February 2, Merlin D. Lindemann. University of Kentucky, Lexington IPPE - Atlanta

Transcription

1 February 2, 2018 Merlin D. Lindemann University of Kentucky, Lexington IPPE - Atlanta

2 Global food demand Value of animal protein in our diet Rendered products (discussing primarily protein) A perspective of progress Least cost formulation? New opportunities

3 Population data and projections Population (million) Growth rates, % per annum World (UN) 7,197 8,130 8,919 World (countries with FBS) 7,166 8,091 8, Developing countries 5,802 6,709 7, South Asia 1,685 1,972 2, East Asia 2,119 2,256 2, Industrial Countries 965 1,003 1, Transition Countries Adapted from Table 2.4 in FAO (2006) 3

4 million Year World (UN) Developing countries South Asia East Asia Industrial Countries Transition Countries Adapted from Table 2.4 in FAO (2006) 4

5 A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity. An optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty. -Winston Churchill- 5

6 World kg/person/year 1969/ / Cereals, food Roots and tubers Vegetable oils and oilseeds (oil eq.) Meat (carcass weight) Milk and dairy (fresh milk eq.) Total food (kcal/person/day) 2,411 2,789 3,040 3,130 1 Butter is excluded. Adapted from Table 2.7 and 2.8 in FAO (2006) 6

7 East Asia kg/person/year 1969/ / Cereals, food Roots and tubers Vegetable oils and oilseeds (oil eq.) Meat (carcass weight) Milk and dairy (fresh milk eq.) Total food (kcal/person/day) 2,012 2,872 3,190 3,230 1 Butter is excluded. Adapted from Table 2.7 and 2.8 in FAO (2006) 7

8 World Production Consumption 1999/ / tonnes Bovine 59,378 58,549 Ovine 11,337 11,187 Pig meat 90,666 90,818 Poultry meat 68,331 67,447 Total meat 229, ,000 Adapted from Table 3.7 in FAO (2006) 8

9 Developing countries Production Consumption 1999/ / tonnes Bovine 29,364 29,239 Ovine 7,865 8,102 Pig meat 52,646 53,053 -excl. China 12,133 12,777 Poultry meat 35,591 36,053 Total meat 125, ,447 -excl. China 65,168 66,857 -excl. China and Brazil 49,805 53,314 Adapted from Table 3.7 in FAO (2006) 9

10 A growing population that desires animal protein!

11 Global food demand Value of animal protein in our diet Rendered products (discussing primarily protein) A perspective of progress Least cost formulation? New opportunities

12 Is Change in the Commodity Composition of Food important for society? 12

13 Study in rural Kenya with 555 children (age 6). 4 feeding interventions (21 mo) and cognitive tests. Raven s Scores by Group Over Time Whaley et al., 2003 Children with meat supplement had greater gains on Raven s Progressive Matrices than all other groups (no impact of energy and milk). 13

14 Decreased cognitive function and diminished learning ability affect the productivity, not only of individuals, but collectively, of societies and whole nations, particularly in the developing world and among disadvantaged communities in the affluent nations. Animal source foods of a wide variety provide rich sources of complete protein, energy, and an array of micronutrients that are often limiting in the diet.

15 Maternal intake of animal source foods during pregnancy is positively associated with infant growth beginning in utero. In Kenya, overall maternal energy intake and intake of animal protein during pregnancy were major factors that predicted pregnancy weight gain, birth weight, and birth length. Also in the Kenyan toddlers, intake of animal protein was further associated with a higher level of verbalization and more symbolic play, which are felt to be predictive of future cognitive performance.

16 "There have been sufficient studies clearly showing that when women avoid all animal foods, their babies are born small, they grow very slowly and they are developmentally retarded, possibly permanently,"

17 Growth Cognitive development Depression

18 Less understanding about food production Concerns about food and feed safety 18

19 Many consumers in urban/city locations less connected to food production. have never produced any food themselves. Limited understanding of issues related to Food production and farms Food transport and delivery from farm to table 19

20 More consumer concerns about food safety Food industry in the U.S. and much of the world have been concerned about food safety. All participants in the food production chains Active in producing a safe food Active in communicating to the consumer that they are active in safe food production 20

21 Safe food starts with safe feed AFIA - American Feed Industry Association ( FEFANA - Feed Additives and Premixtures Association ( CVM within FDA - Center for Veterinary Medicine (the Animal Feed Safety System) ISO - International Organization for Standardization 21

22 Global food demand Value of animal protein in our diet Rendered products (discussing primarily protein) A perspective of progress Least cost formulation? New opportunities

23 One-third to one-half of the weight of food production animals is not consumed by humans. Primary products: Meat and bone meal, meat meal, poultry meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, blood meal, fish meal, and animal fats. The primary products of rendering are feed ingredients for livestock, poultry, aquaculture, and pet-food industries.

24 Good source of digestible amino acids. Good source of phosphorous and is highly available. Source for metabolizable energy Can reduce cost in diet formulation. Can improve foot pad quality in meat birds.

25 Least cost formulation (LCF) constraints Energy Selected amino acids Ca, P Further considerations of LCF: Digestibility of amino acids Digestibility of phosphorus / phytase Mins/maxs of nutrients and ingredients

26 Protein Source Millions Metric Tons Percent Soybean meal Cottonseed meal Rapeseed meal Sunflower meal Copra meal Palm kernel meal Peanut meal Fish meal Total Soy Stats (2001)

27 Component Soybean meal Meat and bone meal Meat meal Blood meal (Spray dried) Plasma meal (Spray dried) DM Protein Lysine Threonine Methionine Cysteine Tryptophan Isoleucine Valine Calcium Phosphorus NRC (2012)

28 Least cost formulation (LCF) constraints Energy Selected amino acids Ca, P Further considerations of LCF: Digestibility of amino acids Digestibility of phosphorus / phytase Mins/maxs of nutrients and ingredients

29 Ileal Digestibility Total Tract Digestibility

30 Amino acid Lysine, % Threonine, % Tryptophan, % Methionine, % Meeker and Meisinger (2015)

31 Meeker and Hamilton,

32 Low Temp High Temp Low Temp High Temp Low Temp High Temp Lysine Methionine Threonine Wang and Parsons (1998) from Dozier (2015)

33 32 Commercial Meat and Bone Meal Samples Low Avg High Lysine Low Avg High Methionine Wang and Parsons (1998) from Dozier (2015)

34 Amino acid Soybean meal Meat and bone meal Meat meal Blood meal (Spray dried) Plasma meal (Spray dried) Lysine Threonine Methionine Cysteine Tryptophan Isoleucine Valine NRC (2012)

35 Least cost formulation (LCF) constraints Energy Selected amino acids Ca, P Further considerations of LCF: Digestibility of amino acids Digestibility of phosphorus / phytase Mins/maxs of nutrients and ingredients

36 All plant and animal feed ingredients have phosphorus Non-phytate phosphorus (npp) Phytate phosphorus % From Dozier (2015) 0.08 NRC Corn SBM Wheat PBM 1.70 Phytate npp

37 Least cost formulation (LCF) constraints Energy Selected amino acids Ca, P Further considerations of LCF: Digestibility of amino acids Digestibility of phosphorus / phytase Mins/maxs of nutrients and ingredients

38 Executive Summary Presence of animal proteins is in keeping with chickens natural behaviour MBM contributes important functional nutrients that are present at only low levels in vegetable protein meals All-vegetable protein diets result in significantly worse welfare outcomes for broilers in the form of pododermatitis Removing MBM from Australian broiler diets, even at the historically low levels currently used, could cost the industry over AUS$7.5 million annually. Kenneth Bruerton

39 39

40 40

41 Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Savory (umami; described as brothy or meaty)

42 By-product of meat packing industry Improve growth performance of weanling pigs High concentrations of lysine, tryptophan, and threonine Enhance dietary palatability Maintain intestinal health through immunoglobulin Expensive Item Daily gain Daily feed intake Feed/gain No. of experiments No. of experiments with positive response % of experiments with positive response % of overall response Summary of 79 experiments (8,448 pigs) weaned at an average of 19.7 days of age and averaging 5.8 kg. Average test period was 15 days. Average level of plasma in diets was 7%. (Coffey and Cromwell, 2001)

43 (Torrallardona, 2010) * Δ A D F I, g /d w k p o s tw e an in g 2 w k p o s tw e an in g *ΔADFI: ADFI improvement of SPDD diets over control diets Data from 75 trials involving over 12,000 piglets Weaning age 1 0 t o 1 7 d 1 8 t o 2 4 d 2 5 t o 3 2 d

44 A D F I, k g /d * (Crenshaw, 2007) (Frugé, 2009) * 5.03 * L a c ta tio n A D F I, k g /d P a r ity 1 P a r ity 2 > P a r ity P a r ity 3 > P a r ity 3 Control diet: Sorghum-Corn-SBM diet Control diet: Corn-SBM diet C o n tro l 0.5 % S D P P

45 DPS is a by-product of the heparin extraction from pig intestines Control pigs were fed corn-sbm-dried whey based diets without DPS A D F I, g * A D F I, g d 0 to 1 4 d 1 4 to 2 8 d 0 to 2 8 d 0 to 1 4 d 1 4 to 3 5 d 0 to 3 5 C o n t r o l 3.5 % D P S C o n tr o l 5.0 % D P S Weaned at d 21 Weaned at d 11 to 14 (Jones et al., 2010) (Bregendahl et al., 1999)

46 Preference test Two feeders per pen, rotate feeder location 3x/week P e r c e n t a g e c o n s u m p tio n, % * * * d 1 to 3 d 4 to 7 d 8 to 1 4 d 1 5 to 2 1 P e r c e n t a g e c o n s u m p tio n, % * * d 1 to 3 d 4 to 7 d 8 to 1 4 d 1 5 to 2 1 C o n tr o l 2.5 % D P S 2.5 % D P S 5.0 % D P S (Cho et al., 2010)

47 8 0 Potential alternative to SDPP * * 73.5 P e r c e n t a g e c o n s u m p tio n, % d 1 to 3 d 4 to 7 d 8 to 1 4 d 1 5 to 2 1 d 2 2 to % S D P P 2.5 % S D P P % D P S (Cho et al., 2010)

48 Control diet is corn-sbm based lactation diet 8.0 A D F I, k g /d Linear, P < Linear, P < d 0 to 9 d 1 0 to 1 8 d 0 to w e a n in g (2 1 d ) C o n tr o l 1.5 % D P S 3.0 % D P S (Johnston et al., 2003)

49 From 6.6 to 9.9 kg (14 days) Corn-SBM based diets SDBM vs. SDBC, P = 0.09 C o n tro l A D F I, g /d C o n tr o l SDBM SDBC (DeRouchey et al., 2002)

50 Feather accounts for up to 50 to 70 g/kg of mature chicken High crude protein level: 80 to 90% Processed to enhance nutrient bioavailability Steam- or enzymatic-hydrolyzation Effects of enzymatic feather meal (EFM) on feed intake of weanling pigs a 1082 A D F I, g /d b 946 b 950 ab 1010 C o n tro l 1.5 % S D P P 2.0 % D P S 1.5 % E F M C o n tr o l 1.5 % S D P P 2.0 % D P S 1.5 % E F M (Pan et al., 2016)

51 Basal diet is corn-sbm based diet G ro w e r p h a s e (2 3 to 7 0 k g ) A D F I, k g /d F in is h e r p h a s e (7 0 to k g ) A D F I, k g /d b b b bc bc c H F M in c lu s io n ra te, % H F M in c lu s io n ra te, % (van Heugten et al., 2002)

52 Source of amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus Variation in composition and nutritional quality G ro w in g -F in is h in g p h a s e (5 0 to k g ) A D F I, k g /d Linear, P = M B M in c lu s io n ra te, % (Gottlob et al., 2004)

53 A growing population that desires animal protein! Animal protein is an important part of diets that contribute to individual and societal wellbeing! A strong and growing animal industry supplies product to, and a market for, the rendering industry!