Assessment of Memory

Transcription

1 Journal of the K. S. C. N. Vol. 2, No. 2 Assessment of Memory Juhwa Lee Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Kaemyung University - Abstract - The characteristics of human memory structure and processes are described with emphases on the encoding and retrieval processes. And the recent attempts to classify the memory systems are described. The following topics were selected and discussed : Working memory, mathematical models of memory, implicit memory, memory in real life, emotion and memory, representation models in memory. As the memory is composed of many different systems, and current development in the research of memory mainly depends on the conspicuous progresses of diverse fields of neurosciences, interdisciplinary approach is strongly needed. Key Words : Explicit memory, Implicit memory, Memory processing, Clinical tests (General definition of memory) 161

2 (Memory theories in the cognitive psychology) Table 1. Various forms of memory can be classified as explicit or implicit. Explicit(declarative) Facts Events Medial temporal lobe Priming Neocortex Procedural Skill & habits Striatum Implicit(non-declarative) Associative learning : Classical & operant conditioning Emotional responses Skeletal musculature Amygdala Cerebllum Non-associative learning : Habituation & sensitization Reflex pathway 162 Journal of the K. S. C. N. 2000

3 Table 2. Clues for anatomical structures in memory processing Process Function Conceptual Sensory processing Hold stimulus for further processing Input Acquisition Comprehend stimulus Make associations with previous knowledge Storage Retention Maintenance Output Retrieval Remembering Attention Effortful / automatic Short-term memory Primary memory Learning Episodic / semantic Declarative / procedural Long-term memory Secondary memory Implicit /explicit Priming Episodic / semantic Declarative / procedural 163

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6 Table 3. Verbal Memory Tests Letters and Digits Test(Peterson & Peterson, 1959) Telephone Test(Crook, Ferris, McCarthy & Rae, 1980) Serial Digit Learning(Benton, Hamsher, Varney & Spreen, 1983) California-Verbal Learning Test(CVLT; Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober,(1987) Selective Reminding(SR; Buschke & Fuld, 1974) Sentence Recall(Baddeley, Logie, Nimmo-Smith & Bereton, 1985) Babcork Story Recall Test(Babcork, 1930) California Discourse Memory Test(CDMT; Kramer, Delis, & Kaplan, 1988) Non-Verbal Memory Seashore Tonal Memory Test(Seashore, Lewis, & Saetveit, 1960) Continuous Recognition Memory Test(CRMT; Hannay, Levin, & Grossman, 1979) Continuous Visual Memory Test(CVMT; Trahan & Larrabee, 1988) Visual Retention Test(Metric Figures; Warrington & James, 1967) Complex Figure Test(Rey, 1941) Benton Visual Retention Test(BVRT; Benton & Spreen, 1961; Sivan, 1992) Biber Figure Learning Test(BFLT; Glosser, Goodglass & Spreen, 1989) Tactile Memory Tests Tactual Performance Test(Halstead & Lavin, 1979a) Tactile pattern Recognition Test(Milner, 1971) Remote Memory Tests Famous People Tests(Albert, Butters, & Lavin, 1979a) Presidents Test(Hamsher & Roberts, 1985) Autobiographical Memory Interview(AMI; Kopelman, Wilson & Baddeley, 1989) Memory Batteries Wechsler Memory Scales I, II, III(Wechsler, 1945, 1987, 1997) Memory Assesment Scales(Williams, 1991) Guild Memory Test(Gilbert & Levee, 1986) Denman Memory Test(Denman, 1984) Tivermead Behavioral Memory Test(RBMT; Wilson, 1986) Searning and Memory Battery(LAMB; Tombaugh & Schmitt, 1992) Memory Questionnaires 166 Journal of the K. S. C. N. 2000

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