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1 Positive Psychology Published by Global Vision Publishing House Edited By Dr. Sunil Kumar Dr. S.B. Yadav Factors Affecting Emotional Intelligence: An Empirical Study for Small Scale Industries in Puducherry State R. Kayatry Sabittha* and N. Panchanatham** ABSTRACT Researchers and human resource management professionals across the world are actively engaged in studying Emotional Intelligence and its applications in various organizational settings to improve managerial performance. It is found from literature that very few studies are available relating to the application of Emotional Intelligence among the entrepreneurs of Small scale Industries. This paper is an attempt in that direction to make an empirical study to identify important determinants of Emotional Intelligence of the entrepreneurs in the city of Puducherry. In this paper, Emotional Intelligence has been decomposed into its factors viz. Intrapersonal ability, Interpersonal ability, Adaptability, Stress management, Communication excellence, & General Disposition. and they have been statistically validated to test the significance of each of the factor in the five industrial units of Puducherry City. The objective is to derive significant and consistent factors of Emotional Intelligence. This paper also reviews the applicability of Emotional Intelligence for the SSI in Puducherry City. Such a study has the potential to contribute in providing feedback to better meet the future needs of the society. INTRODUCTION Emotional intelligence (EI) has emerged as an important subject of research investigation during the last several years. Some of the pioneering researchers have defined EI as follows: Emotional intelligence is the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions well in us and in our relationships. Emotional intelligence describes abilities distinct from, but complementary to, academic intelligence or the purely cognitive capacities measured by IQ (Goleman, 1998). * Asst Professor, Department of Management Studies, Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering and Technology, Puducherry, India. ** Professor & Head, Department of Business Administration, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu.

2 56 R. Kayatry Sabittha and N. Panchanatham Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth (Mayer and Salovey, 1997). Emotional intelligence reflects one s ability to deal with daily environment challenges and helps predict one s success in life, including professional and personal pursuits (Bar-On, 1997). Emotional intelligence is a way of recognizing, understanding and choosing how we think, feel and act. It shapes our interaction with others and our understanding of ourselves. It defines how and what we learn, it allows us to set priorities, it determines the majority of our daily actions (Freedman, 1998). All these pioneering definitions lead us to conclude that EI is important in shaping one s personality, behaviour, style, and abilities. EI has been studied scientifically in the past decade. Goleman s, 1995 book Emotional Intelligence substantially added to the popular interests in accumulating knowledge regarding EI. Business organizations have used EI for organizations have used EI for organizational development and for enhancing organization effectiveness (Lowe, Kroek, and Sivasubramaniam, 1996). EI improves managerial practices as well as helps in leadership development (Druskat and Wolff, 2001). EI is often used to motivate employees and to create a culture of high performing work place. Huy (1999) introduced the concept of emotional capability to capture an organization s ability to acknowledge, recognize, monitor, discriminate, and attend to its members emotions, and it is manifested in the organization s norms and routines related to the feeling. FACTORS AFFECTING EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE The model of EI taken for this paper is a mixed trait ability model (personality) The following researchers Bar-On 2001, goleman 1995, petricles and furnham 2001 have contributed very much towards EI. This has served as a base for this study. Goleman (1995) identified five factors that affect EI. They are self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy and social skills. He has also mentioned the influence of communication on all these factors. Similarly, Bar-On (2000) has identified five factors, such as intrapersonal ability, interpersonal ability, stress management, adaptability and general mood. In this study, we are using factors outlined by Bar-On to find out the relationship of emotional intelligence with interpersonal ability, intrapersonal ability, stress management, adaptability, general mood along with communication excellence as mentioned by Goleman. In this paper, we intend to understand the important determinants of EI. Intrapersonal Ability Shearer (2006) defined intrapersonal ability as an ability to think about and understand one s self, to be aware of one s strengths and weaknesses and to plan effectively to achieve personal goals, reflecting on and monitoring one s thoughts and feelings and regulating them effectively. It is the ability to monitor one s self in interpersonal relationships, be aware of and understand one s emotions, feelings, and ideas and to act with personal efficacy. It consists of related abilities like recognizing and labeling one s feelings. Intrapersonal ability includes emotional awareness and the ability to identify them correctly. Individuals scoring high on intrapersonal ability tend to understand their emotions and are able to express and communicate their felling and needs.

3 Factors Affecting Emotional Intelligence: An Empirical Study Interpersonal Ability It is defined by Shearer (2006) as the ability to recognize the feelings of other people that are facilitated by linguistic skill. It is the ability to be aware of and understand others emotions and feelings. Skill in managing relationships with other people is also a factor in one s overall mood and emotional well-being. It consists of related abilities like identifying emotions in others and having empathy towards others. Interpersonal ability deals with the relationship with peers, subordinates and superiors. High on the interpersonal ability are likely to have satisfying interpersonal relationships, are good listeners and are able to understand and appreciate the feelings of others. Stress Management It is defined as the ability to be flexible and alter one s feelings with changing situations (Day and Livingstone, 2005). It consists of abilities like delaying or resisting an impulse. Those with high stress management are generally calm and work well under pressure; they are rarely impulsive and can usually respond to a stressful event without an emotional outburst. Adaptability Day and Livingstone (2005) defined adaptability as the ability to be flexible and alter one s feelings with changing situations. It consists of abilities like being to adjust one s emotions and behaviour to changing situations or conditions. Adaptability involves skills related to management of change. Managing change involves the ability to manage stressful situations in a relatively calm and proactive manner. Individuals who score high on this dimension are impulsive rarely and work well under pressure (Bar-On, 1997, 2000, 2002). Individuals with high adaptability scores are flexible, realistic and effective in managing change; good at finding positive ways of dealing with everyday problems. General Mood It is be defined as the ability to feel and express positive emotions and remain optimistic (Bar- On, 1997). It represents the ability to enjoy life and maintain a positive disposition. Higher levels on general mood feel satisfied with their lives and maintain a positive outlook. Happiness and Optimism are two aspects of general mood including maintenance of positive aspects and brighter side of life. Communication Excellence Goleman (1995) emphasized the communication is imbibed in emotional intelligence. Communication can mean different things and used in different ways. Some of the pioneering definitions of communication are as follows: Communication is the social process by which people in a specific situation construct meaning using symbolic behaviour (Rozaklis, 1995). Emphasizing the various processes of communication, Allen Loius (2006) defines communication as the sum of all the things one person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of another; it involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding (cited in Chaturvedi, 2006). Communication excellence examines the knowledge of a persons art to excelling, reasoning in communication and the level sensitivity in communicating.

4 58 R. Kayatry Sabittha and N. Panchanatham OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1. To find the level of emotional intelligence of the entrepreneurs in SSI units with specific reference to Puducherry city. 2. To identify important determinants of Emotional Intelligence of the entrepreneurs in the city of Puducherry. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT Step 1: Research Methodology A clear objective provides the basis of design of the project. The main objective of this study was to find out the level of emotional intelligence of entrepreneurs in SSI units within the five Industrial Estates with specific reference to Puducherry City. (i) Research Design This study involved the descriptive research design. It included surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The main purpose of this research design was to describe the state of affairs, as it exists at present. It had no control over the variables. This research design gave only a report what had happened or what was happening. (ii) Source of Data Primary The data, which were collected, were fresh. Since it was original in character, it was called as primary data. Data collected from the entrepreneurs of SSI units in the Industrial Estates in Puducherry city through the questionnaire method was first hand information and in research terms -primary data. (iii) Sampling Size and Technique Type of Universe In this study, the universe was the total number of entrepreneurs in all the SSI units of the five Industrial Estates within Puducherry city. The first step in developing any sample design is to clearly define the set of objects, which is technically called as the universe. The universe may be finite or infinite. As per this study, the total number (N) of employees was 496(i.e.) finite. Sample Size It refers to the number of items to be selected from the universe to constitute a sample. The sample size should be neither excessively large nor too small. It should be optimum. 410 numbers of entrepreneurs in all the SSI units with Puducherry city were selected as size of sample (n), using the formula shown below. The formula for selecting the sample size: Where 2 Z.p.q.N 2 2 n = e(n 1) + Z.p.q

5 Factors Affecting Emotional Intelligence: An Empirical Study N = Population Z= value of standard variate at 95% confidence level (1.96) p = probability of success q = probability of failure e = acceptable error 2% of true value n = Sample size (iv) Sampling Design This project involved the Stratified quota random sampling. In this study, the population was divided into a number of non-overlapping subpopulations or strata and sample items were selected from each stratum. In Puducherry City, the SSI units can be categorised based on sector into five stratas. The following table shows details about the distributions of samples drawn. Table 1 Table showing the Distribution of Samples Name No. of Units (N) sample Thattanchavady Mettupalayam Sedarapet Kattukuppam Kirumampakkam Total The above table shows the distribution of samples of SSI units in various industrial estates of Puducherry city. The samples were drawn from each stratum (Industrial Estates) by using Stratified quota random Sampling. The quota had been fixed at 82%. Step 2: Development of the Questionnaire for Data Collection The questionnaire method was used in data collection. The questionnaire was prepared based on the objective of the study by referring and modification of the questionnaire devised by Bar-On and Parker (2000), Bar On Eq -iyv for EI. Bar On Eq -iyv is a 60 point self report mmeasure of EI, with 6 item intrapersonal scale, 12 item interprersonal scale, 12 item stress management scvale, 10 item adaptability scale, 14 item general mood scale and 6 item positve impression scale. The score reflects the social and emotional competency. Responses are to be marked on a 4-point Likert scale. The tool, which was developed for this study, was a 30-point scale. The variables for the study are 1. Intrapersonal ability 2. Interpersonal ability

6 60 R. Kayatry Sabittha and N. Panchanatham 3. Stress management 4. Adaptability 5. General mood 6. Communication excellence The participants were asked to rate the above mentioned variables on a three point rating scale namely Very true of me Sometimes true Not true of me Step 3: This involves administering the questionnaire to the entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs were asked if they would volunteer to study their emotional intelligence level. In exchange for their participation, entrepreneurs were provided with a confidential feedback report on their results. Step 4: Statistical Tools To make an effective research, the following statistical tools were used to analyze and interpret the collected data of EI score. This statistical experiment designed in the study involves the use of correlation co efficient with the aid of SPSS statistical package and Excel work sheets. It helps in assessing the individual and combined effect of the independent variables (factors) on the dependent variable (EQ) Table 2 Descriptive statistics of entrepreneurs with its EI and its factors sheet score. Min Max Mean Gender Male Female Male Female Male Female Age Intrapersonal ability Interpersonal ability Stress management Adaptability General mood Communication excellence EI score The descriptive statistics of Emotional Intelligence along with its factors is depicted in the above table. Emotional Intelligence ranges between 2 points to 57 points. Emotional Intelligence has a minimum score of 2 and 11 for men and women, and a maximum score of 55 and 57 respectively for men and women. Each factor had points out of 10 (five questions each on a 3 point scale (0 to 2)) and there were some entrepreneurs who got 0 points.

7 Factors Affecting Emotional Intelligence: An Empirical Study The EI for women is 31.72, which is slightly higher when compared to that of men (30.12), which can be because of their higher average age of women entrepreneurs in this study 37 years for women. The mean score of the factors of EI shows that women have high scores with respect to Intrapersonal ability, Adaptability, and General mood, and men have scored in the other three factors. Table 3 Gender wise distribution of entrepreneurs Serial number Sex Number of participants 1 Male Female 41 Total 410 In total 90 % of the participants in this study are male. Entrepreneurs ranged from 20 to 56 years of age. The mean age was 32 for men and 37 for women. (Refer table 3) Table 4 Age wise distribution of entrepreneurs Serial number Age Number of participants 1 Less than to to to Above Total 410 The important age groups of the participants were in the range of 31 to 40, as it constitutes 53.6% of the total sample. Table 5 Rank and Mean score of Emotional Intelligence and its factors. No. Thattanc Mettupal Sedar Kattuku Kirumam Average Rank of havadyi ayam II apet III ppam IV pakam V factors Mean scores 1 Intrapersonal ability Interpersonal ability Stress management Adaptability Contd. table 5

8 * 62 R. Kayatry Sabittha and N. Panchanatham Contd. table 5 5 General mood Communication excellence / /60 32/ /60 24/60 Rank of Industrial estates I III II IV V 154.6/5 = It can be seen from the above figure that the average EI of the entrepreneurs in Puducherry is 0.92 which is a little beyond the line of demarcation. A score above 30 shows satisfactory level of EI and below 30 points an unsatisfactory level of EI. Entrepreneurs of Puducherry have a long way to move towards their improvement. The rank of the Industrial estates based on their EI is shown in the table. Table 6 Factors EI Intra Inter Stress Adapta General Commupersonal personal manage bility mood nication ability ability -ment excellence EI 1.566*.680*.530*.720*.511*.008 Intrapersonal ability 1.203*.345*.262*.245* Interpersonal ability 1.132*.599*.621*.060 Stress management 1.212*.099*.011 Adaptability 1.551*.012 General mood Communication excellence 1 Step 5: Pearson s correlation of Emotional Intelligence and its factors A detailed analysis of the relation between EI and its factors has been done. The above table gives the following inference. 1. Adaptability realm has the highest correlation with EI followed by interpersonal ability On comparing these values with the study done by Parker et al (2004), where r = 0.75 for adaptability and r =0.80 for interpersonal ability, it can be seen that interpersonal ability correlates highest with the study done by Parker et. al., whereas in my study the positions are reversed. 2. Intrapersonal ability correlates moderately with EI r = 0.566, followed by stress management and general mood with r = and respectively. These values are nearly the same as per the study done by Parker et al.

9 Factors Affecting Emotional Intelligence: An Empirical Study There is absolutely no correlation between communication excellence and EI. Communication excellence does not correlate with intrapersonal, interpersonal, stress management, adaptability, and general mood. DISCUSSION From the findings of this study, the following points are worth discussing. Five explanatory variables, namely 1. Intrapersonal ability 2. Interpersonal ability 3. Stress management 4. Adaptability 5. General mood Are the significant factors affecting EI? Communication excellence does not have any impact on EI. In this paper we have attempted to decompose EI into its factors, they have been statistically tested for the entrepreneurs in Puducherry, and the factors are arranged in descending order. The following remarks are worth mentioning. Results of the present study suggest that adaptability, interpersonal ability, and intrapersonal ability are important factors affecting EI. 1. Adaptability was found to be very highly significant with EI with a correlation coefficient of Interpersonal ability was found to be highly significant with EI with a correlation coefficient of Intrapersonal ability was found to be moderately significant with EI with a correlation coefficient of General mood and Stress management were found to be significant with EI with correlation coefficient of and respectively. 5. Communication excellence has the least degree of correlation coefficient. It signifies that in Indian context, entrepreneurs of Puducherry do not have their emotional intelligence related to their ability to communicate. There is no correlation between communication excellence and EI denoting that the entrepreneurs have stability in their level of communication. The knowledge of entrepreneurs with respect to excelling, reasoning in communication, sensitivity in communication does not much impact their EI. 6. The EI of entrepreneurs in Puducherry can be enhanced if the five factors identified are strengthened with the help off inputs and training imparted to them. 7. The EI of the entrepreneurs in the five different industrial estates of Puducherry have been ranked in the following order i. Thattanchavady ii. Sedarapet

10 64 R. Kayatry Sabittha and N. Panchanatham iii. Mettupalayam iv. Kattukuppam v. Kirumampakam With respect to practical application of the study done, the researcher is of the opinion that the level of EI should be enhanced among the entrepreneurs of Puducherry, starting with the industrial estate with the least emotional Intelligence score. 8. The EI for women is 31.72, which is slightly higher when compared to that of men (30.12), which can be because of their higher average age of women entrepreneurs in this study 37 years for women. Studies to determine whether the influence of gender and age on the level of EI has been done with respect to teaching faculty of Puducherry.(R.Kayatry Sabitha & Sri Vidhya, 2007). Such studies can be done for entrepreneurs of Puducherry to identify the influence of these variables on the level of Emotional Intelligence. CONCLUSION In this study, we have identified five factors affecting EI of entrepreneurs. There are several influencing elements, which are intrinsic and intangible but crucial such as quality of parenting of the entrepreneurs, their values, their beliefs, habits, and competencies. This study is therefore not a definitive assertion of those factors that emotional intelligence, but is a guiding study in suggesting that without the measure of the more intrinsic and complex human behaviour, setting up of a correlation model for emotional intelligence with strongly influencing factors can actually be a longer journey. This study has only decomposed emotional intelligence into its main factors. However, each factor can be disaggregated or factored into attributes at operational level. Such studies are available for adults (Bar-on, 1997) by following the same methodology. REFERENCES Ashkanasy and Daus (2005). The case for the ability-based model of emotional intelligence in organizational behaviour. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 26, Barling, J; Slater, F and Kelloway, K. (2000). Transformational leadership and EQ. Leadership and Organisational Development Journal, 21, pp Bar-On, R. (1997). Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i):A test of emotional intelligence. Toronto: Multi- Health Systems. Bar-On, R. (1997a). Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory: A measure of emotional intelligence. Technical Manual, Multi-Health Systems, Toronto Bar-On, R. (2005). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Bar-On, Reuven; Parker, James DA (2000). The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Development, Assessment, and Application at Home, School, and in the Workplace. San Francisco, California: Jossey- Bass Barsade S.. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behaviour. Administrative Science quarterly, (pp 47, ). Baumeister, Roy F., et. al., (2003). Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4 (1), pages 1 44;

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