Cattle Farming. Our wealth Standby team

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2 Our wealth Standby team Dr. Soliman Mohammed Soliman Lecturer of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Cattle Farming Common Disease Problems Neonatal Calf Diarrhea (Scours) Bovine Respiratory Disease (Pneumonia) Other Common Diseases (Navel ill, Arthritis, ) Dehorning Vaccination Programs Impacts of Disease on Future Performance 2

3 Common Calf Diseases Scours (Diarrhea) Pneumonia (BRD) Septicemia Joint ill (Arthritis) Navel ill (Omphalophlebitis) Meningitis Bloat Deficiencies Malformations 3

4 Scours (Neonatal Calf Diarrhea) Case Definition Calf Diarrhea Neonatal Calf Diarrhea (scours) Manure of looser consistency than normal, that persists for 2 or more days Decreased appetite, dullness, fever and dehydration 4

5 Calf scours Scours forms a major threat in the first weeks of life of a dairy calf. More than half of all calf deaths are related to neonatal diarrhea (SCOURS). A number of organisms can play a role. Poor colostrum management and other nutritional factors such as poor quality calf milk replacers can also cause or contribute to neonatal calf diarrhea. 5

6 Assessing the Severity of Diarrhea Fecal Scoring System Scale = normal 1 = semi-formed, pasty 2 = loose 3 = watery 6

7 Assessing the Severity of Dehydration Assessing the Severity of Dehydration Normal Mild to Moderate Dehydration Needs Oral Electrolytes Severe Dehydration Needs IV Fluids 7

8 Calf scours causes Calf scours can be caused by infection, by incorrect feeding practices or a combination. A number of organisms are recognized as important calf scours causes. Poor colostrum management and other incorrect feeding practices can also contribute to neonatal diarrhea. Scours results in dehydration which can kill a calf. 8

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11 Calf Scour CAUSATIVE AGENTS Scours, or diarrhea, is the most significant cause of morbidity and mortality in calves less than one-month-old. The major agents of disease causing calf scours are bacterial: E.coli and Salmonella spp., viral: coronavirus and rotavirus, and protozoal: Cryptosporidium parvum. The route of infection is via the ingestion of manure from affected or carrier calves or cows, or contaminated food, water or soil. Agent Scour Agent Age of Onset Signs Escherichia coli (K 99 ) 1-6 days Effortless passing of yellow whitish faeces Clostridium perfringens 1-14 days Blood tinged faeces Salmonella 6-36 days (after 10 days) Similar to E. coli yellow or white faeces Rota Virus 5-21 days Corona Virus 5-30 days Watery yellow faeces Coccidia 7 days and after Blood tinged faeces Cryptosporidium 6-21 days Watery brown to light green faeces with blood and mucous Watery brown to light green faeces with blood and mucous E. coli Rotavirus Coronavirus C. parvum Salmonella 11

12 E. Coli (Septicemia & Enterotoxogenic) Usually within 3-5 days of life Scours due to the F5 (K99) strain of E. coli is most common in calves less than 4 days of age and may cause significant mortalities due to dehydration and electrolyte losses. Severe, watery diarrhea (secretory, ETEC) Depression, Hypothermia Distant Infections (joints, brain navel, septicemia) E. coli is often a secondary invader following Rotavirus or Cryptosporidium infection. 12

13 Rotavirus While is it usually not fatal, viral diarrhea can predispose calves to secondary infection with E. coli or Cryptosporidium. Most Common Often found in mixed infections 5 days to 3 weeks of age Diarrhea is usually sudden onset, watery, white or yellow and may be frothy. As affect small intestine Voluminous (Malabsorptive) Lactose washout with osmotic diarrhea Dehydration At least 7 days to repair intestinal damage Coronavirus More Severe than Rota??? 5 days to 30 days of age Large and small intestine Dehydration Anorexia Infects intestinal cells more severely Malabsorption/maldigestion Respiratory Infections 13

14 Clostridium perfringens < 2 weeks old Low morbidity : High mortality Healthy, fast growing calves Heavy milking dams Sudden Death Diarrhea/Abdominal Pain Necrosis of small intestine Enlargement of intestinal lymph nodes Cryptosporidium parvum Main cause of diarrhea in young calves (2-4 weeks) High morbidity (dehydration, decreased weight gain) Low mortality Protracted, non-responsive diarrhea Oocysts very resistant No effective, specific treatment as Intracellular Prevention can be achieved with a high plane of nutrition Zoonotic Potential 14

15 Coccidiosis ( Eimeria sp.) E. bovis, E. ellipsoidalis, E. zuernii Main cause of diarrhea in young calves (after weaning or stress time) Sudden onset of severe diarrhea with foul smelling fluid feces containing mucous and blood (soiling) with Severe straining High morbidity (dehydration, decreased weight gain) Low mortality Oocysts very resistant Salmonella The three most common Salmonella serotypes that affect dairy calves under 6 weeks of age are Dublin, Typhimurium and Bovismorbificans. But mostly at > 10 days of age Diarrhea is profuse and varies from watery yellow to hemorrhagic with foul smelling diarrhea Sudden death can occur due to septicaemia, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Fever is common and calves may die prior to showing signs of illness or scouring. 15

16 Treatment Challenges Hypovolemia/Dehydration Electrolyte Imbalances Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Acidosis Low Protein Treatment Cornerstone 16

17 Treatment I. FLUID THERAPY: Fluid and electrolyte replacement is critical as the main cause of scouring related death is dehydration. Signs of dehydration include an increased skin tent and sunken eyeballs. Oral fluid therapy should be started as soon as clinical signs are evident and may be provided by bottle or tubing. Look for solutions that contain three key ingredients: glucose, sodium and an alkalizing agent such as bicarbonate. Other important components include potassium, glycine or alanine. Treatment II. III. HYGIENIC MEASURES: Generally milk feeding is stopped for the first 24 hours then restarted at intervals greater than 2-3 hours between oral fluids to minimize weight loss and improve recovery. To prevent disease spread, ill calves should be separated and placed in warm and clean housing away from unaffected calves. Veterinary intervention and intravenous fluids are necessary if the calf is not responding to treatment or is recumbent, lacking a suckle reflex or showing neurological signs. ANTIMICROBIAL INTERVENTION: Antimicrobial therapy is only indicated for treatment of primary bacterial infections such as E. coli or Salmonella or where there is secondary bacterial overgrowth, invasion and septicaemia. 17

18 Fluid Therapy Correct Dehydration Correct Electrolyte Imbalances Combat Shock Support Internal Organ Function Supplement Energy Scours Prevention/Proactive Approach Vaccine for pregnant cows Provide adequate amount of good quality, clean colostrum Decrease contact between calves Cleaning and disinfection of calf housing 18

19 Key Interventions for Calf Scour 1. Dam vaccination. 2. Adequate passive antibody transfer. 3. Environmental hygiene. 4. Dam nutrition. 5. Mastitis prevention. Economic Impact of Calf Scours Treatment costs Some death loss: 12.8% ( < 1 week old) 5.1% ( > 1 week old) Decreased weight gain Increased risk of getting pneumonia/other illnesses 19

20 Respiratory disease complex of newly born calves BRD Pneumonia Respiratory Disease Definition: Age groups usually affected? How to identify sick calves? Symptoms Behaviour 20

21 Case Definition - Pneumonia Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Increased respiratory rate, effort and sound Fever Dullness or depression Decreased appetite Rough hair coat Nasal and/or ocular discharge Coughing Assessing the Nasal Discharge Calf Health Scoring System Nasal Score Normal Small amount cloudy discharge, one nostril Both nostrils, cloudy or excessive clear discharge Both nostrils, cloudy, excessive, thick discharge

22 Pneumonia Causes Pneumonia is a multifactorial disease Environment, immunity of calf, pathogens Common pathogens include: Mycoplasma Pasteurella Mannheimia IBR BVD BRSV PI3 Environmental Contributors Season Crowding Mixing Poor Ventilation Contact with older animals 22

23 Pneumonia - Treatment Careful Observation and Early Treatment Systemic Antibiotic Treatment Several effective products Appropriate housing and nursing care Consider metaphylactic group treatment Limited evidence for oral medication Potential Solutions for BRD Environment Management Calving Colostrum Hygiene Housing Nutrition Disease monitoring Genetics Vaccination 23

24 Costs of Respiratory Disease Medication, labour, veterinary services Premature culling Decreased growth Delayed age at first calving Increased calving difficulties Lifetime profitability WELFARE CONCERNS Questions about Vaccination Programs Vaccination to pregnant cows diarrhea?? Vaccines for respiratory disease Inforce3, Bovishield, many other products. When to vaccinate? How many times? Benefits?? 24

25 Window of Susceptibility Calf and Herd Vaccination Program.. 10-way MLV booster Inforce 3 IN. 5-way MLV (BRD) At 6 weeks 10-way MLV booster at 6 and 7 months 10-way MLV Pre-breeding Scour Prevention Vaccine and E.coli (J-5) At entry to dry pen and booster. 3 weeks before calving Birth 2 We eks 4 Weeks Weaning Six Months 1 Year 15 Months 7 Mo Gest First Calving 4 Months Preg Fresh Check 25

26 BRD I. CALF PNEUMONIA II. ENZOOTIC PNEUMONIA OF CALVES (Viral Pneumonia) I. CALF PNEUMONIA Associated with E. coli (Colibacillosis) during the first 2-3 weeks, accompanied or following Enteritis (Pneumo-enteritis). Characterized by cough, nasal discharge and pneumonia. Associated with Salmonellosis as in Colibacillosis. Associated with mixed microorganisms as Haemophilus, Pasteurella, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Streptococci and Mycoplasma. Viruses as B.V.D, I.B.R, Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Parainfluenza 3, Could be diagnosed by nasal swab for isolation of virus and serologically by paired serum sample. 26

27 I. CALF PNEUMONIA Treatment: According To the cause (Salmonella, E. coli or other bacteria) by using of sulphonamides, antibiotics and fluid therapy. Sulphadimidin, penicillin-streptomycine, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines,..,.. Affected calf should be isolated in warm dry place with no air draughts, with clean dry beddings i.e; animal comfort. and improve the environment (correction of adverse environmental conditions). New arrivals should be isolated for 10 days. II. ENZOOTIC PNEUMONIA OF CALVES (Viral Pneumonia) It is an infectious disease primarily of housed calves characterized clinically by varying degrees of severity with or without secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia 27

28 II. ENZOOTIC PNEUMONIA OF CALVES (Viral Pneumonia) Cause: It is a disease complex caused by a combination of one or more of respiratory viruses commonly complicated by secondary bacterial invasion and predisposed by environmental factors as bad ventilation and housing conditions. 1) Parainfluenza 3. 2) Respiratory syncytial virus. 3) Adenovirus. 4) Reovirus. 5) Rhinovirus. 6) Herpes virus. 7) Also; Mycoplasms spp., Pasteurella spp, Chlamydia spp., Corynebacterium pyogenes, Bacillus necrophorum are recovered from most cases. II. ENZOOTIC PNEUMONIA OF CALVES (Viral Pneumonia) Epidemiology: Calves 2-5 months are more susceptible. But, it can occur in young ones, or in young cattle 8-12 months. The disease is most common during winter with bad ventilation and crowding and the disease occurs sporadically or as herd epidemic. Morbidity may reach 100%. While case fatality rate is less than 5-30%. 28

29 II. ENZOOTIC PNEUMONIA OF CALVES (Viral Pneumonia) Clinical findings: Rise of temp ºC. Rhinitis. Pneumonia. Cough(harsh). Emphysema. Nasal and ocular discharge. Lowered head. 29

30 II. ENZOOTIC PNEUMONIA OF CALVES (Viral Pneumonia) Diagnosis: Isolation and identification of the causative agent. Serological diagnosis. II. ENZOOTIC PNEUMONIA OF CALVES (Viral Pneumonia) Treatment Sulphonamides is effective. Penicillin-streptomycin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol. Antihistaminics. Corticosteroids as betamethazone or predenosolone or cortisone. Vaccination: Intranasal inoculation of calves with modified PI-3 virus vaccine. Parental inoculation 2 doses of PI-3 two weeks apart. Inactivated vaccine containing 5 viruses (Bovine Adenovirus1,3,5 types + Reovirus1,3 types + PI-3). Cattle master 4 for cattle (I.B.R + B.V.D + P.I-3 + B.R.S.V). Control Hygienic housing and good ventilation. Sufficient colostrum. Avoid mixing calves from different origins. Avoid over crowdedness. Calves should be of the same age group. Disinfection of calf pens. 30