Review for Lecture 2016

Transcription

1 Review for Lecture 2016

2 Final exam About 2/3 will be on new material Look for repetition and interconnections. What affects reproduction? Husbandry Nutrition Hormones Breeding management Genetics Sanitation Environment Health Stress

3 Pathology Know the diseases discussed in the pathology lecture with particular attention to those agents discussed in other lectures. Know pathologies discussed in other lectures. Know the species they affect and the characteristics that distinguish them from one another. You will have a list of pathologies. You will not have to come up with, or spell, the names.

4 Respiratory Diseases Disease P. Pneumotropica P. Multocida SDAV Mycoplasmosis Microbe Bacteria Bacteria Virus Bacteria Unique characteristics Common species Photophobia Conjunctivitis Nasal Discharge Head tilt Porphyrin staining (Red Tears) Mouse Rabbit Rat Rat Opportunistic

5 Species Comparisons Malocclusion Incisors only Incisors and molars MOBS Species affected Species seldom affected Mammary gland tumors Benign Malignant Weaning stress bacterial genus Lawsonia intracellularis Clostridium ssp

6 Species Comparisons Malocclusion MOBS Mammary gland tumors Incisors only Mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils Species affected Mice, hamsters, rabbits Benign Rats Incisors and molars Guinea pigs, rabbits Species seldom affected Rats, gerbils, guinea pigs Malignant Mice Weaning stress bacterial genus Lawsonia intracellularis Hamster Clostridium ssp Rabbit

7 Note contributing factors to pathologies Husbandry Mishandled rabbits Breeding Old or obese rabbits Nutrition No vitamin C in guinea pigs Environmental parameters Low humidity Stress Depressed immune system Broken backs Pregnancy toxemia Scurvy Ring tail Opportunistic infection

8 Comparisons are a good study tool Species Mouse Rat Hamster Gerbil Guinea pig Rabbit Nest Large don t disturb some lines Small Large don t disturb Hidden/nest box None-precocious young Nest box

9 Comparisons are a good study tool Chemical Level Use Quaternary ammonia Sanitizer/disinfectant Equipment & room Phenolics Sanitizer/disinfectant Equipment & room Alcohol Sanitizer/disinfectant Skin and wounds Iodine/betadine Sanitizer/disinfectant Skin and wounds Chlorhexidine Sanitizer/disinfectant Skin and equipment Bleach Sanitizer/disinfectant Equipment & water Chlorine dioxide Disinfectant/sterilant Equipment Peroxygen compounds Disinfectant/sterilant Equipment Aldehydes Sterilant Empty rooms

10 Essay Question #47 On January 1 st, a new investigator asks you to create a C57DBAF1 hybrid line for her to use in her research. She would like you to have 25 females and 5 males of breeding age beginning on April 4 th and to continue to produce the hybrids at a rate of about 25 females every 3 weeks. The line she is creating is a cross between female C57Bl/6 (phenotype: black) and males DBA (phenotype: brown dilute). You have the necessary parent lines in stock.

11 Essay Question #47 On January 1 st, a new investigator asks you to create a C57DBAF1 hybrid line for her to use in her research. The line she is creating is a cross between female C57Bl/6 (phenotype: black) and males DBA (phenotype: brown dilute). What type of cross is used to create a hybrid line? An outcross

12 Essay Question #47 On January 1 st, a new investigator asks you to create a C57DBAF1 hybrid line for her to use in her research. The line she is creating is a cross between female C57Bl/6 (phenotype: black) and males DBA (phenotype: brown dilute). What phenotypic color will the offspring be? C57: black aabbccdd DBA: brown dilute aabbccdd C57DBAF1: Black aabbccdd

13 Essay Question #47 On January 1 st, a new investigator asks you to create a C57DBAF1 hybrid line for her to use in her research. She would like you to have 25 females and 5 males of breeding age beginning on April 4 th and to continue to produce the hybrids at a rate of about 25 females every 3 weeks. The line she is creating is a cross between female C57Bl/6 (phenotype: black) and males DBA (phenotype: brown dilute). You have the necessary parent lines in stock. What breeding system should you use? Monogamous produces offspring about every 3 weeks via post-partum estrus matings.

14 Essay Question #47 Explain how you will produce the first offspring in time to have adults on April 4 th. Mating cages should be set up no later than January 29 th. Mating on this day will give us 30% copulation on 2/1 with some the 2 days before and some a day or two later. Group house for van der Lee/Boot and Whitten effects

15 Essay Question #47 On January 1 st, a new investigator asks you to create a C57DBAF1 hybrid line for her to use in her research. She would like you to have 25 females and 5 males of breeding age beginning on April 4 th and to continue to produce the hybrids at a rate of about 25 females every 3 weeks. The line she is creating is a cross between female C57Bl/6 (phenotype: black) and males DBA (phenotype: brown dilute). You have the necessary parent lines in stock. How many female C57Bl/6 should you breed to produce 25 hybrid females and 5 males? Assuming a 50:50 ratio, the females are the limiting factor. 25 x 2 = 50 pups total 50/10 pups per litter = 5 litters

16 Essay Question #48 An investigator would like to freeze embryos for storage. He would like you to set up the mice to allow him to collect blastocysts (day 3.5 of gestation) for freezing on March 1 st. Note: Embryos are being stored, not implanted. Please explain the required procedures for a March 1 st collection of blastocysts, including hormones used in superovulation and their function, what breeding system is used, on what date are they set up, and are the males intact or vasectomized?

17 Essay Question #48 An investigator would like to freeze embryos for storage. He would like you to set up the mice to allow him to collect blastocysts (day 3.5 of gestation) for freezing on March 1 st. Note: Embryos are being stored, not implanted. Hormones used in superovulation and their function PMPG: FSH analog to stimulate follicular maturation and prevent atresia hcg: LH analog to stimulate ovulation and BE

18 Essay Question #48 An investigator would like to freeze embryos for storage. He would like you to set up the mice to allow him to collect blastocysts (day 3.5 of gestation) for freezing on March 1 st. Note: Embryos are being stored, not implanted. What breeding system is used and are the males intact or vasectomized? Females will be hand-mated with a need to check plugs. Males are intact. You want fertilized embryos

19 Essay Question #48 He would like you to set up the mice to allow him to collect blastocysts (day 3.5 of gestation) for freezing on March 1 st. Please explain the required procedures for a March 1 st collection of blastocysts. On what date are they set up? March 1 st : Blastocysts are flushed from the uterus just prior to implantation which occurs on day 4. February 26 th : Check plugs. Day of copulation; day 0 of pregnancy February 25 th : hcg injection and mating with intact male February 23 rd : PMSG injection

20 Essay Question #49 You receive a shipment of rats from another institution located on the east coast. They are being flown across country using a common carrier (they are not from an approved vendor and not shipped using private transport). There were some delays in transit so it took 5 days for the rats to get here. You receive 2 transport boxes measuring 20 inches x 10 inches x 8 inches high. One box has 5 adult females (400 g); one box has 5 adult males (600 g). When you open the box, the females look fine, but the males have porphyrin staining and a couple have a slightly depressed body condition score (~2). You also see that the food in the male cage is gone and the gel pack is almost empty. Explain the husbandry concerns and the signs seen in the male rats transport cage.

21 Essay Question #49 You receive a shipment of rats from another institution located on the east coast. They are being flown across country using a common carrier (they are not from an approved vendor and not shipped using private transport Are there any red flags here? Institutions often carry more of a risk for disease breaks. Transport via a common carrier Higher risk of exposure to a disease agent. Less control of environmental conditions.

22 Essay Question #49 There were some delays in transit so it took 5 days for the rats to get here. You also see that the food in the male cage is gone and the gel pack is almost empty. What about here? Delays mean more time in transit, increased risk of environmental deviations, and thus increased stress. Also, we see the males ran out of food and moisture which could lead to dehydration and possibly malnutrition

23 Essay Question #49 You receive 2 transport boxes measuring 20 inches x 10 inches x 8 inches high. One box has 5 adult females (400 g); one box has 5 adult males (600 g). Any issues here? Transport boxes must allow the same space as primary housing. Is height okay? Box measures 20 x 10 inches: A = 200 in 2 Area of 200 in 2 housing 5 animals gives you 200/5 = 40 in 2 per rat 400 g females need 40 in 2 so they are okay 600 g males need 70 in 2 so they are overcrowded. Animals Weight, g Floor Area/Animal, in 2 Height, in. Rats < Up to Up to Up to Up to >500 >70 7 dam + llitter 124 7

24 Essay Question #49 When you open the box, the females look fine, but the males have porphyrin staining and a couple have a slightly depressed body condition score (~2). What could produce these signs? Stress Respiratory disease

25 Essay Question #50 These signs (in question #49) could be explained by the husbandry issues alone, or by a pathology. Explain how the husbandry issues could cause the porphyrin staining and low body condition. Include the hormone involved. What husbandry issues come from overcrowding? MOBS or aggressive behavior Changes in environmental parameters Increased heat Increased humidity Increased ammonia Coupled with the delay, too little food and moisture Dehydration Possibly malnutrition All of these conditions can lead to environmental stress. Porphyrin staining is a common response to stress in the rat.

26 Essay Question #50 These signs could be explained by the husbandry issues alone, or by a pathology. Explain how the husbandry issues could cause the porphyrin staining and body condition. Include the hormone involved. Which hormone is released during stress that could account for a low body condition? Glucocorticoids Released in response to stress. Continued release during chronic stress If there is not enough glucose being absorbed and not enough glycogen to convert to glucose as may be seen during malnutrition, the body begins gluconeogenesis, breaking down fat and muscle to make glucose leading to lower body condition scores. Only a couple of the rats have low BC scores. They are likely the subordinate rats.

27 Essay Question #51 Name the pathology most likely indicted by the porphyrin staining and low body condition. Where could it have come from and why did it show up now? Possible pathologies causing porphyrin staining SDAV Mycoplasmosis Possible source Originating facility Picked up in transit Contributing factors Stress depressed the immune system High ammonia levels increase the risk of a respiratory infection

28 Good Luck and Thank You