Observational Learning. The acquisition or changing a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior (page 224).
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1 LP 6E observational learning 1 Observational Learning The acquisition or changing a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior (page 224).
2 Observational learning LP 6E observational learning 2 Many behaviors are not learned through classical conditioning or operant conditioning. Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others. Albert Bandura wanted to illustrate that people learn by watching others and that expectations are relevant for performing a behavior. In his experiment, he had three different groups of children watch an adult aggressive play with a Bobo doll. Behavior Consequence Group 1: Adults hit the Bobo doll The adults were reinforced for their aggressive behavior Group 2: Adults hit the Bobo doll The adults were punished for their aggressive behavior Group 3: Adults hit the Bobo doll There were no consequences for aggressive behavior.
3 Observational Learning LP 6E observational learning 3 After watching the adult interact with the Bobo doll, the children were allowed to play with the Bobo doll. Group 1: Adults hit the Bobo doll Group 2: Adults hit the Bobo doll Group 3: Adults hit the Bobo doll Behavior Consequence Children s behavior The adults were reinforced for their aggressive behavior The adults were punished for their aggressive behavior There were no consequences for aggressive behavior. Displayed aggression toward Bobo doll Displayed aggression toward Bobo doll Learned to hit the Bobo doll? Yes Yes Yes
4 LP 6E observational learning 4 Did all of the children imitate the adults and display aggressive behavior? Did all of the children learn the aggressive behavior? Why would a behaviorist (Watson and Skinner) make a different prediction of whether the child would learn aggressive behavior?
5 Examples of observational learning LP 6E observational learning 5 Newton is very aggressive and greedy when it comes to food. Another one of our dogs, Tuffy is a very good and obedient dog (of course he is mine). My sister taught Tuffy to give us a hug. He understood this as a gesture of love and friendship (if the word applies to dogs). One day, Newton saw Tuffy give a hug and received a treat. Newton quickly learned this trick because food was involved. However, it was unclear that he learned that that this was a gesture of love and friendship. Newton imitated the behavior, but didn't understand the reasons for this behavior. Likewise, Kris s German shepherd (Xena, Warrior Princess) learned how to open doors by moving her paws up and down next to the doorknob. I joke that we need to quarantine his dog or else she will teach other dogs how to open doors by watching her.
6 LP 6E observational learning 6 Cognitive Processes that Influence Imitation Four cognitive processes interact to determine whether imitation of behavior will occur: Paying attention to another's behavior. Remembering the behavior to be imitated. Transforming the mental representation of the observed behavior into actions you can reproduce. Motivation to imitate the behavior.
7 Observational Learning LP 6E observational learning 7 If you observe your parents, friends or coworker lie, what factors influence whether or not you are going to imitate their behavior? Factors that increase the likelihood of imitation 1. People who are rewarded for their behavior. 2. Warm, nurturing people. 3. People who have control over you or have the power to influence your life (such as supervisors and parents). 4. People who are similar to you in terms of age, gender, and interests. 5. People you perceive as having higher social status. 6. When the task to be imitated is not extremely difficult or easy. 7. If you lack the confidence in your own abilities in a particular situation. 8. If the situation is ambiguous or unfamiliar. 9. If you've been reinforced for imitating the same behavior in the past.
8 Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Observational learning Psychology of Learning LP 6E observational learning 8 How can all of these principles of learning explain phobias an intense fear that is triggered by a specific object or situation (Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders) Classical conditioning: Phobias may be learned by a traumatic event that could range from surviving an airplane crash to being bitten by a German shepherd when you were young. You may generalize the experience from being bitten by one German shepherd to all dogs (stimulus generalization). Operant conditioning: The avoidant behavior characterized by phobic behavior may have been negatively reinforced. If you are afraid of dogs, you avoid them to reduce anxiety. This makes it much more likely you will avoid them in the future ( ). Observational learning: By seeing a fearful reaction of someone else, (such as a child seeing a parent panic at the sight of a spider) may imitate that behavior in the future.
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