An Introduc+on to what you will be learning this year in AP Psych.

Transcription

1 An Introduc+on to what you will be learning this year in AP Psych.

2 Root Words Psyche: the soul Ology: the study of

3 What is it? Psychology The scien+fic study of behavior and mental processes. Do our feelings always match our behaviors? If you call me dumb, I may feel sad inside. But I will s+ll act tough. (while s+ll crying on the inside, so be gentle).

4 History of Psychology Where did it come from? Philosophy (study of knowledge) Physiology (study of biological func+ons) Evidence of trephina+on (cujng holes into a skull to let evil spirits out) in the stone age.

5 History of Psychology Rene Descartes True knowledge comes through reasoning Heredity provides individuals with inborn knowledge and abili+es and we use this to reason (we are born knowing stuff) We are to doubt everything that s the only way we can be certain about anything I think, therefore I am.(because we think, we exist)

6 History of Psychology John Locke Saw the mind as recep+ve and passive, with its main goal as sensing and perceiving Tabula rasa we are born as a blank slate (i.e. everything we know is learned) FYI: today, many psychologists disagree This is in direct contrast to the ra+onalist Descartes

7 History of Psychology Introspec+on Started with William Wundt s first psychological laboratory (1879) and his concept of introspec+on (structuralism = breaking sensa+on & percep+on down into minute details). Then William James wrote The Principles of Psychology and discussed func+onalism (applying natural selec+on to mental processes what s the purpose?).

8 AP Exam Ques+on Self- reflec+ve introspec+on (looking inward) to discern the elements of experience best describes a technique used by a. Darwinists b. Empiricists c. Structuralists d. Behaviorists e. Ancient Greek philosophers

9 Gestalt Psychology Led by Max Wertheimer. feel. Experience the world. The whole of an experience > the sum of its parts Think for a moment of all the reasons that you love your mom. If you add all those reasons up, do they equal your love for your mom?

10 Seven Perspec+ves Today, psychologists can pick and choose from about 7 schools of thought to help you with your problems. Thus we have: THE SEVEN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

11 AP Exam Ques+on Which perspec+ve would most likely explain anger as an outlet for unconscious hos+lity? a. Socio- Cultural b. Psychodynamic c. Behavioral d. Func+onalist e. Biological

12 AP Exam Ques+on Which perspec+ve would most likely look at how our interpreta+on of a situa+on affects how we react to it? a. Psychodynamic b. Cogni+ve c. Behavioral d. Socio- Cultural e. Evolu+onary

13 Biopsychology (Neuroscience) Perspec+ve All of your feelings and behaviors have an organic root. In other words, they come from your brain, body chemistry, neurotransmieers, etc If you could not remember the names of your parents and went to a psychologist who adheres to the neuroscience perspecmve, what might s/he say?

14 Might fix you through surgery The Lobotomy damages your frontal lobe to relieve you of anxiety. Cut the corpus callosum to keep seizures from spreading to the other side of the brain.

15 Might fix you through medica+on Prozac an+depressant blocks reuptake of serotonin. Xanax an+- anxiety (side effect of drowsiness) Thorazine replaced the lobotomy

16 Evolu+onary Perspec+ve Focuses on Darwinism. We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival. How did this behavior ensure Homer s ancestors survival?

17 Evolu+onary Psychology Why do women spend so much money on smaller purchases a weekly basis, but men will surprise their wives with a brand new car (without asking her)? Why do women have more bug phobias? Evolu+onary psychologists try to explain these behaviors with comparisons to hunter- gather cultures.

18 Psychoanaly+c Perspec+ve Focuses on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences. We repress many of our true feelings and are not aware of them. In order to get beeer, we must bring forward the true feelings we have in our unconscious. If a man has in+macy issues and cannot form rela+onships with others. What do you think someone from this school may think? Perhaps they may delve into the man s unconscious and discover that he was bullied when he were younger. The bullying may have caused fear in gejng close to others.

19 Psychoanalysis This wave of thinking started with Sigmund Freud (in the early 1900 s). In a nutshell, during this +me period people believed that most of your feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious. We protect ourselves from our real feeling by using defense mechanisms.

20 A Sampling of Freud s Beliefs Oedipus Complex: Son resents father, loves mother Electra Complex: Daughter resents mother, loves father Freudian Slip: a mistake in speech that occurs due to the interference of some unconscious wish, conflict, or train of thought. Penis Envy: women secretly want to be men Sex and Mothers: everything is sexual, all problems can be traced to childhood and are the fault of the mother

21 Defense Mechanisms

22 Behaviorism By the mid 1900 s, Psychoanalysis seemed very unscien+fic. Behaviorists decided to bring real science back into psychology, closing their eyes to some aspects of humanity. Changing your behavior > how you feel Behaviorism is NOT interested in the unconscious mind since it cannot be observed in a laboratory. Very popular during the conserva+ve 1950 s when social appearance maeered more than self expression.

23 John Watson, Behaviorist, 1930 Give me a dozen healthy infants, well- formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - - doctor, lawyer, arast, merchant- chief and, yes, even beggar- man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abiliaes, vocaaons, and race of his ancestors.

24 John B. Watson ( ) First to use the term behaviorism Famous experiment with Liele Albert Emo+ons like fear could be condi+oned

25 Skinner s Legacy Skinner argued that behaviors were shaped by external influences instead of inner thoughts and feelings. Cri+cs argued that Skinner dehumanized people by neglec+ng their free will. 25

26 Behavioral Perspec+ve Pretend that you fail psychology class. You become depressed. In turn, you begin to binge and gain weight. What do you think a behaviorists may recommend? They would probably ignore the fact that you are depressed and just focus on your overea+ng. Focuses on observable behaviors while pujng feelings to the side. We behave in ways because we have been condi+oned to do so. To change behaviors, we have to recondi+on the client. Maybe make you run a mile every +me you eat over 2000 calories.

27 Behaviorism The behavioral perspec+ve can explain why people get addicted to gambling (posi+ve reinforcement) Why students don t take their own agendas to the bathroom/lockers (rewards of the adrenaline rush?) Why that girl won t text you anymore (How was she reinforced for tex+ng you?)

28 Humanist Perspec+ve Peaked in the late 1960 s and 1970 s. it focused on spirituality and free will. We have to strive to be our best self: self- actualiza+on. Happiness is defined by the distance between our self- concept and ideal self.

29 Humanism Abraham Maslow said we have a hierarchy of needs

30 Humanism Carl Rogers revolu+onized talk therapy. His therapy is client- centered, where the client has all the answers instead of the therapist. Therapists treat the client with uncondi+onal posi+ve regard (no judgments). Group therapy comes from Humanism.

31 Cogni+ve Perspec+ve Focuses on how we think (or encode informa+on) Believe behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes including percep+ons, memories, and expecta+ons How do we see the world? How did we learn to act to sad or happy events? Cogni+ve Therapists aeempt to change the way you think. You meet a girl Hopes are high!!! She rejects you don t even get digits. How do you react to the rejec+on? Some learn get back on the horse and try again. Some learn to give up and live a lonely life of solitude.

32 Cogni+ve Psychologists Alan Baddeley studied memory. He s famous for his model for working memory (STM)

33 Cogni+ve Psychologists Jean Piaget studied cogni+ve development in kids.

34 Social- Cultural Perspec+ve Says that much of your behavior and your feelings are dictated by the culture you live in. Some cultures kiss each other when gree+ng; some bow. Does your culture place value on individual or the group?

35 Psychology s Three Main Levels of Analysis The best psychologist analyzes a problem from the 3 main levels the biopsychosocial approach. 35

36 AP Exam Ques+on Which perspec+ve would most likely explain anger as an outlet for unconscious hos+lity? a. Socio- Cultural b. Psychodynamic c. Behavioral d. Func+onalist e. Biological

37 AP Exam Ques+on Which perspec+ve would most likely look at how our interpreta+on of a situa+on affects how we react to it? a. Psychodynamic b. Cogni+ve c. Behavioral d. Socio- Cultural e. Evolu+onary

38 AP Exam Ques+on In the first part of the 20 th century, several German psychologists argued that humans consistently aeempt to organize sensory s+muli into coherent wholes. This conten+on became the theme of a. Later research into ins+tu+onaliza+on of mental pa+ents b. Gestalt psychology c. The community mental health movement d. The behavioral school of thought e. IQ tes+ng

39 AP Exam Ques+on Into what school of thought would you most associate the concept of uncondi+onal posi+ve regard? a. Trait Theory b. Psychoanaly+c Theory c. Cogni+ve Theory d. Behavioral Theory e. Humanis+c Theory

40 AP Exam Ques+on According to George Kelly, individuals build and revise their own personal constructs which help them to understand and explain the world to themselves. Such a concep+on fits best under a. Cogni+ve Theory b. Gestalt Theory c. Phenomenology d. Introspec+on e. Func+onalism