Control center! (set point)! (Change is compared! to the set point.)!
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1 Fig01.05 Control center! (set point)! Receptors (Change is compared! to the set point.)! Effectors! (muscles or glands)! Stimulus! (Change occurs! in internal! environment.)! Response! (Change is corrected.)
2 Fig01.06 Control center! Thermostat detects! deviation from set! point and signals! effectors.! Receptors! Thermostat in room! detects change.! Effectors! Heater turns off; air! conditioner turns on.! Stimulus! Room temperature rises! above normal.! Response! Room temperature! returns toward! set point.! too high Normal room! temperature! Thermostat! set point! too low Stimulus! Room temperature! decreases.! Response! Room temperature! returns toward set point.! Receptors! Thermostat in! room detects change.! Effectors! Heater turns on;! air conditioner! turns off.! Control center! Thermostat detects! deviation from set! point and signals! effectors.!
![Fig01.07 Control center! The brain detects the! deviation from the set! point and signals! effector organs.! Receptors! Thermoreceptors! ]send signals to the! control center.! Effectors!](/docs-images/84/91042871/images/3-1.jpg "Skin blood vessels! dilate (increasing skin! blood flow), and sweat! glands secrete.! Stimulus! Body temperature! rises above normal.! Response! Body heat is lost to! surroundings, temperature!")
3 Fig01.07 Control center! The brain detects the! deviation from the set! point and signals! effector organs.! Receptors! Thermoreceptors! ]send signals to the! control center.! Effectors! Skin blood vessels! dilate (increasing skin! blood flow), and sweat! glands secrete.! Stimulus! Body temperature! rises above normal.! Response! Body heat is lost to! surroundings, temperature! drops toward normal.! too high Normal body! temperature! 37 C (98.6 F) too low Stimulus! Body temperature! drops below normal.! Response! Body heat is conserved,! temperature rises toward normal.! Receptors! Thermoreceptors! send signals to the! control center.! Effectors! Skin blood vessels! constrict (decreasing! skin blood flow), and! sweat glands remain! inactive.! Effectors! Muscle! activity! generates! body heat.! Control center! The brain detects the! deviation from the set! point and signals! effector organs.! If body temperature! continues to drop,! control center signals! muscles to contract! involuntarily.!
4 Fig01.08 Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic! cavity! Abdoaminal! cavity! Pelvic cavity (a) Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Thoracic! cavity! Right pleural! cavity! Pericardial! cavity! Mediastinum Left pleural cavity Diaphragm Thoracic cavity Abdominal! cavity! Abdominopelvic! cavity! Pelvic cavity (b)
5 Fig01.09 Cranial cavity Frontal sinuses Orbital cavities Sphenoidal sinus Nasal cavity Middle ear cavity Oral cavity
6 Fig01.10 Vertebra Spinal cord Plane of! section! Mediastinum Aorta Esophagus Right lung Left lung Rib Heart Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Sternum Anterior Visceral pericardium Pericardial cavity Parietal pericardium
7 Fig01.11 Vertebra Spinal cord Plane of! section! Right kidney Left kidney Pancreas Large! intestine! Liver Gallbladder Small intestine Spleen Small intestine Large intestine Rib Stomach Visceral peritoneum Peritoneal cavity Parietal peritoneum Anterior
8 Fig01.13 Midline Right Left Proximal Medial Lateral Distal Anterior (Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal) Proximal Distal Inferior
9 Fig01.14 Median (midsagittal) plane Parasagittal! plane! McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc. A section along the! median plane! Transverse! (horizontal! plane)! McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc. A section along a transverse! plane! Paul Reimann; photographer A section along a frontal! plane! Frontal! (coronal)! plane! The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis
10 Fig01.16 Right! hypochondriac! region! Epigastric! region! Left! hypochondriac! region! Right upper! Left upper! quadrant (RUQ)! quadrant (LUQ)! (a)! Right! lumbar! region! Umbilical! region! Right! iliac! region! Hypogastric! region! Left! lumbar! region! Right lower! Left lower! quadrant (RLQ)! quadrant (LLQ)! Left! iliac! region! (b)!
11 Fig01.17 Cephalic (head) Acromial! (point of shoulder)! Axillary (armpit) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm)! Antecubital! (front of elbow)! Abdominal! (abdomen)! Antebrachial! (forearm)! Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Otic (ear) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye cavity) Buccal (cheek) Mental (chin) Sternal Pectoral! (chest)! Umbilical! (navel) Inguinal! (groin)! Coxal! (hip)! Occipital! (back of head)! Acromial! (point of shoulder)! Vertebral! (spinal column)! Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Cubital (elbow) Lumbar! (lower back)! Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttocks) Perineal Digital (finger) Genital! (reproductive organs)! Patellar! (front of knee)! Sural (calf) Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Crural (leg) Tarsal (instep) Pedal (foot) (a) Digital (toe) (b) Plantar (sole)
12 Plate_01 Sternocleidomastoid m. Trapezius m. Clavicle Deltoid m. Pectoralis major m. Mammary gland Areola Nipple Breast Serratus anterior m. Rectus abdominis m. External oblique m. Umbilicus Anterior superior! iliac spine! Sartorius m. Femoral v. Mons pubis Great saphenous v.
13 Plate_02 Larynx Common carotid a. Sternocleidomastoid m. Clavicle Internal jugular v. Thyroid gland External! intercostal m.! Deltoid m. Coracobrachialis m. Pectoralis! minor m.! Pectoralis! major m.! Latissimus! dorsi m.! Long head! biceps! brachii m.! Short head! biceps! brachii m.! Serratus! anterior m.! Rectus abdominis m. External! oblique m.! Internal! oblique m.! Transversus! abdominis m.! Linea alba Transversus! abdominis m.! Femoral n. Femoral a. Femoral v. Rectus! abdominis m. (cut)! Tensor fasciae! latae m.! Sartorius m. Rectus femoris m. Great saphenous v.
14 Plate_03 Common carotid a. Thyroid cartilage Internal jugular v. External jugular v. Subscapularis m. Thyroid gland Trachea Subclavian v. Coracobrachialis m. Teres! major m.! Latissimus! dorsi m.! Sternum External! intercostal! mm.! Left lung Internal! intercostal! mm.! Liver Falciform ligament Pericardial sac Diaphragm Stomach External oblique m. Gallbladder Internal oblique m. Greater omentum Urinary bladder Inguinal canal Spermatic cord Transversus! abdominis m.! Anterior superior! iliac spine! Small intestine Femoral n. Penis Femoral a. Sartorius m. Femoral v.
15 Plate_04 Thyroid cartilage Thyroid gland Right and left! brachiocephalic vv.! Subclavian v. Arch of aorta Brachial plexus Subclavian a. Axillary v. Axillary a. Pulmonary! trunk! Coracobrachialis m. Musculocutaneous n. Humerus Brachial a. Heart Lobes of right lung Lobes of! left lung! Diaphragm Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon Spleen Stomach Transverse colon Descending colon Small intestine Cecum Urinary bladder Vermiform appendix Ductus deferens Femoral n. Adductor longus m. Penis (cut) Epididymis Testis Scrotum Vastus lateralis m. Rectus femoris m. Vastus medialis m. Gracilis m.
16 Plate_05 Common carotid a. Right subclavian a. Brachiocephalic a. Superior vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Larynx Trachea! Left subclavian a. Arch of aorta Pulmonary a. Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary v.! Left atrium Lung Left ventricle Lobes of liver Gallbladder Cystic duct Diaphragm Spleen Stomach Duodenum Transverse colon! Ascending colon Mesentery lleum (cut) Cecum Appendix Common iliac a. Ovary Uterine tube Femoral a. Femoralv.! Adductor longus m. Gracilis m. V astus medialis m. Jejunum (cut) Descending colon Ureter Sigmoid colon Rectum Uterus Tensor fasciae latae m.! Round ligament of uterus Urinary bladder Great saphenous v. Rectus femoris m. Vastus lateralis m.! Sartorius m.
17 Plate_06 Right internal jugular v. Esophagus Trachea Right common carotid a. Left subclavian a. Left subclavian v. Left brachiocephalic v. Superior vena cava Arch of aorta Right bronchus Esophagus Descending (thoracic)! aorta! Pleural cavity Diaphragm Inferior vena cava Adrenal gland Spleen Celiac a. Pancreas Right kidney Duodenum Superior mesenteric v. Left kidney Superior mesenteric a. Inferior mesenteric a. Left common iliac a. Ureter Sartorius m. (cut) Tensor fasciae latae m. (cut) Rectus femoris m. Adductor longus m. Descending! colon (cut)! Sigmoid colon Ovary Uterus Rectus! femoris m. (cut)! Urinary bladder Pubic symphysis Adductor brevis m. Vastus lateralis m. Gracilis m. Vastus intermedius m.
18 Plate_07 Esophagus Left common carotid a. Right subclavian a. Brachiocephalic a. Arch of aorta Thoracic cavity Rib External intercostal m. Internal intercostal m. Descending (thoracic)! aorta! Diaphragm Esophagus Abdominal cavity Diaphragm Inferior vena cava Abdominal aorta Quadratus lumborum m. Intervertebral disc Transversus! abdominis m.! lliac crest lliacus m. Psoas major m. Gluteus medius m. Pubic symphysis Fifth lumbar vertebra Anterior superior! iliac spine! Pelvic sacral foramen Sacrum Rectum Vagina Urethra Obturator foramen Femur Adductor longus m. Gracilis m. Adductor magnus m.
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