Personal Excellence and Emotional Intelligence: Creating and Validating the Personal Excellence Map. Richard D. Hammett

Transcription

1 Personal Excellence and Emotional Intelligence: Creating and Validating the Personal Excellence Map Richard D. Hammett

2 Evaluation Report Volume The International Journal Of Transformative Emotional Intelligence Research, Theory, And Practice i

3 !1 The International Journal of Transformative Emotional Intelligence: Research, Theory, and Practice Contact Information: Emotional Intelligence Training & Research Institute (EITRI) P.O. Box Corpus Christi, TX Editors: Richard Hammett Gary Low Darwin Nelson 2013 by the Emotional Intelligence Training & Research Institute. All rights reserved.!i

4 9 Personal Excellence and Emotional Intelligence!77 Personal Excellence and Emotional Intelligence: Creating and Validating the Personal Excellence Map Richard Hammett, Walden University This study was conducted for the purpose of examining the psychometric properties of an a priori measure of emotional intelligence, the 150 item Personal Excellence Inventory (PEI). It was also intended to extend and improve the assessment of transformational emotional intelligence (EI) for professional adults by exploring the a priori model of personal excellence with adult populations. The study resulted in a new five-point Likert scale measure, Personal Excellence Map (PEM). Introduction Many have suggested that emotional intelligence can be more significant than academic intelligence because of the former s dependence on experience for development (Epstein, 1998; Goleman, 1995; Gosch, 2004; Lynn, 2005; Nelson & Low, 2003). A significant advantage of deliberate strategies to develop the affective domain, therefore, may lie in the experiential nature of emotional learning. Cox and Nelson (2006) related, Most students have realized that information studied in textbooks or heard in lectures is qualitatively different from what they have learned from experience (p. 5). The experiential quality of the lesson, that which emotionally engages and gives the lesson personal relevance and meaning for the student, holds greater potential for increasing student success than concentrating on academic disciplines or cognitive development alone (Greenberg et al., 2003; Nelson, 2006; Schlechty, 2002). Nearly thirty years of education research into emotional intelligence has shown that EI skills contribute to academic achievement, retention, career effectiveness and personal wellbeing (Low & Nelson, 2005, p.2). If one believes that an important mandate of education is the life success of students, then it follows that another important reason for embedding emotional intelligence within curricula is the enhancement of life success that results from the effective integration of the cognitive and affective domains (Low & Nelson). Operationally, emotional intelligence is the degree of appropriate, effective behavior in emotional situations that results from constructive thought processes through the integration of the two (cognitive and affective) mental domains (Epstein, 1998; Nelson & Low, 2003). According to Nelson and Low, Improving emotional intelligence is a key factor in physical and mental health, academic achievement, p e r s o n a l s a t i s f a c t i o n, a n d c a r e e r excellence (2003, p. xvii). The education model of emotional intelligence (Nelson & Low, 2003) offers a research-derived, learner-centered approach for helping education professionals increase institutional effectiveness by developing emotional intelligence and self-efficacy in students. With a growing body of evidence that suggests the benefits of developing individual and organizational EI, it seems logical to ask why more leaders do not infuse EI within their school or workplace training curricula and procedures. Some leaders and students seem averse to the construct of emotional intelligence, preferring instead to attribute such skills and abilities to other domains, such as general intelligence (Locke, 2005), or just common sense. Individuals who underestimate the importance of emotional intelligence, therefore, might be more inclined to incorporate the emotional learning system (ELS) model if EI theory were reframed. Although not yet highlighted by research, Nelson and Low (2003, 2011) offered an extension and possible reframing of EI theory in their construct of personal excellence. As suggested in the closing chapter of their book Emotional Intelligence: Achieving Academic and Career Excellence (Nelson & Low, 2011), as one works to develop more effective emotional intelligence skills using the emotional learning system, the ultimate goal is self-renewal and personal excellence. The ELS is a five step systematic process for integrating the emotional and cognitive systems in order to think more constructively and behave more wisely. The ELS is presented in Figure 1. To implement the ELS, one must recognise when feelings are high, and work toward the initial step in developing emotional intelligence, selfexploration.

5 The International Journal for Transformative Emotional Intelligence!98 References Alberti,+R.,+&+Emmons,+M.+(Eds.).+(2001).+Your+ perfect+right:+assertiveness+and+equality+in+ your+life+and+relationships+(8th+ed.).+ Atascadero,+CA:+Impact+Publishers,+Inc.++ Alderfer,+C.+P.+(1969).+An+empirical+test+of+a+new+ theory+of+human+needs.+organizational+ Behavior+and+Human+Performance,+4,+ 142X American+Educational+Research+Association+ (AERA),+American+Psychological+Association+ (APA),+&+National+Council+On+Measurement+In+ Education+(NCME)+(1985).+Standards+for+ educational+and+psychological+testing.+ Washington,+DC:+APA.++ Antosh,+D.+(2006+February+9).+EI+versus+IE:+ Galveston+College s+use+of+ei+in+their+qep,+ Achieving+the+Dream,+and+institutional+ effectiveness+initiatives.+paper+presented+at+ the+meeting+of+the+2006+institute+for+ Emotional+Intelligence.+Galveston,+TX.++ Bailey,+W.+C.,+&+Chi,+C.+(2006)).+ConEirmatory+factor+ analysis+of+the+esapxcv.+paper+presented+at+the+ meeting+of+the+2006+institute+for+emotional+ Intelligence.+Galveston,+TX.++ Bandura,+A.+(2001).+Social+cognitive+theory:+An+ agentic+perspective.+annual+review+of+ Psychology,+52,+1X26.++ BarXOn,+R.+(2004).+EQi+BarOn+Emotional+Quotient+ Inventory+technical+manual.+MultiXHealth+ Systems,+Inc.++ Blanchard,+K.,+Edington,+D.+W.,+&+Blanchard,+M.+ (1999).+The+one+minute+manager+balances+ work+and+life:+a+healthy+lifestyle+is+the+key+to+ success.+new+york:+quill+william+morrow.++ Brockett,+R.+G.,+&+Hiemstra,+R.+(1991).+SelfX direction+in+adult+learning:+perspectives+on+ theory,+research,+and+practice.++retrieved+july+ 12,+2006,+from+ hiemstra/sdlindex.html+ Chao,+C.+(2003).+Foreign+language+anxiety+and+ emotional+intelligence:+a+study+of+efl+ students+in+taiwan.+unpublished+doctoral+ dissertation,+texas+a&m+universityxkingsville.+ Ciarrochi,+J.,+Forgas,+J.+P.,+&+Mayer,+J.+D.+(2001).+A+ Eield+guide+to+emotional+intelligence.+In+J.+ Mayer+(Ed.),+Emotional+intelligence+in+ everyday+life:+a+scientieic+inquiry+(pp.+3x24).+ New+York:+Psychology+Press.++ Corsini,+R.+J.+(2001).+Actualizing+therapy.+In+E.+ Shostrom+&+D.+Montgomery+(Eds.),+Handbook+ of+innovative+therapy+(2nd+ed.,+pp.+1x12).+new+ York:+John+Wiley+&+Sons.++ Costello,+A.+B.,+&+Osborne,+J.+W.+(2005).+Best+ practices+in+exploratory+factor+analysis:+four+ recommendations+for+getting+the+most+from+ your+analysis.+practical+assessment,+research+ &+Evaluation,+10(7),+1X9.+Retrieved+June+28,+ 2007,+from+ v10n7.pdf+ Covey,+S.+R.+(1989).+The+7+habits+of+highly+effective+ people:+powerful+lessons+in+personal+change.+ New+York:+Free+Press.++ Covey,+S.+R.+(1992).+PrincipleXcentered+leadership.+ New+York:+Fireside.++ Cox,+J.+E.,+&+Nelson,+D.+B.+(2006+February+9).+ Quantifying+emotional+intelligence:+the+ relationship+of+thinking+patterns+and+ emotional+skills.+paper+presented+at+the+ meeting+of+the+3rd+annual+institute+for+ Emotional+Intelligence.+Galveston,+TX.++ Cozolino,+L.,+&+Sprokay,+S.+(2006).+Neuroscience+ and+adult+learning.+in+s.+johnson+&+k.+taylor+ (Eds.),+New+directions+for+adult+and+continuing+ education:+the+neuroscience+of+adult+learning+ (pp.+11x19).+san+francisco:+josseyxbass.++ Creswell,+J.+W.+(2005).+Educational+research:+ planning,+conducting,+and+evaluating+ quantitative+and+qualitative+research+(2nd+ed.).+ Upper+Saddle+River,+NJ:+PrenticeXHall.++ Daniel,+L.+G.+(1996).+Kerlinger's+research+myths.+ Practical+Assessment,+Research+&+Evaluation,+ 5(4).+Retrieved+January+8,+2007,+from+ PAREonlin.net/getvn.asp?v=5&n=4+ Drucker,+P.+F.+(2006).+The+effective+executive:+the+ deeinitive+guide+to+getting+the+right+things+ done.+new+york:+harpercollins+publishers.++ EI+Hay+Group.+(2005).+About+Daniel+Goleman.+ Retrieved+August+16,+2006,+from+ ei.haygroup.com/products_and_services/ content_daniel_goleman.html+ Epstein,+S.+(1998).+Constructive+thinking:+the+key+ to+emotional+intelligence.+westport,+ct:+ Praeger.++ Epstein,+S.+(2001).+Constructive+thinking+inventory+ professional+manual.+lutz,+fl:+psychological+ Assessment+Resources,+Inc.++

6 Personal Excellence and Emotional Intelligence!99 Gall,+M.D.,+Gall,+J.P.,+&+Borg,+W.R.+(2003).+ Educational+research:+An+introduction+(7th+ ed.).+new+york:+allyn+&+bacon.++ Gardner,+H.+(1983).+Frames+of+mind:+The+theory+of+ multiple+intelligences.+new+york:+basic+books.++ Gardner,+H.+(1993).+Multiple+intelligences:+The+ theory+in+practice.+new+york:+basic+books.++ Gardner,+H.+(1999).+Intelligence+reframed:+Multiple+ intelligences+for+the+21st+century.+new+york:+ Basic+Books.++ Gardner,+H.+(2006).+Multiple+Intelligences:+New+ horizons+(revised+ed.).+new+york:+basic+books.++ Gardner,+J.+W.+(1961).+Excellence:+Can+we+be+equal+ and+excellent+too?++new+york:+harper+&+ Brothers.++ Gardner,+J.+W.+(1981)+(Rev.+ed.).+SelfXrenewal:+The+ individual+and+the+innovative+society.+new+ York,+NY:+W.+W.+Norton.+Retrieved+August+9,+ 2006,+from+ id=2iawflhgnx0c&printsec=titlepage&dq=jo hn+w.+gardner+the+psychologist+ Glass,+J.+C.+Jr.+(1976).+Ministerial+Job+Satisfaction+ Scale.+Review+of+Religious+Research,+17,+ 153X Goleman,+D.+(1995).+Emotional+intelligence.+New+ York:+Bantam+Books.++ Goleman,+D.+(2004).+Apples+and+applesauce:+ Comment+on+D.+Caruso,+deEining+the+inkblot+ called+emotional+intelligence.+retrieved+ January+30,+2006,+from+Rutgers+University+X+ The+Consortium+for+Research+on+Emotional+ Intelligence+in+Organizations+Web+Site:+ Goleman_comment_on_d_caruso.pdf+ Goleman,+D.,+Boyatzis,+R.,+&+McKee,+A.+(2002).+ Primal+leadership:+Learning+to+lead+with+ emotional+intelligence.+boston,+ma:+harvard+ Business+School+Press.++ Goodlad,+J.+I.+(2004).+Romances+with+schools:+A+life+ of+education.+new+york:+ McGrawXHill.++ Gosch,+M.+(2004).+Emotional+intelligence+makes+ the+difference.+retrieved+january+27,+2006,+ from+uhy+business+web+site:+ Gottman,+J.+(1996).+The+heart+of+parenting:+raising+ an+emotionally+intelligent+child.+new+york:+ Simon+&+Schuster.++ Green,+G.+B.,+&+Salkind,+N.+J.+(2005).+Using+SPSS+for+ Windows+and+Macintosh:+analyzing+and+ understanding+data.+(4th+ed.).+upper+saddle+ River,+NJ:+Pearson+PrenticeXHall.++ Greenberg,+M.+T.,+Weissbert,+R.+P.,+UtneXO'Brien,+M.,+ Zinns,+J.+E.,+Fredericks,+L.,+&+Resnik,+H.+(2003).+ Enhancing+schoolX+based+prevention+and+youth+ development+through+coordinated+social,+ emotional,+and+academic+learning.+american+ Psychologists,+58(6/7),+466X474.+Retrieved+ June+11,+2006,+from+ downloads/americanpsychologist2003.pdf+ Greene,+R.+(1998).+The+48+laws+of+power.+New+ York,+NY:+The+Penguin+Group.++ Hair,+J.+F.+Jr.,+Black,+W.+C.,+Babin,+B.+J.,+Anderson,+R.+ E.,+&+Tatham,+R.+L.+(2006).+Multivariate+data+ analysis+(6th+ed.).+upper+saddle+river,+nj:+ Pearson+Prentice+Hall.++ Harvey,+B.+J.,+Rothman,+A.+L.,+&+Frecker,+R.+C.+ (2006).+A+conEirmatory+factor+analysis+of+the+ ODDI+continuing+learning+inventory+(OCLI).+ Adult+Education+Quarterly,+56(3),+188X Herzberg,+F.+(1968).+One+more+time:+how+do+you+ motivate+employees?+harvard+business+ Review,+46,+53X62.++ Hoyle,+J.+R.+(2007).+Leadership+and+futuring:+ Making+visions+happen+(2nd+ed.).+Thousand+ Oaks:+Corwin+Press.++ HuiXwen,+T.+(2006+June+1).+A+cross+cultural+ investigation+of+academic+leaders'+emotional+ intelligence+and+leadership+effectiveness+in+ Taiwan+and+the+United+States.+Paper+presented+ at+the+meeting+of+the+2nd+international+ Conference+on+Youth+and+Education.+Corpus+ Christi,+TX.++ Illinois+State+Board+of+Education.+(2004).+Social/ emotional+learning+(sel).+retrieved+august+8,+ 2006,+from+Learning+Standards+Web+Site:+ standards.htm+ Johnson,+S.,+&+Taylor,+K.+(2006).+Editor's+notes.+In+S.+ Johnson+&+K.+Taylor+(Eds.),+New+directions+for+ adult+and+continuing+education:+the+ neuroscience+of+adult+learning+(pp.+1x2).+san+ Francisco:+JosseyXBass.++ Kostoch,+A.+J.+(1981).+An+analysis+of+personal+skills+ and+clinical+performance+evaluation+of+ associate+degree+nursing+students.+ Unpublished+doctoral+dissertation,+The+ University+of+Texas+at+Austin.+

7 The International Journal for Transformative Emotional Intelligence!100 Lam,+L.+T.,+&+Kirby,+S.+L.+(2002).+Is+emotional+ intelligence+an+advantage?+an+exploration+of+ the+impact+of+emotional+and+general+ intelligence+on+individual+performance.+the+ Journal+of+Social+Psychology,+142(1),+133X Lefton,+L.,+&+Brannon,+L.+(2006).+Psychology+(9th+ ed.).+new+york,+ny:+allyn+&+bacon.++ Link,+S.+W.+(1982).+Factors+associated+with+ academic+performance+of+community+college+ students.+unpublished+doctoral+dissertation,+ North+Texas+State+University.+ Locke,+E.+A.+(2005).+Why+emotional+intelligence+is+ an+invalid+concept.+journal+of+organizational+ Behavior,+26(4),+425X Low,+G.+R.+(2006).+Emotional+intelligence,+college+ success,+and+educational+accountability.+paper+ presented+at+the+meeting+of+the+2006+institute+ for+emotional+intelligence.+retrieved+february+ 20,+2006,+from+ education.tamuk.edu/eiconf/ 2006_Program_Topics.htm++ Low,+G.+R.,+&+Nelson,+D.+B.+(2000).+Quantifying+ emotional+intelligence:+positive+contributions+ of+the+emotional+mind.+paper+presented+at+the+ meeting+of+the+texas+a&m+universityx Kingsville:+20th+Annual+Faculty+Lecture.+ Retrieved+January+9,+2007+from+ttp:// xxx.tamuk.edu/edu/kwei000/research/ Articles/Article_Eiles/20th+ Low,+G.+R.,+&+Nelson,+D.+B.+(2005).+Emotional+ intelligence:+the+role+of+transformative+ learning+in+academic+excellence.+the+texas+ Magazine+for+Secondary+Education.++ Low,+G.,+&+Nelson,+D.+(2006) Institute+for+ emotional+intelligence+certieication+workshop.+ Paper+presented+at+the+meeting+of+the Institute+for+emotional+intelligence:+Catch+the+ wave.+galveston,+tx.++ Lynn,+A.B.+(2005).+The+EQ+difference:+A+powerful+ plan+for+putting+emotional+intelligence+to+ work.+new+york:+american+management+ Association.++ Maslow,+A.+H.+(1954).+Motivation+and+personality.+ New+York:+Harper+&+Brothers.++ Maslow,+A.+H.+(1970).+Motivation+and+personality+ (3rd+ed.).+New+York:+Longman.++ Maslow,+A.+H.+(1999).+Toward+a+psychology+of+ being+(3rd+ed.).+new+york:+john+wiley+&+sons.+++ Mayer,+J.D.,+Ciarrochi,+J.,+&+Forgas,+J.P.+(2001).+ Emotional+intelligence+in+everyday+life:+A+ scientieic+inquiry.+new+york:+psychology+press+ Inc.++ McClelland,+D.+C.+(1961).+The+achieving+society.+ New+York:+The+Free+Press.++ Miville,+M.+L.,+Carlozzi,+A.+F.,+Gushue,+G.+V.,+Schara,+S.+ L.,+&+Ueda,+M.+(2006).+Mental+health+counselor+ qualities+for+a+divers+clientele:+linking+ empathy,+universalxdiverse+orientation,+and+ emotional+intelligence.+journal+of+mental+ Health+Counseling,+28(2),+151X Nelson+,+D.+B.,+&+Low,+G.+R.+(1979).+Personal+skills+ map:+a+positive+assessment+of+career/life+ effectiveness+skills+manual+[assessment].+ Corpus+Christi,+TX:+Institute+for+the+ Development+of+Human+Resources.++ Nelson,+D.+B.+(2006+January+26).+Experiential+and+ selfxdirected+process+to+develop+emotional+ intelligence+and+reelective/constructive+ thinking.+paper+presented+at+the+meeting+of+ the+doctoral+course+(edcg+6301)+emotional+ Intelligence:+An+Integrated+Model+for+ Counseling+and+Educational+Leadership.+ Kingsville,+TX.++ Nelson,+D.+B,+&+Low,+G.+R.+(1998).+Exploring+&+ developing+emotional+intelligence+skills+ [Assessment].+Corpus+Christi,+TX:+EI+Learning+ Systems.++ Nelson,+D.+B.,+&+Low,+G.+R.+(2003).+Emotional+ intelligence:+achieving+academic+and+career+ excellence.+upper+saddle+river,+nj:+prentice+ Hall.++ Nelson,+D.+B.,+&+Low,+G.+R.+(2003).+Personal+ excellence:+building+quality+from+within+ [Assessment].+Corpus+Christi,+TX:+EI+Learning+ Systems.++ Nelson,+D.+B.,+Low,+G.+R.,+&+Vela,+R.+(2003).+ Emotional+skills+assessment+process+ interpretation+and+intervention+guide+(fall+ 2003).+Kingsville,+TX:+Texas+A&M+UniversityX Kingsville.++ Nelson,+E.+K.+(1981).+A+comparison+of+levels+of+ personal+skills+in+distressed+and+nonx distressed+marriages.+unpublished+doctoral+ dissertation,+east+texas+state+university.+ Norusis,+M.+J.+(2004).+SPSS+12.0+guide+to+data+ analysis.+chicago:+prentice+hall.++ O'Hair,+D.,+Friedrich,+G.W.,+Wiemann,+J.+M.,+&+ Wiemann,+M.+O.+(1997).+Competent+ Communication+(2nd+ed.).+New+York:+St.+ Martin's+Press.++

8 Personal Excellence and Emotional Intelligence!101 Ornstein,+R.+(1997).+The+right+mind:+making+sense+ of+the+hemispheres.+san+diego:+harvest+books.++ Parkin,+G.,+Gaa,+J.,+Swank,+P.,+&+Liberman,+D.+(1998,+ April).+Psychological+development+and+selfX actualization+across+age+groups:+middlexaged+ and+senior+adults+compared+developmentally.+ Paper+presented+at+the+meeting+of+the+Annual+ Meeting+of+the+American+Educational+Research+ Association.+San+Diego.++ Perry,+B.+D.+(2006).+Fear+and+learning:+TraumaX related+factors+in+the+adult+education+process.+ In+S.+Johnson+&+K.+Taylor+(Eds.),+New+ directions+for+adult+and+continuing+education:+ The+neuroscience+of+adult+learning+(pp.+ 21X27).+San+Francisco:+JosseyXBass.++ Perry,+W.+G.+(1999).+Forms+of+ethical+and+ intellectual+development+in+the+college+years.+ San+Francisco:+JosseyXBass.++ Plonsky,+M.+(2006).+Psychological+Statistics.+ Retrieved+June+21,+2007,+from+University+of+ WisconsinXStevens+Point+Web+Site:+ Pope,+P.+A.+(1982).+The+relationship+of+selected+ intrapersonal,+interpersonal,+and+life+ management+skills+to+academic+achievement+ among+secondary+school+students.+ Unpublished+doctoral+dissertation,+East+Texas+ State+University.+ Rice,+D.+M.+(2006).+An+examination+of+emotional+ intelligence:+its+relationship+to+academic+ achievement+in+army+jrotc+and+the+ implications+for+education.+unpublished+ doctoral+dissertation,+capella+university.+ Rodgers,+R.+F.+(1990).+Personal+and+moral+ development:+a+developmental+curriculum+ intervention+for+liberal+arts+freshmen.+ Unpublished+doctoral+dissertation,+The+Ohio+ State+University.+ Rogers,+C.+R.+(1980).+A+way+of+being.+New+York:+ Houghton+MifElin+Company.++ Rogers,+C.+R.+(1995).+Introduction.+In+I.+Yalom+ (Ed.),+A+way+of+being+(pp.+viiXxiii).+New+York:+ Houghton+MifElin+Company.++ Rummel,+R.+J.+(1975).+Motivational+explanation.+In++ (Ed.),+Understanding+conElict+and+war:+Vol.+I:+ the+dynamic+psychological+eield+(p.+).+beverly+ Hills:+Sage+Publishing.+Retrieved+January+7,+ 2007,+from+The+University+of+Hawaii+Web+Site:+ NOTE10.HTM+ Salovey,+P.,+&+Mayer,+J.+D.+(1990).+Emotional+ intelligence.+imagination,+cognition,+and+ Personality,+9(1990),+185X Schlechty,+P.+C.+(2002).+Working+on+the+work:+an+ action+plan+for+teachers,+principals,+and+ superintendents.+los+angeles:+josseyxbass.++ SDL.+(n.d.).+SelfXdirected+learning.+Retrieved+July+ 12,+2006,+from+ Seligman,+M.+E.,+&+Csikszentmihalyi,+M.+(2000).+ Positive+psychology:+An+introduction.+ American+Psychologist,+55(1),+5X14.++ Seo,+D.+(2004).+Development+and+testing+of+a+ model+that+explains+contributing+factors+to+ unsafe+work+behavior.+unpublished+doctoral+ dissertation,+indiana+university.+ Shostrom,+E.+L.+(1966).+Personal+orientation+ inventory+manual.+san+diego,+ca:+edits.++ Shostrom,+E.+L.,+&+Montgomery,+D.+(2001).+ Actualizing+therapy.+In+Raymond+Corsini+(Ed.),+ Handbook+of+innovative+therapy+(2nd+ed.,+pp.+ 1X12).+New+York:+John+Wiley+&+Sons.++ Sidanius,+J.+(2007).+Annotated+SPSS+output+for+ factor+analysis.+retrieved+july+21,+2007,+from+ University+of+California+Web+Site:+ factor1.htm+ Smith,+B.+S.+(1983).+A+comparison+of+trained+and+ nonxtrained+academically+deeicient+students+ taught+by+peer+counselors+using+the+ microcounseling+model+in+an+urban+university.+ Unpublished+doctoral+dissertation,+Texas+ Southern+University.+ Smith,+M.E.+(2004).+A+mixed+paradigm:+Study+of+a+ transformational+learning+program+for+atxrisk+ high+school+students.+unpublished+doctoral+ dissertation,+texas+a&m+universityxcorpus+ Christi.+ State+Of+Michigan.+(1998).+Michigan.gov.+Retrieved+ February+4,+2007,+from+MDCS+department+of+ civil+service+web+site:+ mdcs/advisories/adv98/486x98a.htm+ Sternberg,+R.+J.+(1985).+Beyond+IQ:+A+triarchic+ theory+of+human+intelligence.+cambridge:+ Cambridge+University+Press.++ Sternberg,+R.+J.+(2003).+Wisdom,+intelligence,+and+ creativity+synthesized.+cambridge:+cambridge+ University+Press.++

9 The International Journal for Transformative Emotional Intelligence!102 Stottlemyer,+B.G.+(2002).+An+examination+of+ emotional+intelligence:+its+relationship+to+ academic+achievement+and+the+implications+ for+education.+unpublished+doctoral+ dissertation,+texas+a&m+universityxkingsville.+ Taylor,+K.+(2006).+Brain+function+and+adult+ learning:+implications+for+practice.+in+s.+ Johnson+&+K.+Taylor+(Eds.),+New+directions+for+ adult+and+continuing+education:+the+ neuroscience+of+adult+learning+(pp.+71x85).+san+ Francisco:+JosseyXBass.++ The+Alfred+Adler+Institute+of+New+York.+(2005,+ November+9).+About+Alfred+Adler.+Retrieved+ August+9,+2006,+from+ ny.org/alfred_adler.htm+ The+Conover+Company.+(n.d.).+Oakwood+Solutions+ L.C.C.+Retrieved+January+9,+2007,+from+ EQProEile/EQProEile.htm+ The+Managers'+Mentors,+Inc.+().+Hugh+OakleyX Browne+Discusses+merits+of+Personal+Skills+ Map.+Retrieved+January+9,+2007,+from+ The+Quotations+Page.+(n.d.).++Retrieved+January+5,+ 2007,+from+ quotes/albert_einstein/31+ The+State+Of+Michigan.+(2007).+Michigan+ department+of+civil+service+glossary+of+ classieication+and+selection+terminology.+ Retrieved+February+4,+2007,+from+ Michigan.gov+Web+Site:+ Glossary_104294_7.pdf+ Thomas,+C.+P.+(1988).+A+comparison+of+personal+ skills+of+select+psychologically+"androgynous"+ and+"masculine"+males+during+mid+life.+ Unpublished+doctoral+dissertation,+East+Texas+ State+University.+ Turton,+D.+W.,+&+Francis,+L.+J.+(2002).+Assessing+ ministerial+job+satisfaction:+the+reliability+of+ the+revised+mjss+among+male+anglican+clergy.+ Review+of+Religious+Research,+44(2),+169X Vela,+R.H.,+Jr.+(2003).+The+role+of+emotional+ intelligence+in+the+academic+achievement+of+ Eirst+year+college+students.+Unpublished+ doctoral+dissertation,+texas+a&m+universityx Kingsville.+ Vroom,+V.+H.+(1964).+Work+and+Motivation.+New+ York:+Wiley.++ Vyas,+A.,+Mitra,+R.,+ShankaranarayanXRao,+B.+S.,+&+ Chattarji,+S.+(2002).+Chronic+stress+induces+ contrasting+patterns+of+dendritic+remodeling+ in+hipocampal+and+amygdaloid+neurons.+the+ Journal+of+Neuroscience,+22(15),+6810X Walker,+M.+R.+(1982).+Relationships+among+family+ of+origin,+personal+skills,+and+selected+ interpersonal+facilitative+skills.+unpublished+ doctoral+dissertation,+east+texas+state+ University.+ Welsh,+S.+F.+(1985).+Can+the+academic+probation+ student+be+salvaged?+a+retention+strategy.+ Unpublished+doctoral+dissertation,+Kansas+ State+University.+ Williams,+M.+H.+(2004).+Achievement+and+retention+ patterns+in+a+predominantly+hispanic+serving+ institutions+of+higher+education.+unpublished+ doctoral+dissertation,+texas+a&m+universityx Kingsville.+ Zondag,+H.+J.+(2004).+Knowing+you+make+a+ difference:+result+awareness+and+satisfaction+in+ the+pastoral+profession.+review+of+religious+ Research,+43(3),+254X Zull,+J.+E.+(2006).+Key+aspects+of+how+the+brain+ learns.+in+s.+johnson+&+k.+taylor+(eds.),+new+ directions+for+adult+and+continuing+education:+ The+neuroscience+of+adult+learning+(pp.+3X9).+ San+Francisco:+JosseyXBass.++