Learning. Most general psychology textbooks describe three types of learning.
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1 Chapter 10: observational learning 1 Learning Most general psychology textbooks describe three types of learning. Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning (or vicarious learning)
2 Chapter 10: observational learning 2 Observational Learning (or vicarious learning) Learning that takes place by watching the actions of others.
3 Observational Learning Chapter 10: observational learning 3
4 Observational Learning Chapter 10: observational learning 4
5 Observational learning Chapter 10: observational learning 5 Many behaviors are not learned through classical conditioning or operant conditioning. Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others. Albert Bandura wanted to illustrate that people learn by watching others and that expectations are relevant for performing a behavior. In his experiment, he had three different groups of children watch an adult aggressive play with a Bobo doll. Behavior Consequence Group 1: Adults hit the Bobo doll The adults were reinforced for their aggressive behavior Group 2: Adults hit the Bobo doll The adults were punished for their aggressive behavior Group 3: Adults hit the Bobo doll There were no consequences for aggressive behavior.
6 Observational Learning Chapter 10: observational learning 6 After watching the adult interact with the Bobo doll, the children were allowed to play with the Bobo doll. Behavior Consequence Group 1: Adults hit the Bobo doll The adults were reinforced for their aggressive behavior Group 2: Adults hit the Bobo doll The adults were punished for their aggressive behavior Group 3: Adults hit the Bobo doll There were no consequences for aggressive behavior.
7 Chapter 10: observational learning 7 Did all of the children imitate the adults and display aggressive behavior? Did all of the children learn the aggressive behavior? Why would a behaviorist (Watson and Skinner) make a different prediction of whether the child would learn aggressive behavior?
8 Examples of observational learning Chapter 10: observational learning 8 Newton is very aggressive and greedy when it comes to food. Another one of our dogs, Tuffy is a very good and obedient dog (of course he is mine). My sister taught Tuffy to give us a hug. He understood this as a gesture of love and friendship (if the word applies to dogs). One day, Newton saw Tuffy give a hug and received a treat. Newton quickly learned this trick because food was involved. However, it was unclear that he learned that that this was a gesture of love and friendship. Newton imitated the behavior, but didn't understand the reasons for this behavior. Likewise, Kris s German shepherd (Xena, Warrior Princess) learned how to open doors by moving her paws up and down next to the doorknob. I joke that we need to quarantine his dog or else she will teach other dogs how to open doors by watching her.
9 Chapter 10: observational learning 9 Variables that Affect Observational Learning If you observe your parents, friends or coworker lie, what factors influence whether or not you are going to imitate their behavior? Variables Affecting Observational Learning 1. Difficulty of the task (easy versus hard) 2. Skill of the model (skilled versus unskilled) 3. Characteristics of the model (attractive, likeable, prestige, status, age, sex) 4. Characteristics of the observer (species and age) (those who are younger are more likely to imitate others than those who are older) 5. Consequences of the observed behavior (were the models reinforced or punished for their behavior) 6. Consequences of the observer s behavior 7. Observer s learning history (were you reinforced or punished for imitation)
10 Chapter 10: observational learning 10 Cognitive Processes that Influence Imitation Four cognitive processes interact to determine whether imitation of behavior will occur: Paying attention to another's behavior. Remembering the behavior to be imitated. Transforming the mental representation of the observed behavior into actions you can reproduce. (can t imitate Jackie Chan) Motivation to imitate the behavior.
11 Chapter 10: observational learning 11 Violent Entertainment and Behavior Researchers have collected strong evidence that there is an association between violent behavior and increased exposure to violent media (). As the amount of violent TV watched by children in elementary school increases, the likelihood of being aggressive as teenagers and the likelihood of criminal behavior as adults increases. (this does not suggest that everyone who watches violent TV become more violent, but those who watch violent TV are more likely to display violent behavior) As seen in the Figure, rates of homicides increased soon after television was introduced in the United States.
12 Chapter 10: observational learning 12 Although there is much debate about the mechanisms that lead to increased aggression or the role violent TV has on behavior, most psychologists believe that massive amounts of viewing or listening to violence is more likely to do harm than good, whether or not observational learning plays a role ().
13 Chapter 10: observational learning 13 Mirror Neurons Neurons that fire during both performance of an action and during visual observation are called mirror neurons. When you watch someone tie a shoe and when you tie a shoe, these neurons fire. Mirror neurons are considered important for imitation, perceptual-motor learning and the interpretation of actions.
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