Part I History & Conceptualizations
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1 Part I History & Conceptualizations
2 What is Cognitive Psychology? Formal Definition all processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, d elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. d (Neisser, 1967) Relationships and Applications (Andrade, 2010) (Wiseman et al., 2003)
3 Information Processing Model
4 Empiricism
5 How do Cognitive Psychologists think?
6 How do Cognitive Psychologists think? Illusion Why do you think it happens? Explanation
7 How do Cognitive Psychologists think? Which river is longer, the Amazon or the Nile?
8 Cognitive Science Much more General Cog Psy studies the way humans do think while Cog Sci studies all the ways we COULD think too. Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, Philosophy, Cog Psy, Computer Science
9 Questions relevant to Cognitive Psychology 1. Why do we remember some things and not others? 2. What kinds of mistakes in thinking do "normal" people make? 3. How do our imaginations use images to help us think? 4. Why are we so good at guessing g what other people p mean? 5. Why do people sometimes say things they don't mean: slips of the tongue? 6. How do children think?
10 Questions relevant to Cognitive Psychology 7. How do they progress toward thinking like adults? 8. Why are some things hard, and some easy? 9. Why is it that some objects in the world are easy to operate, and some aren't? 10. What are the kinds of things that people can do better than computers, and why? 11. What are our limitations as human information processors?
11 Cognitive Psychology is Young Ulrich Neisser s book in 1967 The journal Cognitive Psychology in 1970 What was going on before this? Back to Empiricism
12 Ancient History Plato and Aristotle s idea of a wax tablet Relevant to some of the ways we study cognition i today Plato s, then Aristotle s, metaphor
13 A little less ancient history John Locke (1690) and Thomas Hobbes (1651) The Source of All Knowledge is Sensation British Associationism
14 Associationists vs. Rationalists Major figures of the debate Ideas from James Mill and Immanuel Kant
15 Some early players Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz What does that mean for research? Kinnebrook gets fired!
16 Some early players (cont.) Wilhelm Wundt Chronometer
17 Some early players (cont.) William James
18 Back across the pond Psychologists Complex Behavior
19 Gestalt Principles
20 Gestalt Principles
21 Some early players (cont.) Herman Ebbinghaus Inspired by Fechner Memory for nonsense syllables (CVC) How is memory for CVCs different from memory for meaningful material? Rigorous methodology
22 Behaviorism
23 Behaviorism What is behaviorism?
24 Behaviorist Folk John Watson Conditioning B.F. Skinner Conditioning
25 Information Processing Approach Reaction against behaviorism Edward Tolman (1948): Bousfield (1951): George Miller (1956):
26 Information Processing Approach Claude Shannon s (Bell Labs) theory SOURCE (MSG) transmitter (signal) CHANNEL (signal) receiver (MSG) DESTINATION (signal) = possibility of noise creeping into channel
27 Information Processing Approach Computer metaphor not perfect Tracing flow of information Humans very different than computers with regards to information processing (this will become obvious)
28 Representations and Processes
29 INPUT INFORMATION OUTPUT PROCESSING I Say 2 Understand Square it You Say 4 2 Representation Cognitive Operation Face Recognize Face Retrieve Name Say/Use
30 Representations and Processes
31 Representations and Processes
32 Representations and Processes Why is it important to cognitive psychology that we can still recognize the pictures? Selective Attention Mental Operations
33 Representations and Processes Recognition = Representation + Processes We can have very different representations of the same thing Examples
34 Representations and Processes Top-down vs. Bottom-up Processing (a very important distinction) Foreign Language example Reading?
35 Top-down vs. Bottom-up Processing Read the following out loud It s hard work digging clay, Save it for a rainy clay Day vs. Clay Therefore, context matters
36 Top-down vs. Bottom-up Processing
37 Top-down vs. Bottom-up Processing
38 Top-down vs. Bottom-up Processing
39 Why is a raven like a writing desk?
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