochranthum S. chilense S. chilense S. cheesemaniae S. pennellii 26 / 26

27 New genetic variation for drought tolerance in tomato is being exploited by our breeders in Taiwan (AVRDC -- HQ) and at ICRISAT (AVRDC South Asia) Drought Screening Lysimeters Drought tolerant Susceptible

28 Salt tolerance exists in tomato germplasm LA S. pimpinellifolium Vincent Ezin Control 50 mm 100 mm 200 mm

29 Coping with Increasing Climate Uncertainty: Flooding Disease and Fruit Loss Excess soil moisture damages tomato plants leading to dramatic loss of yield

30 2008 Crop Protection through grafting needs further research and development Protects a variety with good yield and quality but is otherwise susceptible to soil-borne diseases or flooding by grafting onto a rootstock with desirable resistance 30

31 vegetables + development Grafting - tomato The World Vegetable Center Non-grafted Grafted 31 / 43

32 Maruca vitrata is one of the most serious pests of vegetable legumes worldwide Understanding the pheromone communication among world M. vitrata populations would assist us in developing alternate technologies to reduce pesticide use Hence, an attempt was made to identify the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and arrestins among the M. vitrata populations Genomic and cdna sequences of arrestin- 2 were identified Based on in the M. arrestin-2 vitrata sequence, for the first time the in M. a vitrata lepidopteran from Africa has insect. been Female Damage to yardlong bean Male

33 Response of mated and unmated males to pheromones (i-tube) Three Tubes were built Content Background Genetic diversity - Material and methods - Results Mating behavior - Material and methods Sticky surface with lure - Results Conclusion Presentation Leucinodes orbonalis by Daniel Ponnath 25th August Covered during day time

34 A. taragamae and MaviMNPV Nucleopolyhedrovirus) together reinforcing biocontrol levels + = First hope for future Maruca control The parasitoid and the NPV are synergistically acting against LPB larvae, since the parasitoid transmits the NPV to the healthy larvae in addition to inflicting direct parasitism

35 Taste trials with peppers

36 Simple innovations to assess packaging and transportability of tomato varieties for the developing world Slide 36 (06/2008)

37 Low input processing for nutrient preservation and supply in off season 50 C oven dried leaf powder Sweet potato leaves 80% b-carotene content retained Slide 37 Moringa leaves 50 C oven dried leaves

38 Modified atmosphere packaging to reduce spoilage during transport and storage Commercially available plastic films can be used as MAP medium for fresh vegetables For reducing weight loss and leaf wilting, fruit shriveling, delayed ripening and increased shelf life Slide 38

39 Mekong region:.especially Impulses for new for entrepreneurial women activities Solar dryers and chili processing

40 Innovative cheap driers for cherry tomatoes brings guaranteed markets to farmers and new prosperity to Hanh Quan Co. and an additional 100 semiskilled and skilled jobs, particularly for women in Vietnam Local tomato delivery

41 Promoting gender equality through value addition and better marketing...through vegetable production, processing and marketing in Aceh, Mindanao, Tashkent, Tonga and why not in Tornio, Tampere and Turku! More research and development is needed in this area.

42 Avoid pesticide abuse and vegetable contamination Most severe pest of eggplant in Asia and East Africa today Heavy pesticide spraying (100+ and more times during the cropping period) Integrated pest management (IPM) solutions can dramatically reduce pesticide use The EU imposed new checks on Thai exports last year of eggplant, cabbage and beans owing to excessive chemical residues!

43 For farmers near cities, it is difficult to find a reliable but unpolluted water source thus compromising their own and vegetable consumers health

44 Improved food methods, nutrient retention and accessibility; participatory recipe design and promotion

45 Improving the food value of the crop Development of recipes to improve nutritional value, and extension through training programs +

46 Towards greater awareness and better promotion Policy support research is vital:- Greater and continuous efforts to promote healthy eating, improve nutritional literacy, and improve access to fruit and vegetables Increased availability of fruit and vegetables in rural and urban markets needed to encourage farmers, the private sector, and consumers to produce, distribute, and consume more diverse food Policy support for seed systems is needed now for both the public and private sectors Slide 46 / 50

47 Erosion of EU Ag. Res. Capacity Courses lost in last 10 years One of only 4 UK research-intensive universities still left in agriculture MSc Tropical Agricultural Development (Animal Production) MSc Technology of Crop Protection MSc Crop Physiology MSc Dairy Science MSc Grass and Forage Science MPhil Plant Breeding and Crop Improvement MSc Veterinary Epidemiology MSc Veterinary Laboratory Management MSc Livestock Economics and Planning

48 Future Australian Demand Plant Breeder Age Demographics Australian Breeder Age Demographics 48% 31% 21% < 35 yrs < 35 yrs > 50 yrs yrs > 50 yrs

49 We need to re-educate ourselves and our children!

50 6 x 6 m home garden nutrition pack in India

51 Vegetables are vital to healthy human diets Nutritional yield per 6x6 m home garden in 2 Indian States Protein (g) Beta Carotene (mg) Vit C (mg) Iron (mg) RDA for a family of Jharkhand Nutritional yield / year % RDA met Punjab Nutritional yield / year % RDA met Models met >100% of beta carotene and Vit. C requirements Met nearly 3/4 th of protein and 1/4 th - 1/5 th of iron requirements Leafy and legume vegetables campaign undertaken Nutritional rich recipes and food processing methods for improving iron and protein bioavailability being suggested

52 Home garden model for Jharkhand

53 Bottle gourd kheer Brinjal curry Kangkong mung dal curry Methi parantha Mix veg poha Improved recipes for Jharkhand Mint coriander tomato peanut chutney Spinach cucumber soup Soury bitter gourd Tomato sauce Chilli carrot chutney Ridge gourd masala Fenugreek leaves with potato in yoghurt Basella with buttermilk Paneer capsicum fry Bean carrot fried Kangkong stir fry with potato Fried bhindi with potato fingers Vegetable jalfrezi Spinach raita Sponge gourd in milky gravy

54 Urban and Peri-Urban Horticulture: The Next Frontier?

55 The World Vegetable Center Urban vegetables + development agriculture can take place in small spaces and can still be productive. Ingenuity is the key! 55 /

56 Earthquake at AVRDC, Taiwan on 4/3/10

57 AVRDC helps through partners in disaster relief in Thailand, India, Taiwan, Haiti, Indonesia and Sri Lanka Seed bulking and prepositioning in storage before disasters

58 Painful truths! The era of cheap food prices is history. Volatile energy prices and climate uncertainty will make it even harder to maintain growth in food supply. Complacency by government and industry has led to underinvestment in agricultural research and overreliance on a few familiar staples. Nutrition has fallen between the cracks. Slide 58 / 50

59 Slide 59 AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center Prosperity for the poor, Health for All Dyno Keatinge