ISBN: Edition 1.01

Transcription

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2 ISBN: Edition Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

3 Contents Overview Goltech Overview...4 Disclaimer...5 Copyright...6 Dedication...7 Thanks...7 About the Author...8 Testimonies...10 Forewords Wayne Stafford (Myotherapist and Soft-Tissue Therapist)...16 Dr Wayne Sibson (Osteopath)...16 Imogen Cusack (Physiotherapist, Acupuncturist, Bowen Therapist)...17 Dr Leslie Fisher (Chiropractor)...17 Dr Aida Vizcaya Guarin (Medical Practitoner General Practice)...18 Contents: Outline...19 Contents: Detail...20 Figures and Tables Figures...50 Diagnostic Aids...59 Ranges of Motion (ROM)...60 Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 3

4 Copyright Author: Paul James Davies This book is Copyright 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf the Davies Natural Therapies Trust. All Rights Reserved. Most anatomical pictures have been modified from the 20th U.S. edition of Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, originally published in 1918 and therefore lapsed into the Public Domain. The modified pictures and all charts and schematics are Copyright 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf the Davies Natural Therapies Trust. All Rights Reserved. Any illustrations containing the muscles Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medius, the Ilio-tibial Band, Gastrocnemius, the surface rear shoulder muscles and some of the charts, are the work of Truin Chapman. Thank you Truin, you have done a mighty job! By mutual agreement between us, you need permission in writing of both the Copyright Owner and Truin Chapman before you make use of them. The photographs in the section Goltech Advanced: Strengthen and Stretch were taken by Rory O Donnell and are Copyright 2012 Rory O Donnell. All Rights Reserved. Published by Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf the Davies Natural Therapies Trust. info@daviesnaturaltherapies.com.au info@goltechtherapy.com No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system either electronic or otherwise, or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever; electronic, photocopying or recording in any way, without the prior written consent of the publisher. The only exception is quotations in printed reviews. ONLY PRACTITIONERS WHO HAVE UNDERTAKEN THE TRAINING COURSE OR HAVE PURCHASED THE EDUCATIONAL PACKAGE FROM THE OWNER ARE ENTITLED TO BE IN POSSESSION OF A COPY OF THIS BOOK. IF YOU HAVE OBTAINED A COPY BY OTHER MEANS YOU ARE IN BREACH OF COPYRIGHT, AND IF CAUGHT YOU WILL BE PROSECUTED. 6 Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

5 Contents: Outline Goltech Basic: from Head to Toe Introducing Goltech : History & Development...61 Theory & Principles...69 The Basic Moves...77 Goltech Advanced: Soft Tissue Presentations & Diagnosis Body Basics Presenting Pathologies Patient Presentations Aids to Diagnosis Goltech Advanced: Real Problems in the Real Clinic Balance, Posture, & Spinal Alignment Face, Neck, Back & Chest Shoulder, Arm, Elbow, Forearm, Wrist & Hand Hip, Upper Leg, Knee, Lower Leg, Ankle & Foot Goltech Advanced: Strengthen and Stretch Introduction Posture Core and Spine Upper Limb Lower Limb Recommended Study Endnotes Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 19

6 Contents: Detail Goltech Basic: from Head to Toe Introducing Goltech : History & Development...61 A. What is Goltech?...62 B. The History of Goltech Introduction The Shoulders on Which I Stand...62 (a) Bert Jeffries...62 (b) Finding the Feel...62 (c) Formal Training...63 (d) Tommy Bowen via Ossie Rentsch...63 (e) Bert Donald...63 (f) Lester Cox Synthesis...64 C. Case Histories Back and Leg Pain: Case Pain in the Leg Six Months: Case Unable to Raise Arm for 11 Years Chronic Pain and Blue Hand for 2 Years Chronic Back and Neck Pain for 10 Years: Case Chronic Back and Neck Pain for 10 Years: Case D. The Advantages of Goltech...66 E. The Disadvantages of Goltech...67 F. Bold Claims Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

7 Goltech Basic: from Head to Toe Theory & Principles...69 A. Basic Goltech Theory Neuro-Protective Mechanisms of the Musculo-Tendonous Structure...70 (a) The Golgi Tendon Organ...70 (b) The Muscle Spindle Hypothesis: How Goltech Works The Forces Involved in Cross-Fibre Massage...70 B. Goltech Cross-Fibre Technique & Myofascial Release Cross-Fibre Technique...71 (a) Correct Goltech Cross-Fibre Technique...71 (b) Incorrect Goltech Cross-Fibre Technique Goltech Myofascial Release...71 C. Order Is Important!...72 D. Contraindications to Goltech...73 E. Fundamental Causes of Musculoskeletal Problems Injury to Soft Tissue Imbalances in Soft Tissue Damage to Soft Tissue Which Has Not Resolved in a Healthy Way...74 F. Basics in Resolving Musculoskeletal Problems Imbalances in Soft Tissue Are Resolved Damage to Soft Tissue is Resolved...75 G. The Basic Goltech Approach...75 H. Basic Goltech Procedure...75 I. Summary of Approach & Procedure...75 Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 21

8 Goltech Basic: from Head to Toe The Basic Moves...77 A. Introduction Use DVD Disc 1 with This Section Some Preliminary Explanation...78 (a) Do It Right!...78 (b) Body Position Symbol...78 (c) Arrow Convention...79 (d) Order of Manoeuvres...79 B. Hip, Back & Neck Which Side of the Body First? Hips...80 (a) Gluteals...80 (b) Femoral Rotators...80 (c) Gluteals Revisited...81 (d) Tensor Fascia Lata and Gluteus Medius Back...82 (a) Erector Spinae...82 (b) Quadratus Lumborum...82 (c) Lat & Trap...83 (d) Upper Trap and Levator Scapula...83 (e) Upper Lat, Teres Major and Rear Deltoid...84 (f) Infraspinatus and Teres Minor Neck & Rhomboids...85 (a) Levator Scapula...85 (b) Neck Extensors & Lateral Flexors...86 Lateral Flexors...86 Extensors & Lateral Flexors...87 (c) Rhomboids...87 (d) Erector Spinae...88 (e) Neck Extensors...88 (f) Deep Occipital Neck Muscles Hips Revisited...89 (a) Psoas Procedure...89 C. Shoulder & Chest Pectorals Front of Shoulder...91 D. Arm & Hand Upper Arm...93 (a) Front of Upper Arm...93 (b) Back of Upper Arm Lower Arm...94 (a) Wrist Extensors...94 (b) Wrist Flexors...95 (c) Wrist Retinacula Hand...96 (a) Hand Extensors...96 (b) Hand Flexors Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

9 E. Leg Back of Upper Leg Back of Lower Leg...98 (a) Client Position...98 (b) Procedure...98 General Calf General Calf Plantaris Popliteus Front of Upper Leg Front of Lower Leg (a) Lateral Side of the Tibia I (b) Medial Side of the Tibia I (c) Lateral Side of the Tibia II (d) Medial Side of the Tibia II Ankle & Foot (a) Dorsal Foot: Anatomy Review (b) Procedures Across the Malleoli Across the Dorsum of the Foot Across the Retinacula Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 23

10 Goltech Advanced: Soft Tissue Presentations & Diagnosis Body Basics A. Introduction B. Background to the Musculoskeletal System Nervous Tissue Epithelial Tissue Muscle Tissue Connective Tissue (a) The Importance of Connective Tissue (b) General Roles of Connective Tissue (c) Generally Accepted Classification of Connective Tissue (d) Connective Tissue and the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) (e) General Tasks of the ECM (f) Proportional Composition of ECM (g) The Living Cells: Fibroblasts (h) Fibres Collagen Reticular Fibres Elastic Fibres Fibronectin Laminin (i) Ground Substance Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) Proteoglycans Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic Acid) (j) Connective Tissues of Vital Concern to Body-Workers C. The Basics of the Musculoskeletal System Bones (a) Periosteum Joints: General Classification Synovial Joints and their Components (a) Articular or Joint Capsule (Capsular Ligament) (b) Synovial Membrane and Synovial Fluid (c) Articular Disc The Knee: A Special Case (d) Cartilage The Perichondrium Fibrocartilage Hyaline Cartilage Articular Hyaline Cartilage: Structure and Function Superficial Layer Transitional Layer Deep Radial Layer Calcified Cartilage Layer Educating Clients about their Joint Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage (e) Ligaments General Description Yellow Ligaments Classification of Ligaments by Location Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

11 4. The Musculo-Tendonous Apparatus (a) Muscles Sarcomeres Myofibrils Muscle Fibres (Muscle Cells) Muscle Fascicles Muscles Muscle Innervation and Contraction Motor Units Motor Unit Pools Summary of Muscle Structure and Innervation Muscle Contraction: Concentric, Eccentric, Isometric Muscle Spindle Muscle Growth (b) Tendons Functions Tendon Sheath Golgi Tendon Organ (c) Aponeuroses & Fascia A Sensible Differentiation between Aponeuroses and Fascia Aponeuroses Fascia and Myofascia Important Recent Research on Fascia and Myofascia Bursae Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 25

12 Goltech Advanced: Soft Tissue Presentations & Diagnosis Presenting Pathologies A. Introduction B. Headaches C. Chronic Pain Syndromes D. Inflammatory Syndromes (a) Diagnosis of Inflammation (b) Types of Inflammation Non-Sterile Inflammation Sterile Inflammation Healing Inflammation Chronic Destructive Inflammation E. Impingements and Compressions Impingement or Compression of Ordinary Soft Tissue (a) Symptoms Impingement or Compression of a Nerve (a) Symptoms (b) Classification F. Adhesion Syndrome Signs & Symptoms G. Muscle Problems Acute Spasm (Cramp) Acute Muscle Strain (a) Symptoms (b) Cause (c) Classification of Muscle Strain and Rupture Injuries (d) Treatment Muscle Tear or Rupture (a) Partial Tear Symptoms Treatment (b) Complete Tear Symptoms Treatment Chronic Muscle Strain (a) Defining the Problem Ineffectively Treated Acute Strain Chronic Muscle Fatigue (b) Symptoms (c) Treatment Haematoma (Bruise) (a) Symptoms (b) Treatment (c) When Haematoma are Very Serious Large Haematoma Bleeding Within the Muscle Compartment Bleeding Into or Around the Spinal Cord Chronic Muscle Imbalance & Dysfunction Issues H. Fascial and Myofascial Problems Inflamed and Hardened Fascia or Myofascia Tense or Hardened Fascia or Myofascia Without Current Inflammation Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

13 I. Tendon Injuries Tendonitis (also spelled Tendinitis ) (a) Symptoms (b) Treatment Calcification (a) Symptoms (b) Cause (c) Treatment Strain or Rupture (a) Symptoms Tenosynovitis Please see the heading 2. Tenosynovitis on page 153. J. Tendon to Bone Connection Injuries Apophysitis (Tenoperiostitis) (a) Symptoms (b) Causes (c) Treatment Avulsion (a) Symptoms (b) Treatment K. Bone Injuries Stress Fractures (a) Symptoms (b) Treatment Periostitis (a) Symptoms (b) Location (c) Treatment L. Joint Problems Joint Capsule (a) Trauma (b) Chronic Inflammation Cartilage (a) Impinged Cartilage (b) Tears of the Knee Menisci Symptoms (c) Inflammation Tietze s Syndrome (Costochondritis) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) (d) Osteoarthritic Degeneration of Synovial Hyaline Cartilage Symptoms Possible Causes Articular Hyaline Cartilage: Can it be Repaired? Ligament Injuries (a) Sprains and Ruptures Symptoms (b) Hypermobile Syndrome Symptoms Treatment (c) Hypomobile Syndrome Symptoms Treatment Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 27

14 M. Bursitis and Tenosynovitis Bursitis (a) Symptoms (b) Common Locations of Bursitis (c) Treatment Tenosynovitis (a) Symptoms (b) Cause (c) Treatment Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

15 Goltech Advanced: Soft Tissue Presentations & Diagnosis Patient Presentations A. Introduction B. Pain Location of Pain Receptors Causes of Pain Aspects of Pain Identifying the Painful Tissue (a) Muscle or Tendon Pain Due to Acute Injury (b) Muscle Pain Due to Chronic Strain (c) Ligament Pain (d) Bone Pain (e) Nerve Pain or Involvement (f) Vascular Pain or Involvement (g) Stretch Pain (h) Compression or Pressure Pain C. Restricted Movement Characteristics of the Restriction Identifying the Tissue Causing the Restriction (a) Bone-on-Bone (b) Impinged or Misplaced Cartilage, Tendon or Ligament (c) Chronic Muscle Tightness (d) Acute Muscular Spasm or Inflammation (e) Joint Adhesions (f) Visceral Pain Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 29

16 Goltech Advanced: Soft Tissue Presentations & Diagnosis Aids to Diagnosis A. Joint Ranges of Motion (ROM) Important Observations Ranges of Motion: Master Table B. Diagnostic Aids: Master Tables Face & Jaw (a) Face & Jaw Conditions (b) Agreed Dermatomal Landmarks: Face & Jaw General Neck and Back (a) General Neck & Back Conditions Maigne s Test (b) Transition Areas of the Spine (c) Apices of the Spinal Curves (d) Landmarks in the Location of Vertebra (e) Dermatomal Landmarks (f) Myotomal Landmarks Head and Neck (a) Head & Neck Conditions (b) Transition Areas of the Cervical Spine (c) Apex of the Cervical Spinal Curve (d) Landmarks in the Location of Cervical Vertebra (e) Dermatomal Landmarks: Head and Neck Upper & Mid-Back (a) Upper & Mid-Back Conditions Gibbous Sign (b) Transition Areas of the Thoracic Spine (c) Apex of the Thoracic Spinal Curve (d) Landmarks in the Location of Thoracic Vertebra (e) Dermatomal Landmarks: Upper & Mid-Back Lower Back (a) Lower Back Conditions (b) Transition Areas of the Lumbar Spine (c) Apex of the Lumbar Spinal Curve (d) Landmarks in the Location of Lumbar & Sacral Vertebra (e) Dermatomal Landmarks: Lower Back Chest (a) Chest Conditions (b) Dermatomal Landmarks: Chest (c) Myotomal Landmarks: Chest Shoulder (a) Shoulder Conditions (b) Dermatomal Landmarks: Shoulder (c) Myotomal Landmarks: Shoulder Arm-Hand Pain (a) Arm-Hand Pain: The Brachial Plexus & The Axillary Nerve (b) Dermatomal Landmarks: Shoulder to Hand (c) Myotomal Landmarks: Shoulder to Hand Elbow (a) Elbow Conditions (b) Dermatomal Landmarks: Elbow (c) Myotomal Landmarks: Elbow Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

17 10. Forearm, Wrist & Hand (a) Forearm, Wrist & Hand Conditions I (b) Forearm, Wrist & Hand Conditions II (c) Dermatomal Landmarks: Forearm, Wrist & Hand (d) Myotomal Landmarks: Forearm, Wrist & Hand Hip & Upper Leg (a) Hip & Upper Leg Conditions (b) Dermatomal Landmarks: Hip & Upper Leg (c) Myotomal Landmarks: Hip & Upper Leg Knee (a) Knee Conditions (b) Dermatomal Landmarks: Knee (c) Myotomal Landmarks: Knee Lower Leg, Ankle & Foot (a) Lower Leg Conditions (b) Dermatomal Landmarks: Lower Leg (c) Dermatomal Landmarks: Ankle & Foot (d) Myotomal Landmarks: Ankle & Foot (e) Ankle & Foot Conditions C. Standard Anatomical Planes of the Body Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 31

18 Goltech Advanced: Real Problems in the Real Clinic Balance, Posture, & Spinal Alignment A. A Little Revision Goltech Cross-Fibre Technique (a) Incorrect Goltech Cross-Fibre Technique (b) Correct Goltech Cross-Fibre Technique Goltech Myofascial Release (a) Basics of the Technique Two Examples The Calf Tibialis Anterior (b) Why Is It Important? (c) Developing Feel : When to Myofascially Release (d) Further Examples of Myofascial Release B. Balance Is Crucial Balancing the Whole Body Balancing the Kinetic Chain Balancing the Muscles Surrounding a Joint The Ankle: Showing the Need for Balance (a) A Real Case History My Diagnosis and Treatment (b) Conclusion to the Ankle Further Considerations in Balance (a) The Distribution of Forces Post and Lintel in Force Distribution Arch in Force Distribution (b) The Concept of Elastic Resilience General Concepts Rubber Band Metaphor Application to the Human Body (c) Achilles Problems: Highlighting Force Distribution and Elastic Resilience Achilles Tendonitis: A Real Case History My Treatment Conclusion to Achilles Tendonitis (d) The Interconnectedness of the Myofascia (e) Highlighting the Interconnectedness of the Myofascia A Stubbornly Tight Neck: A Real Case History My Treatment Balance is Crucial: Conclusion C. Posture Is Crucial What Is Posture? (a) Kinetic or Active Posture Correct Lifting Technique (b) Static Posture Standing Posture Sitting Posture Sitting at a Table Sleeping Posture Basic Postural Analysis (a) Pelvic Tilt Structural or Functional? Key Muscles in Pelvic Tilt Lateral Pelvic Tilt The Key Muscle in Lateral Pelvic Tilt Rotational Pelvic Tilt The Key Muscle in Anterior Rotational Pelvic Tilt The Crucial Role of Shortened Psoas Major in Biomechanical Dysfunction (b) Head Position (c) Mid-Back Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

19 3. Postural Training (a) Mid-Back & Head Position Exercise Visualisation to Set Posture (b) Test for Tight Psoas, Tight Quadriceps and Hip Flexion Deformity (c) Psoas Stretch Advanced Postural Analysis (a) Lateral Tilt Another Prime Mover in Lateral Tilt (Hip Elevation) Accessory Muscles in Lateral Tilt (Hip Elevation) (b) Rotational Tilt (Anterior and Posterior Tilt) Anterior Pelvic Tilt Hip Flexors Hip Extensors Trunk Extensors Trunk Flexors Posterior Pelvic Tilt (c) Posture Variations: Schematics and Explanations Normal Posture Lumbar Lordosis with Chest Forward Exaggerated Lumbar Lordosis with Normal Thoracic Kyphosis Postural Hip Flexion Flat Lumbars Postural Hyperextension (Hips Thrust Forward) Scoliosis General Discussion Structural Scoliosis Functional Scoliosis Adams Test: Distinguishing Between Structural and Functional Scoliosis Treatment for Functional Scoliosis D. Aligning the Spine The Strength and Resilience of the Spine (a) Preliminaries (b) Ligaments (c) Intervertebral Discs Disc Structure (d) Muscles (e) Spinal Curvature Advantages of the Spinal Curvature Development of the Spinal Curves (f) Final Comments The Spine Does Not Need Manipulation: It is Designed to Move (a) Spinal Ranges of Motion (b) A Challenge to the Premise of Spinal Manipulation (c) What is Subluxation? (d) The Real Cause of Spinal Misalignment: Soft Tissue Tension (e) The Relative Risks: Soft Tissue Release versus Spinal Manipulation A Simple Analogy (f) The Exceptions: When Spinal Manipulation is Essential Inflammatory Diseases of the Spine Adhesion Syndrome of the Spine Spinal Alignment Procedure (a) Disadvantages of the Spinal Curvature: Focal Areas of Difficulty Transition Areas of the Spine Apices of the Curve (b) Landmarks in the Location of Vertebra (c) The Procedure Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 33

20 Goltech Advanced: Real Problems in the Real Clinic Face, Neck, Back & Chest A. Face and Jaw Aids to Diagnosis: Face & Jaw Temporo-Mandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ Syndrome) (a) The Problem (b) Signs and Symptoms (c) Cause Stress TMJ Disc: Causative or Not? Mineral Deficiency Dental Issues Osteoarthritis of the TMJ Joint (d) Treatment General Treatment Specific Treatment B. General Neck and Back Aids to Diagnosis: General Neck & Back Pain That May Mimic Neuromuscular Pain (a) Signs, Symptoms and History Which Point to a Pathological Process (b) Visceral Back-Ache Syndrome General Characteristics or Symptoms Causes Examples (c) Disorders Which May Simulate Spinal Pain Cervical Region Thoracic Region Lumbar Region (d) Psychogenic Back Pain The Origin of Genuine Back Problems Preventing Back Problems Spinal Nerve Root Compression (a) The Mechanics of the Problem Borders of the Inter-Vertebral Foramen (IVF) (b) Diagnosis of Nerve Root Impingement Pain Patterns: Distinguishing Between Peripheral and Spinal Nerve Compression Cutaneous Innervation: Peripheral Nerve Compression Dermatomes: Spinal Nerve Root Compression Muscle Innervation and Myotomes Diagnostic Tests for Spinal Nerve Root Impingement (c) Disc Herniation or Prolapse: Common Age of Incidence (d) Disc Herniation or Prolapse: The Most Common Area (e) Spinal Nerve Root Compression: The Most Common Site (f) Cauda Equina Syndrome: A Special Case Symptoms The Anatomy (g) Treatment for Disc Herniation or Prolapse (h) Prognosis C. Head and Neck Aids to Diagnosis: Head & Neck Headaches: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment (a) Cluster Headaches Symptoms Treatment (b) Cranial (Traction) Headache Symptoms Treatment Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

21 (c) Meningism Symptoms Migraine Treatment Meningitis Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (d) Metabolic Headache Phaeochromocytoma Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Hyperparathryoidism Ovarian Dysfunction Anaemia Fever Hypoglycaemia Drug Intoxication (e) Sinus Headache Symptoms Treatment (f) Temporal Arteritis Symptoms Treatment (g) Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) Headache Symptoms Causes Treatment (h) Generalised Neck Pain, Cervical Headaches and Tension Headaches Generalised Neck Pain Cervical Headaches Symptoms Tension Headaches Symptoms Treatment of Generalised Neck Pain, Cervical Headaches and Tension Headaches Feldenkrais Technique: A Neck Tension and Headache Preventive Comment on the Cause of Tension Headaches Whiplash (a) Primary Injuries Hyperextension Injuries Hyperflexion Injuries (b) Secondary Injuries Symptoms (c) Treatment Acute Phase Healing Phase (d) Legal Issues Torticollis: Also Called Wry Neck (a) Symptoms (b) Treatment Acute Phase Healing Phase Isometric Stretching D. Upper and Mid-Back Aids to Diagnosis: Upper & Mid-Back Upper Trapezius Strain (a) Acute Strain Acute Phase Treatment Healing Phase Treatment (b) Chronic Strain Treatment Chronic Mid-Back Strain (a) Symptoms (b) Cause (c) Treatment Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 35

22 3. Sharp Pain Between Spine & Scapula (a) Symptoms (b) Development of the Problem (c)treatment Winged Scapula Please see the heading (d) Winged Scapula on page 324. E. Lower Back Aids to Diagnosis: Lower Back Overview of Lower Back Conditions Differential Diagnosis and Tests for Lower Back and Sacrum (a) Disc Pain versus Other Pains Herniation or Prolapse: for full discussion see 4. Spinal Nerve Root Compression on pages 255ff. (b) Lower Back Instability: Trendelenberg s Test/Sign (c) Strain Injuries versus Facet Syndrome (d) Lumbar Strain versus Sacroiliac Strain (e) Sacroiliac Strain: Muscular, Ligamentous or a Sacroiliac Joint Problem? Mennel s Thumb Pressure Test Treatment Strategies for Lower Back, Sacrum and Coccyx (a) Low Back Instability: Gluteus Medius Weakness (b) Lumbar Strain and Sacroiliac Joint Strain (Lumbo-Sacral Strain) (c) Non-Specific Chronic Lower Back Pain The Picture The Problem Anatomy Review Muscles Bracing the Spine from the Front Muscles Bracing the Spine from the Rear Why the Problem Develops The Treatment: Muscle Re-education and Graded Exercise Initial Training: Muscle Recruitment Exercises Ongoing Training: Building Core Strength (d) Facet Syndrome Sacral Base Angle Symptoms Treatment (e) Coccygeal Pain Symptoms Causes Discussion Treatment General Specific to the Coccyx F. Chest Aids to Diagnosis: Chest Serious Pathologies Which May Mimic Musculoskeletal Chest Pain (a) Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI, Heart Attack) and Serious Angina (b) Pericarditis Lateral Chest Pain that is Musculoskeletal (a) Serratus Anterior Spasm Symptoms Treatment (b) Intercostal Muscle Spasm Symptoms Treatment Medial Chest Pain that is Musculoskeletal (a) Pectoralis Major Spasm Symptoms Treatment Warning! (b) Tietze s Syndrome (Costochondritis) Definition Symptoms Treatment Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

23 Goltech Advanced: Real Problems in the Real Clinic Shoulder, Arm, Elbow, Forearm, Wrist & Hand A. Shoulder Aids to Diagnosis: Shoulder Introduction to the Shoulder Introduction to the Rotator Cuff Impingement Syndromes (a) Subacromial Bursitis Signs and Symptoms Test for Subacromial Bursitis Treatment (b) Supraspinatus Tendonitis Signs and Symptoms Test Treatment (c) Swimmer s Shoulder Symptoms What is Impinged? The Supraspinatus Tendon The Tendon of the Long Head of Biceps Tests The Cause Treatment Coaching Stretching Strengthening Non-Impingement Rotator Cuff Conditions (a) Subscapularis Tendonitis Signs and Symptoms Test Treatment (b) External Rotator Tendonitis or Strain N.B. This condition is not shown on the DVD. Symptoms Test Treatment (c) Calcific Tendonitis Symptoms Pathology Cause Progression Treatment (d) Supraspinatus Spasm or Chronic Strain: an Example for Treating the Deep Rotator Cuff Muscles Introduction Treatment Non-Rotator Cuff Shoulder Conditions (a) Bicipital Tendonitis Symptoms and Cause Test Treatment (b) Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder) Symptoms Pathology Test Muscle Involvement Prognosis Treatment (c) Slipped Biceps Tendon Symptoms The Problem Diagnosis Treatment Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 37

24 (d) Winged Scapula Symptoms Causes Serratus Anterior: How it Contributes Pectoralis Minor: How it Contributes Treatment (e) Upper Trapezius Strain Please see the heading 1. Upper Trapezius Strain on page 281. B. Arm-Hand Pain: The Brachial Plexus & The Axillary Nerve Aids to Diagnosis: Arm-Hand Pain: The Brachial Plexus & The Axillary Nerve Brachial Plexus Impingement (a) Introducing the Brachial Plexus (b) Symptoms of Brachial Plexus Impingement (c) Causes of Brachial Plexus Impingement Pancose Tumour of the Lung Cervical Rib Test for Cervical Rib: Costoclavicular Test Muscle Tension or Spasm Test for Scalenus Anterior (Adson s Test) Treatment of Scalenus Anterior Test for Pectoralis Minor (Wright s Test) Treatment of Pectoralis Minor Axillary Nerve Impingement N.B. This condition is not shown on the DVD. (a) Introducing the Axillary Nerve Innervation (b) Symptoms of Axillary Nerve Impingement (c) Causes of Axillary Nerve Impingement Nerve Damage: Serious Causes Nerve Impingement Without Damage: Minor Causes The Quadrangular Space (d) Treatment of Axillary Nerve Impingement C. Elbow Aids to Diagnosis: Elbow Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis) (a) Symptoms (b) Cause (c) Treatment Golfer s Elbow (Thrower s Elbow, Medial Epicondylitis) (a) Symptoms (b) Cause (c) Treatment Caught Synovial Fringe (a) Symptoms (b) Treatment Pulled Elbow in Infants and Toddlers (a) Symptoms (b) Cause (c) Incidence (d) History of Onset (e) Treatment D. Forearm, Wrist and Hand Aids to Diagnosis: Forearm, Wrist & Hand Trapped or Impinged Radial Nerve (a) Anatomy Motor Innervation by the Radial Nerve Sensory Innervation by the Radial Nerve Areas of Entrapment General Symptoms of Entrapment of the Radial Nerve Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

25 (b) Impingement in the Axilla or High in the Upper Arm Symptoms & Prognosis (c) Impingement in the Region of the Spiral Groove of the Upper Arm Symptoms & Prognosis (d) Impingement by Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Symptoms Cause Treatment (e) Impingement by Supinator: Radial Tunnel Syndrome & Supinator Syndrome Symptoms Cause Treatment Method for Supinator (f) Impingement of the Superficial Radial Nerve by Brachioradialis Symptoms Treatment Method for Brachioradialis (g) Impingement of the Superficial Radial Nerve at the Wrist Symptoms Cause Treatment Trapped or Impinged Median Nerve (a) Anatomy Motor Innervation by the Median Nerve Sensory Innervation by the Median Nerve Areas of Entrapment General Symptoms of Entrapment of the Median Nerve (b) Entrapment by the Ligament of Struthers Symptoms Cause Treatment (c) Entrapment by Lacertus Fibrosis (Bicipital Aponeurosis) Symptoms Treatment (d) Entrapment by Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (also called Flex. Dig. Sublimis) Symptoms Test for Entrapment by Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Treatment (e) Pronator Teres Syndrome Symptoms Treatment Method for Pronator Teres (f) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Symptoms Tests Phalen s Test Reverse Phalen s Test Tinel s Sign Cause What is the Carpal Tunnel? Treatment Trapped or Impinged Ulnar Nerve (a) Anatomy Motor Innervation by the Ulnar Nerve Sensory Innervation by the Ulnar Nerve Areas of Entrapment General Symptoms of Entrapment of the Ulnar Nerve Froment s Sign Ulnar Claw and Ulnar Paradox (b) Entrapment by the Arcade of Struthers The Arcade of Struthers The Medial Intermuscular Septum Does the Arcade of Struthers Exist? Symptoms Treatment Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 39

26 (c) Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Location and Boundaries of the Cubital Tunnel Roof Floor Walls Symptoms Causes Subluxation of the Ulnar Nerve Entrapment Within the Cubital Tunnel Raised Intratunnel Pressure Treatment Medical Treatment Goltech Treatment (d) Entrapment by Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Symptoms Treatment (e) Guyon Canal Syndrome (Ulnar Canal Syndrome, Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome) Symptoms What is the Guyon Canal? Cause Treatment Repetition Strain Injury (RSI) (a) Symptoms Pain Weakness (b) Cause (c) What is Damaged? (d) Treatment Tenosynovitis (a) Symptoms (b) Causes (c) Common Locations of Wrist Tenosynovitis De Quervain Syndrome Diagnosis of De Quervain Syndrome: Finkelstein s Test Trigger Finger: Volar Flexor Tenosynovitis Diagnosis of Trigger Finger: Tendon Pop on Hand Clench (d) Treatment Miscellaneous Hand Problems Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

27 Goltech Advanced: Real Problems in the Real Clinic Hip, Upper Leg, Knee, Lower Leg, Ankle & Foot A. Hip and Upper Leg Aids to Diagnosis: Hip & Upper Leg Sciatic Nerve Entrapment (Piriformis Syndrome) (a) Symptoms (b) Onset (c) Testing and Diagnosis Conventional Straight Leg Raise Test Modified Straight Leg Raise Test: Bonnet s Test (d) Treatment Stretching the Piriformis Trochanteric Bursitis (Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome) N.B. This condition is not shown on the DVD. (a) Symptoms (b) Cause (c) Treatment Ilio-Tibial Band Syndrome (Runner s Knee) (a) Symptoms (b) Causes (c) Test for Tension in Tensor Fascia Lata and Hip Abductors (Ober s Sign) (d) Treatment Old Athlete Legs (a) Symptoms and Cause (b) Treatment Protocol Front of Upper Leg Front of Lower Leg Back of Upper Leg Back of Lower Leg Meralgia Paraesthetica (a) Symptoms (b) Cause (c) Treatment Groin Strain (a) Symptoms (b) Treatment Hamstring Strain (a) Symptoms (b) Treatment B. Knee Aids to Diagnosis: Knee Major Anatomical Features of the Knee Overview of Knee Conditions Anterior or Posterior Cruciate Ligament Damage/Tear (a) Symptoms (b) Anatomy (c) Tests for Cruciate Ligament Integrity Test for the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Test for the Posterior Cruciate Ligament Collateral Ligament Damage or Tear (a) Symptoms (b) Anatomy (c) Test for Lateral (Fibula) Collateral Ligament Integrity (d) Test for Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament Integrity (e) Treatment Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 41

28 3. Ilio-Tibial Band Syndrome Please see the heading 3. Ilio-Tibial Band Syndrome (Runner s Knee) on page Caught Synovial Fringe (a) Symptoms (b) Treatment Meniscal Issues (a) Meniscal Tears Symptoms Treatment (b) Caught Meniscus Caught Lateral Meniscus Description and Symptoms Instructions for Adjusting the Lateral Meniscus Caught Medial Meniscus Description and Symptoms Instructions for Adjusting the Medial Meniscus Dislocating Kneecap (a) Signs and Symptoms (b) The Valgus Problem (c) Initial Treatment Instructions for Adjusting the Kneecap Cross-Fibre Massage and Myofascial Release (d) Muscle Imbalances: How They Contribute to the Problem & Corrective Action Weak Vastus Medialis Corrective Action Medial Femur Rotation: Weak Gluteus Medius and Functional Valgus Corrective Action Neural Re-education Chondromalacia Patella (Patello-Femoral Pain Syndrome, Runner s Knee) (a) Symptoms (b) Factors and Treatment in Common with Dislocating Kneecap (c) Tight and Myofascially Hardened Quadriceps Femoris The Importance of the Patella Impact on the Patella if Quadriceps are Tight Corrective Action for Tight Quadriceps (d) Overall Treatment Patellar Tendonitis (Osgood-Schlatter Disease) (a) Symptoms and Development (b) Treatment C. Lower Leg, Ankle and Foot Aids to Diagnosis: Lower Leg, Ankle & Foot Compartment Syndromes and Shin Splints (a) Compartment Syndromes Acute Compartment Syndromes Symptoms Origin Chronic Compartment Syndromes Symptoms The Importance of Psoas Major Treatment of Chronic Compartment Syndromes (b) Shin Splints (Periostitis of the Medial Margin of the Tibia) Symptoms The Importance of Psoas Major Treatment of Shin Splints Lower Limb Neuropathies (a) Peroneal Nerve Syndrome Symptoms Cause Nerve Compression by Peroneus Longus Treatment (b) Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Symptoms Cause Treatment Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

29 3. Recurring Sprain/Strain of the Ankle and Lateral Side of the Foot (a) Symptoms (b) Contributing Factors (c) Treatment Adjusting the Ankle Cartilages Method Retraining the Proprioceptors Method Pain on the Lateral Dorsal Aspect of the Foot (a) Cause (b) Treatment Tenosynovitis (a) Symptoms (b) Causes (c) Common Locations of Ankle Tenosynovitis Peroneus Longus and Peroneus Brevis Tibialis Anterior and Extensor Hallucis Longus Extensor Digitorum Longus (d) Treatment Achilles Problems (a) Origin of Achilles Problems (b) Presenting Pathologies Rupture of the Achilles Tendon Complete Rupture Partial Rupture Apophysitis Calcanei (Sever s Disease) Avulsion Achilles Bursitis Achilles Tendonitis (c) Achilles Tendonitis Under the Microscope Plantaris Muscle and Tendon Involvement Structural or Functional Valgus Correcting the Valgus (d) General Treatment for Achilles Problems Acute Phase Long Term Treatment Plantar Fasciitis (a) Definition of Plantar Fasciitis (b) Description of the Plantar Fascia (c) Role of the Plantar Fascia (d) Causes of Plantar Fasciitis (e) Categories of Plantar Fasciitis Generalised Plantar Fasciitis (Policeman s Foot) Symptoms Local Plantar Fasciitis (Heel Pain) Symptoms Local Plantar Fasciitis: The Process of Development (f) Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis Releasing the Plantar Fascia Response to Treatment Pain on the Ball of the Foot or in Front of the Ball of the Foot (a) Morton s Neuroma (b) Collapsed Anterior Arch of the Foot What is the Anterior Arch of the Foot? What is the Function of the Anterior Arch of the Foot? What Happens When the Anterior Arch of the Foot Collapses? Symptoms Cause Treatment (c) Localised Plantar Fasciitis (d) Tight Transverse Head of Adductor Hallucis Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 43

30 Goltech Advanced: Strengthen and Stretch Introduction A. General Introduction The Foundation of Athletic Performance The Foundations of Injury Prevention B. Introduction to Strength Training Equipment The Advantages of Bodyweight Exercises When to Train (a) Frequency (b) Time of Day How to Train (a) No Pain, No Gain? (b) Do Not Train to Failure (c) Slow but Steady Wins the Race Corrective Exercises C. Introduction to Stretching Stretching What? (a) We Do Not Stretch Joints (b) We Do Not Stretch Muscles (c) So What is Changing? When to Stretch and How to Do It (a) Warm-Up Stretches Method (b) Muscle Lengthening Stretches Method (c) Comment on the Strengthen and Stretch DVD D. Organising a Strengthen and Stretch Training Session Warm-Up Warm-Up Stretches Strength Training Muscle Lengthening Stretches Warm-Down Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

31 Goltech Advanced: Strengthen and Stretch Posture A. Strength Posture Correction Exercises These are also covered under 3. Postural Training on pages 207ff. (a) Mid-Back & Head Position Exercise (b) Visualisation to Set Posture B. Stretch Hip Flexors (a) Test for Tight Psoas (b) Psoas Stretch C. Other Considerations in Posture Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 45

32 Goltech Advanced: Strengthen and Stretch Core and Spine A. Strength Core Muscle Recruitment & Coordination Training: Basic (a) Exercise 1: Transversus Abdominis Recruitment Training (b) Exercise 2: Multifidus Recruitment Training Core Muscle Recruitment & Coordination Training: Advanced (a) Exercise 1: Co-Contraction (b) Exercise 2: Integration Drill Level 1: Crawl Position Integration Drill Level 2: Push-Up Position Integration Drill Feet Apart Level 3: Push-Up Position Integration Drill Feet Together Abdomen: Sit-Backs and Leg-Raises (a) Introduction: Spotlight on Leg-Raises The Correct Performance of Leg-Raises Your Role as a Practitioner (b) Level 1: Sit-Backs (c) Level 2: 45 O Leg-Raises (d) Level 3: 90 O Leg-Raises (e) Level 4: Obtuse Angle Leg-Raises (f) Level 5: Straight Leg-Raises Back: Bridges (a) Level 1: Shoulder Bridges (b) Level 2: Planks (c) Level 3: Half Bridges (d) Level 4: Full Bridges Corrective Exercise (a) Ball Squats: Gluteus Medius Weakness Method B. Stretch Hip Flexors See 1. Hip Flexors on page Buttocks (a) Stretch (b) Stretch Neck (a) Stretch (b) Stretch Back (a) Lats (b) Lower Back Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

33 Goltech Advanced: Strengthen and Stretch Upper Limb A. Strength Push-Ups (a) Level 1: Wall Push-Ups (b) Level 2: One Arm Wall Push-Ups (c) Level 3: Knee Push-Ups (d) Level 4: Half Floor Push-Ups (e) Level 5: Floor Push-Ups Pull-Ups (a) Level 1: Veranda Post Pulls (b) Level 2: One Arm Veranda Post Pulls (c) Level 3: Quarter Standard Pull-Ups (d) Level 4: Half Standard Pull-Ups (e) Level 5: Standard Pull-Ups Corrective Exercises (a) Pendulums: For Serious Shoulder Problems Method (b) Strengthening Serratus Anterior: Winged Scapula Method B. Stretch Chest (a) Stretch (b) Stretch Shoulders (a) Stretch (b) Stretch (c) Stretch Forearms (a) Stretch (b) Stretch Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 47

34 Goltech Advanced: Strengthen and Stretch Lower Limb A. Strength Squats (a) Level 1: Quarter Squats (b) Level 2: Half Squats (c) Level 3: Full Squats Corrective Exercise (a) Eccentric Single Leg Calf Raises: Achilles Issues Method B. Stretch Quads Hamstrings Adductors Calves (a) Gastrocnemius Stretch (b) Soleus Stretch (c) Combination Calf Stretch Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

35 Recommended Study Books A. General Anatomy & Physiology B. Syndesmology (Joints) C. Diagnosis and Treatment Websites A. General Links to Anatomy Information and Images B. Myology (Muscles) C. Osteology (Bones) D. Syndesmology (Joints) Endnotes Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 49

36 Figures and Tables Figures Figure 1: The Forces Involved in Cross-Fibre Massage...70 Figure 2: Body Position Symbol...78 Figure 3: Arrow Convention...79 Figure 4: Gluteals...80 Figure 5: Femoral Rotators...80 Figure 6: Gluteals Revisited...81 Figure 7: Tensor Fascia Lata & Gluteus Medius...81 Figure 8: Erector Spinae...82 Figure 9: Quadratus Lumborum...82 Figure 10: Lats & Traps...83 Figure 11: Upper Traps & Levator Scapula...83 Figure 12: Upper Lats, Teres Major & Rear Deltoids...84 Figure 13: Infraspinatus & Teres Minor I...84 Figure 14: Infraspinatus & Teres Minor II...85 Figure 15: Levator Scapula I...85 Figure 16: Levator Scapula II...86 Figure 17: Neck Lateral Flexors...86 Figure 18: Neck Extensors and Lateral Flexors...87 Figure 19: Rhomboids I...87 Figure 20: Rhomboids II...88 Figure 21: Erector Spinae...88 Figure 22: Neck Extensors...89 Figure 23: Deep Occipital Neck Muscles...89 Figure 24: Psoas Procedure I...90 Figure 25: Psoas Procedure II...90 Figure 26: Pectoralis Minor & Pectoralis Major...91 Figure 27: Front of Shoulder...92 Figure 28: Front of Upper Arm...93 Figure 29: Back of Upper Arm...93 Figure 30: Wrist Extensors I...94 Figure 31: Wrist Extensors II...94 Figure 32: Wrist Flexors...95 Figure 33: Wrist Retinacula...95 Figure 34: Hand Extensors Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust

37 Figure 35: Hand Flexors...96 Figure 36: Back of Upper Leg I...97 Figure 37: Back of Upper Leg II...98 Figure 38: Back of Lower Leg I...99 Figure 39: Back of Lower Leg IIa...99 Figure 40: Back of Lower Leg IIb Figure 41: Back of Lower Leg III Figure 42: Front of Upper Leg I Figure 43: Front of Upper Leg II Figure 44: Front of Upper Leg III Figure 45: Front of Lower Leg I Figure 46: Front of Lower Leg II Figure 47: Front of Lower Leg III Figure 48: Front of Lower Leg IV Figure 49: Dorsal Foot Anatomy Review Figure 50: Ankle & Foot I Figure 51: Ankle & Foot II Figure 52: Ankle & Foot III Figure 53: Synovial Joint Without Disc Figure 54: Synovial Joint With Disc Figure 55: Articular Disc of the Temperomandibular Joint (TMJ) Figure 56: Articular Disc of the Sternoclavicular Joint Figure 57: Articular Discs (Menisci) of the Left Knee Figure 58: Pubic Symphysis Showing Fibrocartilage Connection Figure 59: Structure of Skeletal Muscle Figure 60: Structure of a Single Muscle Fibre Figure 61: Structure of Myofibrils and Sarcomeres Figure 62: Sarcomeres and the Sliding Filament Theory of Muscular Contraction Figure 63: The Neuromuscular Junction Figure 64: Modified Joint Capsule as a Synovial Sheath Figure 65: Modified Bursae as Synovial Sheaths Figure 66: Anatomical Planes of the Body Figure 67: The Ankle as an Example of Balance Figure 68: Post and Lintel in Force Distribution Figure 69: Arch in Force Distribution Figure 70: Elastic Resilience in the Lower Limb Figure 71: The Achilles Tendon as an Example of Balance Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust 51

38 Figure 72: Assessing Lateral Pelvic Tilt Using Iliac Crest Heights Figure 73: Assessing Lateral Pelvic Tilt Using Shoulder Heights Figure 74: The Role of Quadratus Lumborum in Lateral Pelvic Tilt Figure 75: Rotational Tilt, Psoas Major and Lumbar Lordosis I Figure 76: Rotational Tilt, Psoas Major and Lumbar Lordosis II Figure 77: The Role of Head Position in Posture Figure 78: Posture Correction Exercise Figure 79: Psoas Stretch Figure 80: Muscles Involved in Lateral Pelvic Tilt I Figure 81: Muscles Involved in Lateral Pelvic Tilt II Figure 82: Hip Flexors Figure 83: Hip Extensors Figure 84: Trunk Flexors Figure 85: Approximately Normal Posture Figure 86: Lumbar Lordosis with Chest Forward Figure 87: Exaggerated Lumbar Lordosis with Normal Thoracic Kyphosis Figure 88: Postural Hip Flexion Figure 89: Flat Lumbars (Associated with Posterior Pelvic Tilt) Figure 90: Postural Hyperextension (Hips Thrust Forward) Figure 91: Scoliosis Figure 92: Schematic and Illustrations of Typical Vertebra Figure 93: Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) Figure 94: Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) Figure 95: Relative Thickness of ALL c.f. PLL Figure 96: Ligamenta Flava Figure 97: Supraspinous Ligament Figure 98: Interspinous Ligaments Figure 99: Intertransverse Ligaments Figure 100: Transverse Ligament of the Atlas I Figure 101: Transverse Ligament of the Atlas II Figure 102: Alar or Odontoid Ligament Figure 103: Iliolumbar Ligament Figure 104: The Intervertebral Disc I Figure 105: The Intervertebral Disc II Figure 106: Spinal Absorption of Axial Compression Forces Figure 107: Articular Surfaces of the Spine Figure 108: Anatomical Planes of the Body Copyright 2013 Davies Natural Therapies Pty Ltd atf The Davies Natural Therapies Trust