Calf Health and Electrolyte Truths

Transcription

1 Calf Health and Electrolyte Truths David L. Cook, Ph.D Calf Technical Consultant Milk Products Cell: The Milk Replacer Source Observation and Calf Health Facts regarding calf health Observe normal and abnormal health Calf Health Scoring Model Dehydration & Gut Damage Electrolyte Essentials Key TheraCaf PLUS components 1

2 NAHMS 2014 (presented ADSA JAM 2016) Mortality birth to weaning 5.2% (7.8% in 2007) Cause: Unknown 35%, digestive 31%, respiratory 16% Morbidity birth to weaning 34% Cause: digestive 56%, respiratory 16% Survey: 104 dairy operations, 13 states, 2,545 calves birth to weaning Expectations for Calf Health DCHA Gold Standard I Mortality 24 hours to 60 days of age: < 5% days: < 2% days: < 1% Scours Morbidity (requires scours treatment >24 hours): 24 hours to 60 days of age: < 25% days: < 2% days: < 1% Respiratory Morbidity (requires injectable antibiotic): 24 hours to 60 days of age: < 10% days: < 15% days: < 2% 2

3 Disease on the Calf Operation IMMUNITY (Calf s ability to fight off disease) COLOSTRUM VACCINATION NUTRITION vs. PATHOGEN LOAD (Number of disease causing bacteria and viruses presented to the calf) BIOSECURITY SANITATION HOUSING Observation You see, but you do not observe. The distinction is clear. Sherlock Holmes What is normal? Bright, alert, active Observant in return Inquisitive Displaying herd behavior Hungry Aggressive appetite 3

4 Observation What is abnormal? Appetite Slow drinking, don t finish meal Not acting like the normal calves Example: lying down while others are active Slow to move, appear weak, hunched over Obvious signs of sickness Kicking at stomach Breathing fast Watery eyes, nasal discharge Sunken eyes Wet tail, obvious scours Dr. McGuirk s scoring guide Calf Health Scoring 4

5 Calf Health Scoring Body Temperature Cough Calf Health Scoring Nasal Discharge

6 Calf Health Scoring Eye Score Calf Health Scoring Ear Score

7 Calf Health Scoring Fecal Score Calf Health Scoring What to do with the Numbers? Nasal 1: Eye 1: Ear 2 = Score of 4 Cough 2: Nasal 2: Eye 2 = Score of 6 7

8 Determine Severity of Dehydration Dehydration (%) Sunken Eyes Skin Tent Time (Sec) Behavior Fluids Required 0 Normal <2 Alert N/A 4 to 6 Sometimes 2 6 to 8 Mild 2 to 4 8 to 10 Moderate 6 to 10 Reduced Activity Mild Depression Decreased Suckle 2 quarts oral 2 to 4 quarts oral 4 quarts oral + IV? 10 to 12 Severe 20 to 45 Comatose 4 to 5 liters IV Dehydration and the Immune System 8

9 Intestine cross section Intestinal Epithelial Cells Pathophysiology of the Digestive System Colorado State University,

10 MORTALITY Author, Pub./Company, Use rate Plasma "All-Milk" No. Calves Nollet, J. Vet. Med plasma 35 or 75 g/d 22% 100% 24 Quigley, APC 1999 (NT group 25% mortality) 50% 50% 80 Doppenburg, Vitek Veal d 3-48 (8.3% plas) 24% 26% 92 Quigley, JDS* 2003 (5% plasma) 6.3% 25% 120 Quigley, JDS 2006 (Gammulin in Acc. Nut) 12.6% 22% 79 Quigley, JDS 2002 (4% plasma, +/- Gamm.) 4% 20% 120 Drew, J Immunology, 2000 (3.5% plasma) 0% 16.7% 36 Pineda, U of Ill, Abstract. Gammulin 14 day 2.5% 16% 93 Wood, Animix Abstract. plasma 4.8% 13.2% 86 Doppenburg, Vitek Veal d 3-45 (8.3% plas) 13% 10.3% 91 Wood. Animix 2009 (5% plasma, 6% wheat) 8% 5% 120 Doppenburg, Vitek Veal, d 0-43, plasma 3.9% 7.8% 102 James/Quig. VA Tech, 2004 JDS, plasma 7.8% 2.5% 78 Quigley. JDS 1996 (7.5% plasma) 6% 0% 68 Lopez, U-C, Davis Gammulin d % 5.2% 518 Morrill, JDS, 1995 (7% plasma) 6.7% 6.6% 120 Quigley, APC 2001, Gammulin d % 5% 120 Quigley, JDS 2002 (5% plasma) 0% 3.3% 120 Wood Animix extra plasma over 5.2% 2.4% 0% 128 Hayes. APC 2009 (8% & 4% plasma) 0% 0% 120 Arthington, JDS Coronavirus, 160 g/d serum 0% 0% 12 Hunt, J Peds Crypto, serum 57g/d 0% 0% 24 AVERAGE 8% 15% 2,351 * denotes Journal of Dairy Science. Red denotes statistical significance (P<0.05) MOS in Calves 5 Published calf trials scours (Heinrichs, J Dairy Sci. 2000; Heinrich, PAS 2013; Morrison, Livestock Science 2010) starter intake (Morrison, Trend P=0.16, Quigley, JDS, 1996) ADG (TREND P<0.07, Heinrichs, PAS) No effect (Hill, PAS, 2008) Many published pig, poultry, cow & human trials on MOS. Non published calf data: starter intake 22%, 19% and 33% Gain on par with NT, (both superior to negative control) fecal coliforms & crypto respiratory disease 14 calf trials, 900 calves, 17% gain Meta Analysis of 23 studies in calves globally showed MOS improved ADG +64 grams (P<0.01) 10

11 Major Preweaning Problems Neonatal Scours Bacterial, viral, protozoal Respiratory Disease Many prevention measures overlap with scours Housing involvement Abomasal bloat Clostridia Subclinical Coccidiosis Need adequate coccidiostat/coccidiocide coverage Top 10 Diagnosed Pathogens for Calf Scours in 2007 (47.5% of samples had 2+ pathogens) 1. Cryptosporidium [28%] 2. Bovine Coronavirus [25%] 3. K99 Positive E.coli [23%] 4. Rotavirus [13.5%] 5. C. perfringens [11%] 6. No diagnosis [9%] 7. Salmonella groups B/E/C1 [8.5%] 8. Coccidiosis [3%] 9. Salmonella dublin [2%] 10. Salmonella newport [1.5%] From V.L. Cooper, DVM; ISU

12 Scours Pathogens, SDSU ADRDL Organism Cryptosporidia ( Crypto ) Rotavirus Coronavirus Coccidiosis Salmonella spp Clostridium perfringens Escherichia coli R. Daly, SDSU Scours Pathogens, U of MN Diag Lab Organism Cryptosporidia ( Crypto ) 41.8% 55.3% 47.8% 41.9% Rotavirus 20.0% 19.7% 21.5% 29.8% Escherichia coli 12.5% 11.4% 13.4% 22.6% Clostridium perfringens 1.0% 1.2% 1.2% 3.2% Salmonella spp. 2.5% 1.6% 4.8% 1.2% Coronavirus 3.6% 4.5% 2.4% 0.8% Coccidiosis 2.1% 2.1% 3.0% 0.8% J. Collins, U of MN 12

13 Major Causes of Calf Scours E.coli Rotavirus Coronavirus Crypto Cl.perf C Salmonella Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 Protocol for Treating Calf Scours Feed 2 quarts of milk in the morning 1 hour later Feed 2 quarts of Electrolytes OFFER FREE CHOICE WATER Feed 2 quarts of milk in the evening 1 hour later Feed 2 quarts of Electrolytes OFFER FREE CHOICE WATER 13

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24 MARKET REVIEW & THERACAF PLUS APRIL 11,

25 Formula Considerations Energy source Electrolytes balanced to correct acidosis and electrolyte abnormalities Alkalizing agents Electrolyte absorption Osmolality Gut health Energy Source Aids in the correction of negative energy balance Dextrose Acetate 25

26 Metabolic Acidosis Not the same as acidosis in cows Caused by the acid base imbalance in the blood Diarrhea causes large loss of sodium and potassium which causes metabolic acidosis Corrected by high SID product SID The Strong Ion Difference is the difference between the sums of concentrations of the strong cations and strong anions: [SID] = [Na + ] + [K + ] + [Mg 2+ ] [Cl ] [other strong anions] Goal SID between meq TheraCaf Plus is 80 meq 26

27 Sources Salt NaCl Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Citrate Sodium Acetate Monosodium Phosphate Plasma Goal mmol/l Sodium TheraCaf Plus 128 mmol/l Sources Potassium Chloride Potassium Citrate Plasma Goal mmol/l Potassium TheraCaf Plus 27 mmol/l 27

28 Sources Potassium Chloride Sodium Chloride Plasma Goal mmol/l Chloride TheraCaf Plus 70 mmol/l Alkalizing Agents Needed for correction of metabolic acidosis Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Acetate Sodium Citrate Potassium Citrate Goal mmol/l TheraCaf Plus mmol/l 28

29 Absorption Glycine assists glucose absorption Acetate and Citrate absorbed well even with damaged gut lining Osmolality Isotonic 300 mosm/l Hypertonic >750 mosm/l Goal mosm/l Not less than 350 and not higher than 700 TheraCaf Plus is 472 mosm/l 29

30 Gut Health Plasma Dose of TheraCaf Plus provides over 20 grams plasma equivalents to 5% inclusion in CMR Agglomerated so it mixes well MOS Safmannan at 2 grams per dose 30

31 TheraCaf PLUS Formula Notations Nutrient Evaluated THERACAF PLUS Mmol/L University Guidelines Sodium Mmol/L Dextrose 80 <200 Mmol/L Sodium to Dextrose ratio to 3.1 Glycine 35 <145 Mmol/L Sodium + Glycine: Dextrose ratio to 1 Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Citrate Sodium Acetate Potassium Citrate Mmol/L Potassium Mmol/L Chloride meq/l Strong Ion Difference Osmolality mosm/l is ideal; not less than 350 or more than 650 Market Review Competitive products comparison TheraCaf PLUS Product & Positioning Availability 31

32 Market Overview Fragmented market LOTS of products available New university guidelines for effective electrolytes started circulating about 5 6 years ago Old formulations & new formulations New formulas tend to better meet guidelines Re sorb from Zoetis Re sorb powder Cost/Calf feeding $2.50 $2.88 $2.50 Feeding size 2.26 oz. 2 pre measured pouches mixed into solution Not available in bulk, packets only NADA # registered with FDA Market leader Manufactured in China 32

33 Geof Smith s Evaluation Resorb _Smith_Geof_ _Treatment_and_Conrol_of_Diarrhea.pdf Enterolyte HE from Zoetis Enterolyte H.E. (High Energy) powder Cost/Calf feeding $4.66 Feeding size 6.3 oz. 2 pre measured pouches mixed into solution Not available in bulk, packets only High brand awareness (Pfizer/Zoetis) Manufactured in China 33

34 Geof Smith s Evaluation Enterolyte BlueLite from TechMix BlueLite Replenish liquid Cost/Calf feeding $1.65 $2.80 Feeding size 4 oz. BlueLite C powder Cost/Calf feeding $0.47 $0.56 Feeding size 2 oz. BlueLite Replenish Robust media placement, many species and formulations for any life stage 34

35 Geof Smith s Evaluation of BlueliteReplenish Bluelite Replenish is sold as a liquid electrolytes solution TheraCaf PLUS: Sodium level is the same Potassium level is similar 28 v. 27 mm/l Glycine is higher at 35 Much higher SID at 80 Has higher osmolality at 472 v. 440 and within recommended range Blue Ribbon Electrolytes from Merricks Calf Electrolyte powder Cost/Calf feeding $0.96 $1.43 Feeding size 4 oz. Regular or gel formulas Contains inulin, glutamine, probiotics Significant placement, brand recognition, especially in traditional dairy areas 35

36 Land O Lakes Electrolytes Program Electrolyte Base Base Powder 25# Bag Contains dextrose, B vitamins & electrolytes Cost/Calf feeding $0.40 Feeding Rate is 2.58 oz. For pre shipment, early scours & heat stress Electrolyte Add Pack Add Pack Powder 3# Jar Electrolytes & glycine Cost/Calf feeding $0.79 Feeding rate is apx. 20 g. Feed only with the Land O Lakes Base powder * Total when using together: $1.20 Land O Lakes Electrolytes Complete Electrolytes Complete powder Cost/Calf feeding $0.94 Feeding size 3.28 oz. 36

37 TheraCaf PLUS Key Talking Points Revised Formula Formulated for optimal water and electrolyte absorption Provides energy Functional Proteins for added immune benefit 3 R s Two sizes available 25 lb. bag contains 100 feedings Single feeding 4 oz. foil packet Ideal for Stress Situations Transport Prior to shipping or upon arrival For commercial or show cattle Weather challenges Heat or cold stress Seasonal changes 37

38 Questions? 38