Grain Sorghum: Current Considerations for Use in Animal Feeds, Facts and Myths

Transcription

1 Grain Sorghum: Current Considerations for Use in Animal Feeds, Facts and Myths Scott Beyer, Assoc. Professor Department of Animal Sciences and Industry Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas USA 2012 US Grains Council R. S. Beyer All rights reserved 1

2 Finding Nutrients for Animals Just 10 years ago, the US grew 8 billion broilers annually, and was a leading producer of animal protein in the world. All of those birds and livestock were grown on diets made mostly of corn and soybean meal. 2

3 Everything has changed.. Fuel limitations Environmental concerns Global Warming ETHANOL Where will our nutrients come from????? 3

4 Grain Sorghum in the Field 4

5 Grain Sorghum Mountain After Harvest 5

6 Facts and Myths Myth: The US feed industry does NOT use grain sorghum so it must be inferior as a feed grain Facts: The US feed industry DOES use sorghum for swine, poultry and cattle! The problem: Transportation of sorghum from growing regions to poultry production areas is a disadvantage 6

7 Sorghum and Broilers Sorghum Distribution Broiler Distribution 7

8 Sorghum and Layers Sorghum Distribution Layer Distribution 8

9 Sorghum and Corn Prices 9

10 Facts and Myths Myth: Tannins in sorghum reduce the feeding value of sorghum Fact: Research shows that tannins do indeed reduce the nutritive value of sorghums but only in varieties that actually contain tannin. However, US grown varieties do not contain sufficient tannin to interfere with nutrition at the levels fed and haven t for decades. Beware of old publications and old research 10

11 Facts and Myths Myth: The nutrient content of sorghum is variable Fact: The nutrient content of sorghum varies more than corn, however, the new varieties and production methods have reduced this variation 11

12 Sorghum Nutrient Profile Grain ME (kcal /kg) CP (% dry matter) EE (% dry matter) NFE (% dry matter) Lysine (% dry matter) Methionine + Cystine (% dry matter) Sorghum, ASA3042 x KS115 3, Sorghum, Awheatland x KS115 3, Sorghum, ASA3042 x Eastin-1 3, Sorghum, Awheatland x Eastin- 1 3, Sorghum, ASA3042 x RTx435 3, Sorghum, Awheatland x RTx435 3, Sorghum, ASA3042 x Rtx2737 3, Sorghum, Awheatland x RTx2737 3, Kriegshauser et al,

13 Corn Nutrient Profile Grain ME (kcal/kg ) CP (% dry matter) EE (% dry matter) NFE (% dry matter) Lysine (% dry matter) Methionin e & Cystine (% dry matter) Corn Corn Corn Corn Corn Corn Corn Corn Leeson et al,

14 Typical nutrient composition (as-fed, swine) 1 Sorghum Corn Dry matter, % Energy, kcal/lb Digestible 1,533 1,598 Metabolizable 1,515 1,551 NE INRA 2 1,188 1,201 NE NRC 1,023 1,086 Crude protein, % Calcium, % Phosphorus, % Available P, % Crude fat, % Linoleic acid, % Crude fiber, % NDF, % ADF, % NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10 th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. 2 INRA Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials. 2 nd ed. D. Sauvant, J. M. Perez, and G. Tran. 304 p. 14

15 Facts and Myths Myth: When considering digestibility, sorghum performs poorly when compared to corn. In fact, sorghum may have up to 10% reduced values compared to corn. Fact: This is not true for swine nor poultry. Low tannin varieties have high nutrient digestibility compared to older varieties. Research is needed, but grain sorghum should be considered to contain nutrient digestibility approaching corn values. 15

16 Digestibility Nyannor et al, 2007 Investigated effects of highly digestible sorghum on poultry Concerned with digestibility of sorghum diets Specifically energy, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus Concerned with overall digestibility» Not specific components i.e. amino acids, fiber, starch Compared diets to standard corn diet Fed diets from 0 21 days of age Collected fecal material on day for determination of digestibility 16

17 Digestibility Item Corn Sorghum, PHD1 Sorghum, PHD2 Sorghum, P721N Dry matter, % a a ab b Energy, % a a ab b Nitrogen, % a b bc c Phosphorus, % Calcium, % ME, kcal/kg 3,898 a 3,807 b 3,827 ab 3,806 b a,b,c Values with different superscripts were statistically significant (P<0.05) Nyannor et al,

18 Energy Digestibility Parameter Sorghum Corn Starch digestibility, 5 d Starch digestibility, 7 d Starch digestibility, 14 d Fat digestibility, 5 d Fat digestibility, 7 d b a Fat digestibility, 14 d a,b Values with different superscripts in same column differ significantly Thomas et al,

19 TME n True metabolizable energy Measures the available energy for poultry of a feed ingredient Usually conducted with mature Leghorn roosters 19

20 TME n Grain TME n 1 d (kcal/kg) TME n 3 d (kcal/kg) TME n 10 d (kcal/kg) Sorghum 3,150 b 3,260 b 3,320 b Corn 3,520 a 3,550 a 3,700 a a,b Values with different superscripts in same column differ significantly Sulistiyanto et al,

21 Recent Studies on the Relative value (%) of sorghum versus corn in finishing pigs Study ADG ADFI G:F Reference Brand et al. (1990) variety Brand et al. (1990) variety Hancock et al. (1992) Johnston et al. (1998) Shelton et al. (2004) waxy sorghum Shelton et al. (2004) Nonwaxy sorghum Issa (2009) Seaboard Farms (2010) Benz et al. (2010) Average Cromwell (1985 review) exp summary 21

22 Relative value (%) of sorghum versus corn in lactating sows Item Sow performance Louis et al. (1991) 14 Relative value Johnston et al. (1998) 15 Average Lactation ADFI Lactation weight change Weaning-to-estrus interval Litter performance Litter size born alive Litter size at weaning Litter BW at birth Litter BW at weaning Litter BW gain

23 Facts and Myths Myth: The specific amino acid digestibilities of sorghum are far less than those of corn Fact: Research shows that new varieties of sorghum have similar digestible amino acids compared to corn. 23

24 Amino Acid Digestibility V. Ravindran et al, 2005 Crude protein digestibility Sorghum 0.79 Corn 0.79 Amino acid digestibility Sorghum Mean 0.78 Corn Mean

25 Amino Acid Profile and Digestibility Amino Acid Sorghum A.A. concentratio n (g/kg) Sorghum A.A. digestibility Corn A.A. concentratio n (g/kg) Corn A.A. digestibility Arginine Cystine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Valine Ravindran et al,

26 Standardized ileal digestibility (SID, %) coefficients of corn and sorghum Item Corn 1 Difference 2 Sorghum Lysine Isoleucine Leucine Methionine Cysteine Threonine Tryptophan Valine NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10 th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. 2 Difference between standardized ileal digestibility of corn and sorghum19-21, 36 26

27 Facts and Myths Myth: Some sorghum varieties will result in reduced growth comparatively. Fact: Nutritionists need to earn their living by least costing a sorghum diet just like they do for corn. If all nutrients are balanced, there is no reason to expect poor performance. 27

28 Growth Performance Parameter Corn Sorghum, P721N Sorghum, P Sorghum, 611Y 0-21d BWG, g d Feed:gain, g:g d BWG, g d Feed:gain, g:g 1.84 a 1.86 ab 1.87 ab 1.90 b 0-42d BWG, g d Feed:gain, g:g a,b Values with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05) Elkin et al,

29 Growth Performance Parameter Corn Sorghum, PHD1 Sorghum, PHD2 Sorghum, P721N 0-7d BWG, g d Gain:feed, g:g d BWG, g d Gain:feed, g:g d BWG, g d Gain:feed, g:g d BWG, g d Gain:feed, g:g Nyannor et al,

30 Facts and Myths Myth: Using sorghum creates differences in carcass characteristics when compared to corn. Fact: when formulated on a least cost basis with the nutrient content adjusted on equal basis, there are no differences. Egg color and skin color could be an issue if your market is focused on color. Meat quality is not affected by xanthophyll content 30

31 Carcass Characteristics Characteristic Sorghum Corn Carcass weight, g 1,614 1,657 Fillet weight, g L*, lightness a*, redness b*, yellowness 1.93 b 4.31 a a,b Values with different superscripts are statistically significantly different ( P<0.05) Smith et al,

32 Concerns about pork fat quality? Grain source Item Corn Sorghum SE P-value Backfat quality Palmitic acid (16:0), % Stearic acid (18:0), % Oleic acid (18:1c9), % Linoleic acid (18:2n6), % PUFA:SFA ratio Iodine value, g/100 g Adapted from Benz et al. (2010). 32

33 Facts and Myths Myth: Sorghum in layer feed will reduce the color of the egg yolk Fact: Yes, eggs from hens fed diets with 100% sorghum will contain less color UNLESS the xanthophyll content of the diet is adjust with other additives 33

34 Yolk Color Determination Chemical methods Biochemical methods 34

35 Easy, Inexpensive Methods Color scale Indicates direct consumer preference 35

36 Color Sources - xanthophyll 50/50 of corn/sorghum DDGS Marigold oil Marigold leaf meal Gold yeast 36

37 Facts and Myths Myth: The color of the sorghum grains is an important nutritional concern. Fact: The color of grain sorghum used for animal feeding correlates with sorghum variety but has little impact on animal nutrition Less is known about the color of grain sorghum and tannin concentration, but differences in color in US grown sorghum are irrelevant since US sorghum is low tannin 37

38 Facts and Myths Myth: Sorghum is contaminated with mycotoxins Fact: Sorghum is grown in areas where less rainfall occurs, is less susceptible to mold growth and grows differnet than corn. Actually, sorghum has been shown to have fewer mycotoxin issues 38

39 Mycotoxins and Sorghum Grown in drier areas Resistance to mold growth Kernels less susceptible to damage in shipping McMillian et al,

40 Mycotoxins and Sorghum McMillian et al, 1983 Investigated mycotoxin contamination of sorghum in Georgia Mature grain samples were collected in September-October Georgia» 37 different counties in 1980» 27 different counties in 1981 Sampled 5 locations per field Dried, ground and analyzed for mycotoxins» HPLC analysis for mycotoxins 40

41 Mycotoxins and Sorghum Toxin level (ppb) 1980 Aflatoxin (% of fields) 1980 Zearalone (% of fields) 1981 Aflatoxin (% of fields) 1981 Zearalone (% of fields) Not detected , ,001-1, McMillian et al,

42 Processing and Formulation with Sorghum- Getting the most out of Sorghum 42

43 Grinding Requirements Increase uniformity Prevents birds from selecting out larger particles Improved pelleting Pellet quality increases with finer grinds Improves early bird nutrition 0-7 d old chicks utilize smaller particles more efficiently 43

44 Negatives Costs Grinding costs money Time Requires time Throughput Decreases throughput 44

45 Sorghum Grinding Publication Screen Particle size Douglas et al cm ~ 850 µm Nir et al, mm ~ 575 µm 4 mm ~ 750 µm 8 mm ~ 900 µm Salissou and Hancock, mm ~640 µm 6.4 mm ~ 900 µm 45

46 Sorghum grinding Nir et al 1990 Largest grind size had best chick performance P<0.05 Little information Reports on corn grinding indicate particle size of µm performs best Varied results Effects of particle size disappear with pelleting Pellet quality most important 46

47 Laying Hens Fed mash diets in the US No pelleting No grinding improvement for pelleting Little grinding Large sieve sizes No need for small grinds Can handle whole or coarsely ground grains 47

48 Recommended Particle Sizes Broilers screen size of 4-6 mm and particle size of um Layers 900um Swine -??? Test YOUR shipment berry (grain) size variation will dictate choice of screen size 48

49 Facts and Myths Myth: Sorghum has many antinutritional factors. Phytase similar to any grain, including corn Tannin - low tannin varieties Kafirin Processing is important 49

50 Facts and Myths Myth: There are ways to process sorghum to make it more nutritious. Fact: The early results may show that sorghum should be LESS intensively processed, but much more work is needed 50

51 Sorghum and Processing Selle, et al: Kafirin and moist heat may reduce digestibility of grain sorghum protein High heat reduces pepsin digestibility assay results Animals still respond to pelleting, but do excessive PDIs reduce performance? 51

52 Can Whole Sorghum be Fed to Broilers? Gain, 0 to 21 days FE, g/kg 0 to 21 days Control 10% Whole Sorghum 20% Whole Sorghum Biggs and Parsons,

53 Addition of Enzymes to Sorghum Based Diets Phytase supplementation in sorghum based diets numerically improved (not statistically different) apparent metabolisable energy by 1.9%. (Wu et al. 2004) Subtilisin may help digest kafirin (Selle, et al, 2010) Supplementation of microbial phytase improved (P < 0.05) the digestibilities of protein and amino acids in sorghum. (Ravindran et al. 1998) Amino acid digestibility increased from 74.7 to 79.4% 53

54 Influence of xylanase, ME and particle size of sorghum on broiler Performance (0 3 weeks) ME Xylanase ME Xylanase BWG Feed Intake FCR 1000IU/kg g/bird ±SD g/bird ±SD FI/BWG ±SD High ± ± ±0.17 NS ± ± ±0.07 NS Low ± ± ±0.04 NS ± ± ±0.18 NS Particle Xylanase PS Xylanase BWG Feed Intake FCR 1000IU/kg g/bird ±SD g/bird ±SD FI/BWG ±SD Coarse (906) ± ± ±0.04 NS ± ± ±0.18 NS Fine (562) ± ± ±0.17 NS ± ± ±0.10 NS 54

55 Nutrient Content of DDGS from Corn and Sorghums Item Dry matter, % CP, % Crude fat, % Crude fiber, % GE, Mcal/kg Corn Bronze Yellow Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Lysine, % Threonine, % Met + Cys, % Credit: Dr. J. Hancock, KSU 55

56 Nutrient Content of DDGS from Corn and Sorghums Item Dry matter, % CP, % Crude fat, % Crude fiber, % GE, Mcal/kg Corn Bronze Yellow Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Lysine, % Threonine, % Met + Cys, % Credit: Dr. J. Hancock, KSU 56

57 Comparison of Our Chick Data to MEn Values in Poultry NRCs 4600 kcal/kg 3,350 3, ,480 2, Grain DDGS Grain DDGS 1984 & 1994 NRCs KSU 57

58 4600 MEn of Cereals and DDGS in Broiler Chicks kcal/kg Bronze vs yellow (P < 0.07), Grain vs DDGS (P < 0.001), Corn vs sorghums x grains vs DDGS (P < 3, ) 3,593 3,307 SE ,677 2,866 2, Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Corn Bronze Yellow 58

59 Comparison of Lys Availability in Broilers for Corn and Corn-based DDGS 90 % Grain DDGS Grain DDGS 1994 NRC KSU 59

60 85 Lysine Availability in Cereals and DDGS for Broiler Chicks % Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Corn Bronze Yellow 60

61 Sorghum-based DDGS and G/F in Finishing Pigs g/kg SE 6 Linear effect (P < 0.001) 61

62 Limits for Sorghum in Poultry Rations Broilers Up to 100% of the cereal grain ration provided the diet is balanced 25/75 or 50/50 rations may help if you encounter a poor batch of other cereal grain Layers Up to 50% of the corn fraction if the diet is balanced and no adjustments for color are made. 62

63 Conclusions Sorghum-based DDGS are similar to cornbased DDGS for MEn in broilers.but may be a bit lower in availability of lysine As much as 20 to 30% DDGS in diets for nursery pigs and 60% DDGS in diets for finishing pigs had no negative effects on growth performance 63

64 Conclusions The supplies of feedstuffs that have traditionally been used to manufacture animal feeds are likely to change due to energy and global food concerns Those producers who can learn to look at other feed ingredients differently and learn how to use them will profit in the end. 64