Emotion. Chapter 13. Emotion. Emotion. Emotion. Myers PSYCHOLOGY. Theories of Emotion. Outline. Theory of Emotion. Theory of.

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1 Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 13 C13:1 Response of whole organism to pleasant and aversive events of different types Happiness, Sadness, Fear, Anger, Three elements Physiological arousal Expressive behaviors Conscious experience Fit together in complex ways to determine experience of emotion C13:2 Theories of James-Lange Cannon-Bard Schachter & Singer Embodied s and Autonomic Nervous System Physiological Similarities s Physiological Differences s Cognition and Outline Expressed Nonverbal Detecting and computing emotion Culture and al Expression Effects of Facial Expressions Experienced s Fear Anger Happiness How to be Happier C13:3 Theories of What is relationship between mental and physical aspects of emotion? e.g., Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding? Competing Theories James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Schachter s two-factor theory Robert Zajonc s theory Richard Lazarus s theory C13:4 James-Lange Theory of Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli Stimulus Arousal C13:5 Cannon-Bard Theory of -arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: Physiological responses AND Subjective experience of emotion Arousal Stimulus C13:6 1

2 Schachter s Two Factor Theory Cognition and Experience of emotion involves: Physical arousal + Cognitive label Schacter-Singer study (later) C13:7 C13:8 Stimulus Arousal Cognition Theories of James-Lange Cannon-Bard Schachter & Singer Embodied s and Autonomic Nervous System Physiological Similarities Among Specific s Physiological Differences Among Specific s Cognition and Outline Expressed Nonverbal Detecting and computing emotion Culture and al Expression Effects of Facial Expressions Experienced s Fear Anger Happiness How to be Happier C13:9 C13:10 s and Autonomic Nervous System Arousal aspect of emotion involves Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions of Autonomic Nervous System Arousal and Performance Easy tasks C13:11 Physiological Similarities Gross features of arousal similar in many different, strong emotions, but there are subtle differences in physiological response (and marked differences in psychological experience) Similar physiological reactions to Fear, Anger, Sexual Arousal Fear and Joy: Both increase heart-rate C13:12 Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks 2

3 Physiological Differences Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during Fear, Rage, and Joy. Facial muscles: fear brow, joy cheek / eye Amygdala shows differences in activation during emotions of Anger and Rage. Brain and Positive vs. Negative emotions Frontal lobe: Left (positive) vs. Right (negative) C13:13 Cognition and Two routes to emotional reaction Slower, thinking response (right, Schacter & Singer +1) Speedy (shortcut) non-cognitive route (left) (+2) C13:14 Cognition can define emotion: Classic Schacter & C13:15 Singer Study (6 conditions shown below) Adrenaline/ Informed Cue / Epinephrine of Effects? Model No - Euphoria 1. No - Rage 2. Yes Yes Euphoria 3. Yes Yes Rage 4. Yes No Euphoria* 5. Yes No Rage* 6. Only last 2 groups (*) reported higher levels of the cued emotions: Epin/Adren produced arousal, and being uninformed, arousal was attributed to situation Two Routes to C13:16 Cognition does not always precede emotion C13:17 When fearful eyes subliminally presented to subjects (left), fmri scans revealed more activity in amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004) Subliminally presented happy face can encourage subjects to drink more than angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003). Lie Detection C13:18 Polygraph Machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies Measures physiological responses Perspiration, Heart rate, Blood pressure, Breathing changes 3

4 Lie Detection C13:19 -Lie Detectors C13:20 Comparison between arousal to control and relevant questions Control Question: Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? Relevant Question: Did deceased threaten to harm you in any way? Two outcomes illustrated in next slide Control > Relevant = Truth Control < Relevant = Lie (a) Control > Relevant = telling truth (b) Control < Relevant = lying Respiration Perspiration Heart rate Control Relevant question question (a) Control question Relevant question (b) : Lie Detectors C13:21 50 Innocents 50 Thieves 1/3 of innocent declared guilty 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984) -Lie Detectors C13:22 Although average difference in expected direction, results are a problem from applied perspective Assume 70% accuracy If 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty Test all employees 950 x.30 = 285 will be wrongly accused (False Alarms) What about 95% accuracy? Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty Test all employees (including 999 innocents) 999 x.05 = 50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2%) Theories of James-Lange Cannon-Bard Schachter & Singer Embodied s and Autonomic Nervous System Physiological Similarities s Physiological Differences s Cognition and Outline C13:23 Expressed Nonverbal Communication Detecting and computing emotion Culture and al Expression Effects of Facial Expressions Experienced s Fear Anger Happiness How to be Happier Nonverbal Communication C13:24 Communication among humans is nonverbal, as well as verbal People often have more faith in nonverbal messages than explicit, verbal messages People may be attuned to detect certain emotional expressions more readily e.g., angry face may pop out (+1) Perception of expressions varies with experience e.g., abused children more likely than nonabused children to see ambiguous face as hostile or angry (+2) 4

5 Expressed C13:25 People more speedily detect angry face than happy one (Fox et al, 2000) Experience and Perception of Facial Expressions C13:26 Gender,, & Nonverbal Behavior C13:27 Gender and al Expression C13:28 Gender implicated in number of aspects of nonverbal communication Women Better at reading people s emotional expressions Better at detecting lies Describe emotional experiences more specifically More likely to describe selves as empathic React more visibly to emotional situations (+1) and to selfdescriptions of own emotional experiences (but perhaps not with respect to anger) Perhaps inherited from Father (or grandmother) (+2, +3) Women show more emotional expressiveness to films X-Imprinting C13:29 Father's X chromosome always contributes to daughter's genetic makeup, mother's to son's or daughter's. Paternal X chromosome, which must have come from his mother (Grandmother of his child), can contribute daughter-specific information on sex differences (e.g., in al Expressiveness) Study in Nature of Turner's syndrome Single intact X chromosome 55 Turner's girls who had maternal X 25 Turner's girls who had paternal X C13:30 Girls with paternal X "better adjusted with superior verbal and higher-order executive function skills which mediate social interactions. Authors propose that imprinting of paternal X permits activation and expression of one or more genes involved in social skills. The X chromosome from dad more "socially inclined" than that from mom. 5

6 Detecting and Computing C13:31 Facial expressions can be used to deceive (+1 +2) People generally at chance (50%) in identifying people who are lying based on emotional expression, or faking emotional response Some groups better than chance 64% USA Secret Service Agents 73% CIA Agents 68% Clinical Psychologists interested in Lying 67% Los Angeles sheriff s interrogators Can read people s emotions quite well, however, when they are not trying to deceive us e.g., teachers attitudes toward students Expressing Smiles can show different emotions: A) Mask anger B) Overly polite C) Soften criticism D) Reluctant compliance C13:32 Which is the natural smile? C13:33 Culture and C13:34 Are various aspects of emotions universal or culture-specific? Darwin found similarities across cultures and thought emotional expression innate: expressed in infants (above from his book s in Man and Animals ) and even across species (+1) C13:35 C13:36 Culture and Overall, many similarities across cultures in experience, labelling, interpreting, and expressing emotions e.g., Expression of certain basic emotions claimed to be universal by Ekman and others Expression of disgust by people from different cultures, of different ages and genders (+1) Expression of various emotions (+2) 6

7 Expression / Perception of Disgust C13:37 Expressing Culturally universal expressions C13:38 Culture and But there are also some differences across cultures in certain facets of emotion Descendents of Irish more expressive than descendents of Scandinavians Display rules Implicit rules about contexts in which appropriate to display different emotions Individualist Cultures (e.g., Canada, UK, ) EXPRESS negative emotions to in-group members SUPPRESS to out-group members Collectivist Cultures (e.g., Greece, India, ) SUPPRESS negative emotions to in-group members EXPRESS to out-group members Why these differences? C13:39 Effects of Facial Expressions: Facial Feedback Hypothesis C13:40 Facial expressions not only reflect our emotions; they also contribute to emotional experience Manipulate people s expressions (e.g., hold pen in mouth to create smile ) intensifies emotion (e.g., how funny cartoons are) Expressions play causal role, along with Physiology and Cognition Theories of James-Lange Cannon-Bard Schachter & Singer Embodied s and Autonomic Nervous System Physiological Similarities s Physiological Differences s Cognition and Outline Expressed Nonverbal C13:41 Detecting and computing emotion Culture and al Expression Effects of Facial Expressions Experienced s Fear Anger Happiness How to be Happier Experienced s Humans experience 10 or so distinct emotions C13:42 Joy, Interest/excitement, Surprise, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Fear, shame, and Guilt Most present in infancy, perhaps another sign of universality Classified along two dimensions (+1 +2) 7

8 Two Dimensions of C13:43 C13:44 Fear Learning Direct experience Modelling Biology Preparedness Amygdala (in limbic system +1) plays critical role Fear response less if amygdala damaged Excessive fear or anxiety Central role in many clinical conditions: Phobias, Obsessions, PTSD, (more in clinical psychology) C13:45 Experienced s The Amygdala: a neural key to fear learning C13:46 Anger C13:47 Happiness C13:48 Evoked by: Response to other s misdeeds, especially if unjustified or willful, avoidable, Also blameless annoyances (e.g., traffic jam, heat, ) Catharsis (Myth?) al release Catharsis hypothesis: Releasing aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges Happiness Varies with time of day (+1) Feel-good, do-good phenomenon: People tend to be more helpful when in good mood Subjective Well-Being: Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (Physical and Economic indicators) to evaluate Quality of Life Examined in following slides 8

9 Experienced C13:49 Happiness C13:50 Moods across day Are today s college students materialistic? C13:51 Experienced Student values and life satisfaction C13:52 Experienced C13:53 C13:54 Does money buy happiness? (below and +1) Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 Income % very happy 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Percentage describing selves as very happy Year 9

10 C13:55 C13:56 Relativity of Happiness Relative Deprivation Perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself Adaptation Level (next few slides) Happiness ain t a thing in itself it s only a contrast with something that ain t pleasant. And so, as soon as the novelty is over and the force of the contrast dulled, it ain t happiness any longer, and you have to get something fresh. Mark Twain, explaining adaptation, in Adaptation-Level and s C13:57 Adaptation-Level: tendency to form judgements relative to neutral level Perceptions (e.g., of being well-off) made relative to baseline that changes with our circumstances Brickman et al (1978): lottery winners not more happy sometime after winning, and paraplegics not less happy (latter claim challenged below) Adaptations to smaller rewards and setbacks almost complete (Suh, Diener, & Fujita, 1996): Produce transient positive or negative deviations, but return to norm Adaptation to more serious changes partial: Widowhood and Unemployment (Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, & Diener, 2003, 2004) led to lower levels of life satisfaction even 5 years later, but still some adaptation C13:58 Cross-cultural comparisons (Biswas-Diener et al, 2004; Biswas-Diener & Diener, 2001) African Maasai relatively happy living in dung huts without indoor plumbing or electricity Inuit of Northern Greenland relatively satisfied despite very harsh climate Impoverished individuals in slums of Calcutta live in shacks, but score positive zone on life satisfaction But Street Prostitutes, Homeless, People in mental hospitals remain dissatisfied (relative deprivation?) Implications Over time, many good and bad things lose power People poor judges of what will make them happy or unhappy Predictors of Happiness C13:59 C13:60 10