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1 [ ]? 1 Local goods in India were purchased with durable gold and silver coins, each dated by the image of a Roman emperor. Caches of these coins are still being discovered in south India, offering us a glimpse of trade patterns two thousand years ago. They include gold and silver coins from the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius (27 BC to AD 37), suggesting a vigorous trade in a large volume of goods. After the death of Tiberius, the composition of the Indian coin caches changes. Significant numbers of only gold, but not silver, coins bearing the heads of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero (AD 37 68) are found. According to the historian E. H. Warmington, this absence of silver coins suggests a trade mainly in luxury goods during that period. Few Roman coins of any type are found after the death of Marcus Aurelius in AD 180. When Roman and Han authority finally collapsed around AD 200, trade with the East came to an almost complete standstill. value source location function composition [ ] durable / date / emperor / reign, / vigorous / mainly / luxury goods / collapse / come to a standstill, *cache, 1!!

2 11-1.? 2 Primate social systems, including those of humans, are implicit social contracts where, in effect, members agree to forgo their immediate self-interests, in order to gain greater benefits, in the long run, by solving some ecological problem more effectively. For most primates, this ecological problem will usually be predation risk. By banding together, individuals reduce their exposure to the risk of being caught by a predator, either because they benefit from a many eyes advantage (the time needed to monitor the surroundings for predators can be shared, thus reducing the cost to each individual) or because the presence of many individuals is an effective deterrent to most predators. There is evidence to suggest that, as primate species have colonized more terrestrial and/or more open habitats (where the risk of predation is higher), they have evolved larger groups. had more conflicts evolved larger groups eliminated divisions of labor sought more individual freedom risked doing adventurous activities [ ] primate / implicit, / contract / immediate / self-interest, / ecological ( ) / predation / band / exposure / monitor, / colonize, / terrestrial, / habitat *forgo ( ) **deterrent 2!!

3 11-2.? 3 Successful learning is possible only if experiences and knowledge are synthesized with new information received in the courses. It means that in the teachinglearning process the student group community is primary, for it is they who play the main role, not the teacher. Students activity is one of the most significant requirements toward the training. Spontaneous activity is created in group or teamwork in cooperation with others in a constant exchange of information and the shaping of common opinions. To develop the ability of group cooperation in group work starting with the experiences of the students participating in training it is important to analyze and discuss problems together, to set up alternatives, and to give reasons for the decisions reached. In this case the teacher has to help or assist only, and should not give solutions. Education should be basically student-centered. We have to make the student responsible for his own development in the teaching process. prejudice-free process-oriented student-centered respect-arousing knowledge-based [ ] synthesize, / course, / primary, / requirement / spontaneous / in cooperation with ~ / set up ~ / alternative / solution ( ) 3!!

4 11-3.? 4 The notion that teaching and leadership go hand in hand is not new. The standard definitions of leadership generally state that leaders are people who motivate one or more other people to do a specific thing. This involves teaching those other people to see the desirability of reaching that specific goal and, usually, showing them how to get there. More sophisticated definitions of leadership shift away from the idea that leaders set concrete targets or that they specify the actions to be taken. Warren Bennis, who teaches and runs a center that studies leadership at the University of Southern California, has written about leadership for decades. He states that the basis of leadership is the capacity of the leader to change the mindset, the framework, of another person. In other words, according to Bennis, leaders get people to reach for common goals by helping them see aspects of the world differently. bring up the illusion stick to the conviction shift away from the idea stand up for the argument build up the misconception [ ] notion / go hand in hand / standard ( ) / definition / specific, / desirability / sophisticated,, / concrete / specify / decade / capacity,, / mindset / framework ( ) 4!!

5 11-4.? 5 Both NASA and the U.S. Air Force commonly use flight simulations to train astronauts and pilots to cope with flight and equipment problems that might cause them to lose focus. Successful coaches also use simulations to prepare athletes for potential distractors by creating gamelike situations in practice. They may simulate pressure situations, crowd noise, weather conditions, and the time of day or night of the actual event. For example, it is not uncommon in American football for teams to run their offense with a tape of loud crowd noise or the opposing team s fight song blaring from the public address system. A professional golfer who is distracted by the sounds of a camera click may have a person take pictures while he practices putting. An athlete who loses focus if an official makes an apparently bad call could have bad calls made against her during training sessions so she can practice her refocusing strategies. The point is to make anticipated distractions familiar. eliminate sources of distraction heal your body through relaxation make anticipated distractions familiar familiarize athletes with new equipment reflect on athletes failures and mistakes [ ] astronaut / equipment / potential / distractor / simulate [ ] / offense, / opposing team / fight song / public address system ( ) / apparently / bad call / strategy / anticipated [Culture Note] putt( ):. *blare ( ) 5!!

6 & 1,., 2. Augustus Tiberius ( ),. Tiberius. Caligula, Claudius, Nero( 37~68 ),. E. H. Warmington,. 180 Marcus Aurelius. ( ) ( ) 200, 2,.,.,, (, ),. / ( ),. 3., ( )...,,,.,... 4.,.,.,. Southern California Warren Bennis.,.., Bennis,. 5 NASA..,,,.,.... 6!!