in compact bone, large vertical canals carrying blood vessels and nerves. in compact bone, large horizontal canals carrying blood vessels and nerves.

Transcription

1 Carl Christensen, PhD Skeletal System (Bones`) Bio Human Anatomy 1. Identify a term for each of the following: shaft of a long bone ends of a long bone ossified remnant of the "growth plate" connective tissue lining the medullary cavity connective tissue covering the shaft hyaline cartilage covering the ends of the bone type of marrow found inside the medullary cavity of an adult bone type of marrow used for lipid storage dominant type of marrow found in spongy bone type of marrow used for hematopoeisis spaces found in spongy bone thin plates of bone in spongy bone (form latticework structure) in compact bone, large vertical canals carrying blood vessels and nerves. in compact bone, large horizontal canals carrying blood vessels and nerves. concentric rings of bony matrix in compact bone. the outer connective tissue covering of the diaphysis the connective tissue layer lining the medullary cavity the spaces in which osteocytes lie tiny canals in bony matrix through which nutrients/wastes travel to/from osteocytes spongy bone layer in a flat bone 2. Name three bones where red marrow can be found. 3. Define the following and give an example of each: long bone short bone flat bone irregular bone 4. Explain how osteocytes receive nutrients in osteons of compact bone. 1

2 Explain how osteocytes receive nutrients in trabeculae of spongy bone. 5. Explain appositional and interstitial growth of long bones. Make sure to include where each occurs in the bone. 6. Bony matrix is composed of mineral salts, such as, & fibers. What are the functions of these 2 components? 7. Match the bone cell with its description. a. osteoclast b. osteoblast c. osteocytes d. osteogenic cells 1. produces bony matrix. 2. breaks down bony matrix 3. mature osteoblast; surrounded by bony matrix, but no longer produces it. 4. activated when blood calcium levels are low. 5. activated when blood calcium levels are high. 6. found in the periosteum & endosteum 7. found in osteons 8. arise from macrophages (leukocyte) 9. activated by parathyroid hormone 10. activated by calcitonin 11. gives rise to osteoblasts 9. Name three functions of the paranasal sinus. 10. Name the 4 paranasal sinuses. 11. What is the function of the nasal conchae? 12. Which of the following is NOT a cranial bone or part of a cranial bone? a. vomer k. parietal u. perpendicular plate b. inferior nasal conchae l. occipital v. mandibular process (condyle) c. superior nasal conchae m. zygomatic w. zygomatic arch d. middle nasal conchae n. frontal x. external auditory meatus e. temporal o. nasal y. mandibular fossa f. lacrimal p. palatine z. foramen magnum g. ethmoid q. crista galli aa. optic foramina h. sphenoid r. sella turcica i. maxilla s. cribriform plate j. mandible t. mastoid process 13. Olfactory neurons penetrate holes in the plate of the ethmoid bone. 14. The of the ethmoid forms the superior portion of the nasal septum. The bone forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum. 2

3 15. What 2 bones form the hard palate? Which of these bones forms most of the hard palate? 16. The pituitary gland rests in the of the sphenoid bone. 17. Name the 4 cranial sutures. 18. When looking at an anterior view of the nasal cavity in the skull, which 2 pr. of nasal conchae can be seen? 19. What two bones form the "TMJ?" 20. What bone forms around the tear ducts? 21. The cheek bone is called the. 22. The large hole in the occipital bone is called the. 23. Meninges or coverings of the brain connect to the of the ethmoid bone. 24. What bone is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone? 25. What is the function of the hyoid bone? 26. How do you determine if a rib is a true rib or a false rib? 27. How do you determine if a rib is a floating rib? 28. Name the 5 types of vertebra. 29. What structure is unique to cervical vertebrae? 30. What structure is unique to thoracic vertebrae? 31. The spinal cord passes through the foramen in a vertebra. 32. What vertebra lacks a body? 33. C1 is called the ; C2 is called the. 34. The process on the axis on which the atlas rotates is called the. 35. The tailbone is called the. 36. The five fused vertebrae are referred to as the. 37. The shoulder blades are called the. 38. The collar bone is called the. 39. The head of the humerus fits into the cavity of the scapula. 40. The elbow is called the. 41. Your deltoid muscle has its insertion on which bone? 42. Your biceps brachii muscle has its insertion on which bone? 3

4 43. The head of the radius articulates with the on the humerus. 44. The ulna articulates with the on the humerus. 45. Where do a majority of hip fractures occur? (Be specific) 45. Your inner ankle on the tibia is called your ; your outer ankle on the fibula is called your. 46. The heel bone is called the. 47. The knee cap is called the. 48. The head of the femur fits into the of the pelvis. 49. Name the three bones of the pelvis. The largest of these is the. 50. If someone has a bony butt, what part of the pelvis are you referring to? 51. How do you tell the difference between a male pelvis and a female pelvis? 52. The large hole in the pelvis is referred to as the. 53. What pelvic bone articulates with the sacrum? 54. Name 4 hormones that exert effects on bone tissue. 55. Which of the above hormones increase blood calcium levels? Which of the above hormones decrease blood calcium levels? 56. Which of the above hormones stimulates osteoblasts? Which of the above hormones stimulates osteoclasts? Which of the above hormones enhances the effects of calcitriol? Which of the above hormones comes from vitamin D and targets the small intestine to absorb more calcium from what you are eating? 57. How many tarsals/metatarsals/digits are there in each foot? 58. How many carpals/metacarpals/digits are there in each hand? 59. Explain each stage of bone repair. Indicate the sequence in which the stage occurs (number 1-4) Bony callus formation Hematoma formation Remodeling Fibrocartilaginous callus formation 60. What is stored in the bone? 4

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