Nutrient Compositions of Digesta of Three Ruminants as A Source of Manure for Soils of A Humid Tropics

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1 FUTO Jurnal Series (FUTOJNLS), 2015, VOL. 1, Issue Nutrient Cmpsitins f Digesta f Three Ruminants as A Surce f Manure fr Sils f A Humid Trpics Ekpe, I.I, Ibiam, J.A., Asagwara, S.C., Nwankw, V.C., Oludare, C.G., Anyanwu, N.J. and Okere, S. 1. Department f Sil Science and Technlgy, Schl f Agriculture and Agricultural Technlgy, Federal University f Technlgy Owerri P.M.B 1526 Im State 2. Department f Science Labratry Technlgy, Akanu Ibiam Federal Plytechnic, Unwana, Ebnyi State 3. Department f Animal Science and Technlgy, Schl f Agriculture and Agricultural Technlgy, Federal University f Technlgy Owerri P.M.B 1526 Im State 4. Department f Crp Prductin Technlgy, Schl f Agriculture and Agricultural Technlgy, Federal University f Technlgy Owerri P.M.B 1526 Im State Crrespnding Authrs ibiamik@yah.cm Mbile Phne: Abstract: The relative cmparism f nutrient cmpsitins f different dmestic ruminants as a surce f manure fr sustainable rganic farming was carried ut in the 2014 farming seasn at Sil Science Labratry f the Federal University f Technlgy, Owerri, Nigeria. Rumen Digesta frm Cattle, Sheep and Gat was cllected frm the state perated abattir lcated within Owerri zne cmprising f Mbaitli, Owerri West, Owerri Nrth, Owerri Municipal, Ikeduru, Abh Mbaise, Ahiazu Mbaise Im state Nigeria. The characterizatin invlved the analysis f the nutrient cntent f these species f the ruminant. Each sample f rumen digesta cllected was divided int three replicate and the experiment was laid ut in cmpletely randmized design. Analysis f Variance and Fishers Least Significant test was used t dictate significant differences amng the nutrient cmpsitin f the three ruminant animals studied. The results revealed that all the nutrient cntent f the rumen digesta shwed significant difference (p = 0.05) when they were cmpared with ne anther except crude fibre. The quantity f rumen digesta prduced in Owerri zne in Im State is high. If this rganic substance is effectively incrprated int farming, the envirnment will be better, cleaner and healthier while at the same time increasing crp yield and prviding emplyment pprtunities t many yuths. Keywrds: Cmpsitin, Digesta, Dmestic, Manure, Nutrient, Organic, Rumen. 1.0 Intrductin Lw sil fertility has been recgnized as ne f the majr cnstraints affecting agriculture in sub- Sahara Africa. Sil fertility depletin in small hlder farms is the fundamental cause f decline per capital fd prductin. This depletin is mainly due t intensity and cntinuus crpping with lw applicatin f fertilizer, causing a negative balance between nutritin supply and extractin frm sil (Sanchez et al., 1996). It is knwn that cntinuus crpping n a piece f land withut adequate use f chemical fertilizer r manure lwer sil fertility and crp yield (Agbla & Odeyeni, 1972). Mdern farming is emphasizing n rganic farming and de-emphasizing the use f chemical fertilizer because waste can supply virtually all the nutrients required by plant and imprves sil physical and bilgical cnditin fr sustainable crp prductin and envirnment (FAO, 1976). These wastes can als add t the pl f rganic matter cntent f trpical sil which has been reprted t be a majr prblem militating against the yield f crp (Mbah et al., 2007; Onweremmadu et al., 2008). The need t take apprpriate measure t check this decline in sil prductivity is urgent as the rate f deteriratin is n the increase and if nt check will have serius implicatin fr future fd security. In the past, sil fertility is maintained in suth-east Nigeria via prlnged bush fallw (50years) (Umumma et al., 1985). Hwever, increase in ppulatin has resulted t reduced fallw perid leading t pr crp yield. The shrtage and high cst f inrganic fertilizer have limited their use fr prductin amng the small hlders in Nigeria (Tanimu et al., 2007; Ekpe et al., 2011). There is Ekpe et al., Nutrient Cmpsitins f...

2 FUTO Jurnal Series (FUTOJNLS), 2015, VOL. 1, Issue therefre the tendency fr increase dependence n rganic waste such farm yard manure, crp residue and rumen digesta. The rumen is an pen fermentatin chamber, inhabited by micrrganism that anaerbically digest cmplex cmpund f fdstuffs and generate fermentatin prducts (mainly acids) micrbial cell mass fr utilizatin by the hst. Managing rumen digesta frm abattirs is a cmmn prblem in develping cuntries like Nigeria. Putting these wastes int effective agrarian use is als ften a prblem because they are bulky, lw grade fertilizer f variable cmpsitin and frequently have high water cntent thus nt easy t transprt far frm pint surce. This waste culd hwever be used t alleviate sil nutrient depletin prblem, which is ne f the mst imprtant cnstraint t crp prductivity in sub-saharan Africa (Schbery et al., 2000). It is already dcumented that the current use f fertilizer in Africa is well belw the recmmended rate, partly due t prhibitive cst, limited availability and lack f knwledge n apprpriate and efficient applicatin methds. Wrldwide, interest in the use f rganic materials as a surce f nutrient in cultivatin has increased. Rumen digesta are waste frm abattir btained frm cattle, sheep, gats that are presently a menace in mst urban cities f develping cuntries. The digesta is made up f undigested fibrus materials example grasses that are still in their early stage f digestin. The digesta in the rumen is nt unifrm, but rather is stratified int gas, liquid and particles f different sizes, densities and ther physical charactistics. The rumen digesta is acted upn by gd number f micrbes which include: Bacterial, Prtza, Fungi, archaic and viruses and by mass accunt fr % f ttal micrbial matter in rumen (Awden, 2008). Sil treated with cw dung r rumen digesta releases nutrient int the sil (Chinkuyu et al., 2002). Rumen digesta supply nitrgen and has higher phsphrus cntent. Its limitatin unlike ther rganic matter is the slw rate f decmpsitin. The aim f this study was t determine the chemical cmpsitin f three selected cmmn ruminant animals and t statistically cmpare their nutrient cmpsitin levels. 2.0 Materials And Methd 2.1 Study Area The rumen samples were cllected frm abattir within Owerri zne cmprising Mbaitli, Owerri West, Owerri Nrth, Owerri Municipal, Ikeduru, Abh Mbaise, Ahiazu Mbaise Im state Nigeria, lcated between the latitudes 4 45'N and 7 15'N, and lngitude 6 50' E and 7 25' E and altitude 125 meters abve sea level. The samples were analysed at the sil Science Labratry f the Federal university f Technlgy, Owerri. The study area lies within the humid trpics with aqua misture regime in which sils underg cntinuus r peridic saturatin and reductin (Sil Survey Staff, 2003). There are tw distinct weather cnditins f rainy and dry Seasns in the area. The ttal annual rainfall ranges frm 1,500-2,200 mm and spread frm April and last until Octber. The average minimum and maximum temperature is abve 20 C (68.0 f). The relative humidity is 75 % with humidity reaching 90 % in the rainy seasn. 2.2 Data Cllectin and Analysis In each f the eleven lcatins, rumen digesta frm the three different ruminant animals were cllected and each sample was divided int three t make replicatin. The data was arranged in a cmpletely randmize design. The results were subjected t analysis f variance and the least significant difference was dictated using Fishers Least Significant Test at P = accrding t Gmez and Gmez (1994). 3.0 Results And Discussin Nutritinal and heavy metal Cmpsitin f the Different Rumen Digesta Surces are presented in the Tables 1 and 2 respectively. Ekpe et al., Nutrient Cmpsitins f...

3 FUTO Jurnal Series (FUTOJNLS), 2015, VOL. 1, Issue Table 1: The nutrient cntent f the rumen digesta f cw, sheep and gat Ruminant %TN %OC C:N P Mg.k K Mg.k Na Mg.k Ca Mg.kg - 1 g g g %Ttal Ash Cattle Sheep Gat F-LSD p= NS %Crude Fibre NS= Nt Significant Nte: Figures with the same superscript alng the same clumn are nt statistically significant The % ttal nitrgen f different surces rumen digesta surces are shwn in table 1.when the % ttal nitrgen f the difference rumen digesta surces were cmpared with ne anther the result revealed significant differences. Sheep and gat rumen digesta % nitrgen did nt shw any significant difference. Cw recrded the lwest % nitrgen while sheep recrded the highest. There was % mre % nitrgen in sheep when cmpared with the value recrded fr cw. Als the gat digesta recrded % mre nitrgen than the cw digesta. Althugh there was n significant difference but the sheep prduced % mre ttal nitrgen than the gat digesta. Sheep rumen digesta prves t prvide mre nitrgen t sil when used as a surce rganic matter fr rganic farming. Organic Carbn The rganic carbn f the different rumen digesta surces when cmpared with ne anther did nt shw any significant difference. Cmparism f cw and sheep rumen digesta surces shwn that there was n significant difference between cw and sheep digesta. Sheep recrded a higher value f rganic carbn and cw recrded a lwer value but sheep prduced % rganic carbn mre than cw. Als gat recrded % mre rganic carbn when cmpared with that prduced by cw Carbn - Nitrgen Rati (C : N) The C: N f different rumen digesta surces when cmpared with ne anther shwed significant difference. When the C: N f the rumen digesta f the cw was cmpared with that f sheep, the result revealed that C: N in the cw relative t the sheep. The cw recrded f C: N higher than that f sheep. Als cw recrded mre C: N than that f gat digesta. Als gat prduced 1.70 C: N than that f sheep digesta. A lw C: N is a prf f easy f availability f nitrgen cntent f the digesta when applied t the sil fr crp prductin. Phsphrus When the phsphrus f the rumen digesta f the cw was cmpared with that f sheep, the result revealed higher amunt f phsphrus relative t that cntained in cattle digesta. The sheep recrded 5 mg.kg f ttal phsphrus mre than that recrded by cattle digesta and 3.9 mg.kg mre than that recrded frm the Gat digesta. Althugh there were recrded significant differences in the ptassium cntent f the dmestic ruminant animals, this element is lwer than the ther macr nutrients in the digesta. Ptassium (K) There were significant differences in the ptassium cntent f the different rumen digesta frm the cattle, sheep and gat when cmpared with ne anther. The sheep recrded 210 mg.kg f ptassium mre than the value recrded fr Cattle and 230 mg.kg mre than that f the Gat. The Cattle digesta cntains 20 mg.kg mre ptassium than that frm the Gat. The gat prduced the least quantity f ptassium and therefre the least surce f the element fr crp prductin. The best here is the digesta frm the Sheep. Sdium (Na) There was statistically significant difference in rumen digesta sdium cntent f the ruminants when cmpared with ne anther.there was mg.kg mre Na in cattle rumen digesta than in sheep but 34 mg.kg mre in gat than in the cattle. The gat rumen digesta cntained 67 mg.kg mre Na than the sheep. Sils treated with gat rumen digesta are expected t release mre sdium fr plant nutritin and sil acidity management. Calcium (Ca) Gat rumen digesta als cntained significantly Ekpe et al., Nutrient Cmpsitins f...

4 FUTO Jurnal Series (FUTOJNLS), 2015, VOL. 1, Issue mre Calcium than thse f cattle and sheep. The gat recrded 60.1 and 75.7 mg.kg f calcium mre than cattle and the sheep respectively, while the sheep revealed 84.4 mg.kg mre calcium than the cattle. Again the gat has prved superir in calcium cntent than the ther dmestic ruminants under study. %Ash Cntent The percent ash cntent f different rumen digesta surce when cmpared with ne anther shwed significant difference. When the % ash f the rumen digesta f the cw was cmpared with that f sheep, the result revealed that the cattle had 1.0 f % ash higher relative t the sheep but 2.7 less than cncentratin in the gat digesta. Crude Fibre (%) The % crude fibre cntent f different rumen digesta surces when cmpared with ne anther shwed that there were statistically significant differences. The highest crude fibre difference was recrded when the % crude fibre f the rumen digesta f the cw was cmpared with that f sheep, the results further revealed that crude fibre in the sheep digesta was 57.3 % higher relative t the gat. The sheep recrded 11.4 % mre crude fibre when cmpared with the value recrded fr cw. Als, cw digesta recrded 16.6 % less percent crude fibre than that f gat digesta. Gat digesta recrded 28 % mre percent crude fibre than that f sheep digesta. Table 2: Heavy Metal Cmpsitin f Rumen Digesta f Cw, Sheep and Gat in mg.100g. Ruminant B Fe Pb Zn M Cd Mn Hg Cattle 0.70 a 3.71 a 0.60 a 1.95 a 0.27 a 0.14 a a 0.03 a Sheep 2.03 b b 1.11 b 3.27 b 0.99 b 0.37 b b 0.06 b Gat 1.60 c c 1.98 c 5.18 c 1.07 c 0.61 c c 0.08 c F-LSD p=0.005 NS= Nt Significant Nte: Figures with different superscript alng the same clumn are statistically significant Brn (B) Brn cncentratins f rumen digesta f the dmestic ruminants when cmpared with ne anther shwed statistically significant difference. Sheep and cw digesta did nt shw any significant different in their brn cncentratin. Cw recded a lwer value while sheep recded a higher value when cmpare t ne anther. There were 1.33 mg.100g mre brn in sheep rumen digesta than that recrded fr cw digesta. Als gat digesta recrded mg.100g less brn than that f cattle digesta. Althugh there was n significant difference between sheep and gat digesta in their brn cncentratin, but sheep prduced mg.100g mre brn than that f gat. Irn (Fe) The irn cntent f the rumen digesta f the different dmestic ruminants shwed significant difference when cmpared with ne anther. The cattle digesta was 0, 79 and mg.100g less than the irn cntents in the sheep and gat respectively. Further the gat digesta recrded 1.49 mg.100g mre irn than the sheep digesta. The cattle digesta has prved t cntain very little irn relative t sheep and gat rumen digesta. The sheep digesta recrded mre irn cncentratin than even the gat. Lead (Pb) Lead cncentratin is highest in gat than in sheep and cattle rumen digesta. The gat recrded 0.87 and 1.38 mre lead than sheep and cattle respectively. The cattle digesta had very lw cncentratin f lead. Zinc (Zn) Zinc cncentratins f rumen digesta f different the dmestic ruminants when cmpared with ne anther shwed significant difference. When the zinc f the rumen digesta f the cw was cmpared with that f sheep, the result revealed that zinc cncentratin in the sheep was higher relative t the cncentratin in cw digesta. The sheep recrded 1.32 mg.100 g mre zinc cncentratin than the cncentratin in the cattle digesta. Als, gat recrded 3.23 mg.100 g mre than that f cattle digesta. The gat recrded 1.91 mg.100 g less zinc than that f sheep digesta. Ekpe et al., Nutrient Cmpsitins f...

5 FUTO Jurnal Series (FUTOJNLS), 2015, VOL. 1, Issue Mlybdenum (M) Mlybdenum cntent f rumen digesta f the different ruminants when cmpared with ne anther shwed statistically significant difference. The mlybdenum cncentratin f the rumen digesta f the sheep revealed 1.32 mg.100g mre than that fund in the cattle digesta. The sheep als recrded 0.8 g/100g f Mlybdenum cncentratin than that f the cattle. The gat digesta recrded 0.079g/100g mre Mlybdenum cntent than that f sheep digesta. Cadmium (Cd) When the cadmium cncentratin in the rumen digesta f the cattle was cmpared with that f sheep, the result revealed that cadmium in the cattle digesta was 0.23 mg.100g and 0.47 mg.100g less than the cntent in the sheep and gat digesta respectively. The sheep digesta als recrded 0.24 mg.100g mre Cd than that f sheep digesta. Manganese (Mn) Manganese cncentratin was high in all rumen digesta f the three dmestic ruminant animals studied. The gat digesta recrded the highest cncentratin fllwed by the sheep. The cattle digesta recrded the lwest value in this respect. Manganese cntent in the rumen digesta f the gat was and 51.0 mg.100g higher than the cncentratin in cattle and sheep rumen digesta respectively. The sheep recrded mg.100g mre Manganese than the quantity fund in the cattle digesta. Mercury (Hg) There was statistically significant difference when the mercury cntent f the rumen digesta was cmpared with ne anther. The result revealed that gat digesta mercury cncentratin revealed - significantly higher values f 0.05 and 0.02 mg.100g 1 when cmpared with cattle and sheep respectively. Again sheep rumen digesta recrded 0.03 mg.100g mre mercury when cmpared with cncentratin in the sheep digesta 4.0 Cnclusin and Recmmendatins The nutritinal qualities f the rumen digesta generally frm the dmestic ruminant animals are adequate under prper rganic matter management. The sheep rumen digesta has cnsistently prved t cntain higher value f the three mst imprtant plant nutrient (NPK) fllwed by gat digesta which recrded higher values f N and P but less K than cattle. The heavy metals are adequate and nne recrded values utside the permissible limit. The best and the richest rganic rumen digesta can be gtten frm the sheep. All the ther surces are ideal als as rganic matter functins in ther ways t imprve sil prductivity than nutrient enrichment. This waste frm abattirs plluting the envirnment can be put int effective agrarian use by supplementing it with ther rganic surces like human urine and humanure. This will make fr cmplete rganic fertilizatin fr sustainable crp prductin. Acknwledgment My family and the entire Sil Science Team f Federal University f Technlgy Owerri are fndly appreciated. May their supprt fr ur cllective quest t advance sil health in this year f sil be amply rewarded by the Almighty Gd! Amen. References Agbla A.A & Odeyemi O (1972). The effect f land use n the sil rganic matter, exchangeable K, available phsphrus and sil ph in the rainfrest zne f western Nigeria. Nigeria Agricultural Jurnal 2, Awdun M.A (2008).Effect f nitrgen related frm rumen digesta and cw dung n sil and leaf nutrient cntent f Gbma (slanum macrcarpn.l) Jurnal n Applied Biscience 7, Awdun M.A. (2002). Effect f sawdust ash n nutrient status, grwth and yield f cwpea cvigina unjuiculate (l) ualp). African Jurnal f Agricultural Research 1 (2), 92 Chinkuyu A.J (2002). Effect f laying hen manure applicatin rates n water quality.trans AJAE45(21), Ekpe I.I (2011). Assessment f rumen digesta as a surce f rganic manure and incme in Abakaliki suth-east Nigeria. Glbal research jurnal f science FAO (1976). Organic materials as fertilizers, Sils Bulletin 27 FAO Rme. Gmez L.A & Gmez G.O. (1984) statistic fr bilgy and agriculture research Oxfrd University press UK, 8402 Mbah, C.N Anikwe, Onweremmadu, E.U & Mgbagwu, JSC (2007). Sil rganic matter and carbhydrate cntent f a District Leptsl under rganic waste management Ekpe et al., Nutrient Cmpsitins f...

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