Underwater noise: behavioural responses of fishes and invertebrates
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1 Underwater noise: behavioural responses of fishes and invertebrates Louise Roberts 1, Rafael Pérez-Domínguez, Michael Elliott 1 1 Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK Louise.Roberts@hull.ac.uk
2 Underwater noise Levels of anthropogenic noise are increasing Sources include fishery activities, gas and oil exploration etc Increasing concerns about this has lead to inclusion of noise in the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: Introduction of energy, including underwater noise, is at levels that do not adversely affect the marine environment Figure adapted from Slabbekoorn et al. (2010). Majority of fishes hear up to 1000 Hz, best hearing Hz Sound has been shown to be important to the reproduction, communication and distribution of fish and some invertebrates
3 Fishes, invertebrates & noise Relative lack of information gathered in natural or semi-natural conditions Lack of reliable auditory thresholds for some groups and no data available to forecast effects Few studies regarding effects of noise upon wild naïve fishes Little information regarding sediment vibration and invertebrates
4 Testing responses of fishes Fully controllable playback source Sound levels measured with calibrated sensors Controlled Exposure Experiments Two techniques for observing responses of unrestrained fishes
5 Underwater camera systems
6 UWTV tracking & scoring SIMI Motion Analysis software 3D Swimming and response parameters for each fish Video also scored for behavioural change pre, during and post playback Table 1. Behavioural changes recorded at playback occurrences Behaviour Description NR No observable response Continued behaviour No change. e.g. continued foraging, continued swimming behaviour OR Brief orientation response Flinch/spasm (c-start), for a few seconds after stimuli. POR Prolonged orientation response Prolonged orientation behaviour e.g. one change of direction immediately after exposure, or slow movement towards or away from the bait in an opposite orientation to pre-exposure, and duration of. (orientation change more prolonged than c-start); Stays within field of view. PI Pause and resume Moderate cessation or pause of behaviour exhibited prior to exposure (e.g. ceases to feed, guard food, guard territory); Resumes behaviour immediately after. Displays different behaviour (e.g. aggression to other fish) not exhibited prior to exposure; Stays within field of view.
7 Individual responses Roberts et al. (2016)
8 Sonar systems Hawkins et al. (2014)
9 Depth (m) School responses Sea surface Fish school Time (distance) Sea bed Hawkins et al. (2014)
10 Responses of fishes 1. Do individual fish respond to playback noise? Motion analysis software successful in tracking responses of fish Responses clear e.g. directional changes, acceleration, c-start db re 1µPa pk-pk received Most responses short term and behaviour resumed within a few minutes 2. Do schools of fishes respond to playback noise? Sprat schools more likely to disperse, mackerel to change depth. Sound pressure levels re 1µPa pk-pk received Density changes, depth changes and complete school dispersal observed Both observation methods successful in examining behaviour of unrestrained fish exposed to noise
11 Anthropogenic seabed vibration Many activities impact the seabed directly, e.g. pile driving, dredging Yet there is a lack of publicly available particle motion measured on seabed near such sources No specific mention of this type of energy within noise regulations Mechanisms of seismic waves during pile driving (vibratory or impact) into soil 1. Particle motion within the pile (compressional), 2. Shear wave front, 3. Body wave front S-wave spherically expanding, 4. P-wave, 5. Interaction between reflected P wave and S wave causing surface motion, 6. P-wave reflection (minor surface reflection), Figure adapted and expanded from Athanasopoulos and Pelekis (2000); Kim and Lee (2000).
12 Benthic animals Vibration may be advantageous for predator/prey/conspecific detection within the intertidal and subtidal environment Low attenuation- signals travel long distances in the seabed Sensitive to particle motion not pressure Few data regarding vibration detection in invertebrates Lack of data regarding use of vibration and sensitivity
13 Testing impacts of sediment vibration
14 Average threshold (m s -2 ) Invertebrate responses 1 Hermit crab Mussel 1. Can invertebrates detect anthropogenic vibrations? Indication that detectable, with behavioural changes How sensitive to vibration in the laboratory? Sensory thresholds for two species, previously undocumented What levels of seabed vibration does man create? Collation of seabed vibrations from actual sources Frequency (Hz) 4. Does anthropogenic vibration have an impact in the field? Behavioural and physiological changes These species are common within areas of high activity Longer term implications need to be studied Roberts et al. (2015) Roberts et al. (2016)
15 Over-arching themes Behavioural responses to playback sounds in both schooling and individual fishes at specific levels It is possible to monitor free-ranging fishes throughout controlled exposures! Clear sensitivity to, and behavioural/physiological responses of benthic invertebrates to sediment vibration Sediment vibration & benthic animals is a new research area and must be explored further How to link short term responses to the longer term, and to the population level?
16 So what? Extend work to other fish species, different contexts and sound signatures Seabed vibration must be considered when assessing the impact of noise Although population level effects little understood, we still have to manage noise within the context of the MSFD Remembering that noise rarely occurs on its own: multiple stressors We need quantitative data to support management?!?!
17 Acknowledgements Defra (Project ME5025); Malacological Society of London SoundWaves Research Consortium members: A. Hawkins, S. Cheesman, D. Hughes, M. Downie, M. Bentley, I. Spiga. UCC staff for fieldwork assistance.
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