25 Things To Know. dentity

Transcription

1 25 Things To Know dentity

2 Personal Identity Gender Attraction Pheromones Body Image Eating Disorders

3 Gender Identity Sex differences = biological Gender differences = thinking

4 Sexual differentiation How identify sexually What call self (male-female)

5 Sexual differentiation Sexual differentiation begins with chromosomes Female = XX chromosome Males = XY

6 Sexual differentiation Prenatal Start with same anatomy Müllerian ducts Lead to female internals Wolffian ducts Lead to male internals

7 Sexual differentiation Male (XY) Y Chromosome SRY (sex-determining region) Causing primitive gonads to become testes

8 Sexual differentiation Male (XY) Testes Sperm-producing organs Produce androgens (male hormone)

9 Sexual differentiation Male (XY) Wolffian ducts develop into: seminal vesicles store semen

10 Sexual differentiation Male (XY) Wolffian ducts develop into: seminal vesicles store semen vas deferens duct from testes into penis

11 Sexual differentiation Male (XY) Müllerian inhibiting hormone Peptide hormone Müllerian ducts degenerate

12 Sexual differentiation Male (XY) Testosterone Development of penis & scrotum

13 Sexual differentiation Females (XX) More estrogen than androgens Primitive gonads become ovaries (egg-producing organs)

14 Sexual differentiation Females (XX) Wolffian ducts degenerate Müllerian ducts develop Estrogen

15 Sexual differentiation Steroid Hormones four carbon rings derived from cholesterol

16 Sexual differentiation Steroid Hormones 3 effects: 1. bind to chromosomes activate or inactivate genes 2. bind to membrane receptors like protein or peptide hormones

17 Sexual differentiation Steroid Hormones 3 effects: 3. enter cells activate proteins in cytoplasm

18 Sexual differentiation Steroid Hormones Androgens and Estrogens Not a specific chemical itself Androgens promote masculine features (hair) estrogens promote female features (breasts)

19 Sexual differentiation Steroid Hormones Testosterone most widely known androgen

20 Sexual differentiation Steroid Hormones Estradiol most prominent type of estrogen higher levels in women

21 Sexual differentiation Steroid Hormones Progesterone Predominantly female Prepares uterus implantation Maintains pregnancy

22 Sexual differentiation Steroid Hormones Organizing effects mostly during critical stage determine develop as male or female

23 Sexual differentiation Steroid Hormones Activating effects Temporary Only when hormone present Can occur at any time in life

24 Sexual differentiation Steroid Hormones Sensitive period When event has long-lasting effect Testosterone impacts external genitalia in 3 rd - 4 th month of pregnancy

25 Sexual differentiation In Hypothalamus Sexually dimorphic nucleus Part of medial preoptic hypothalamus Larger in male than female Linked to male sexual behavior

26 Sexual differentiation In Hypothalamus Females can generate cyclic pattern of hormone release Males can t

27 Sexual differentiation Alpha-fetoprotein Protein that binds with estrogen Present in early sensitive period Prevents females being masculinized by their own estrogen

28 Sexual differentiation Childhood Behavior 3-8 months old Show preference for toys Girls look at dolls more Boys look at dolls & trucks equally

29 Sexual differentiation Childhood Behavior Male monkeys lay with trucks and balls more Female monkeys play with dolls

30 Sexual differentiation Childhood Behavior Female monkeys prenatal injections of testosterone After born, play more like boys

31 Sexual differentiation Activating Effects of Hormones Change behav. by enhancing $ Testosterone need for male sexual arousal Estrogens increase sensitivity of pudendal nerve

32 Sexual differentiation Brain (rat studies) Low concentrations of dopamine facilitate penile erection sexually receptive postures in female

33 Sexual differentiation Brain (rat studies) High concentrations of dopamine orgasm

34 Sexual differentiation Brain (rat studies) Males prefer cage where previously had sex Female rats find sex reinforcing only if they get to decide when it occurs -- how know?

35 Sexual differentiation Humans High Testosterone seek more sexual partners even after marry or have longterm relationship

36 Sexual differentiation Humans Low Testosterone decrease sexual activity

37 Sexual differentiation Humans Testosterone levels don t change after marriage Low T more likely to marry

38 Sexual differentiation Humans Single women high T Long-term partner have low T either homosexual or heterosexual

39 Impotence Men Inability to have erection not usually caused by low T Treated by increasing blood circulation in penis & hypothalamus

40 Gender Identity Intersexes Male & female characteristics

41 Intersexes Hermaphrodites Genitals-genetic sex mismatch Some normal testicular tissue plus ovarian tissue

42 Intersexes Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Overdeveloped adrenals Excess release of testosterone

43 Intersexes Congenital adrenal hyperplasia In genetic males extra testosterone little effect

44 Intersexes Congenital adrenal hyperplasia In genetic females Masculine physical char. clitoris may resemble penis Treated different by teachers

45 Intersexes Congenital adrenal hyperplasia In genetic females Differ in childhood interests More interested in rough sports More aggressive as adults Less interested in infants

46 Intersexes Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Create or lengthened vagina Significant sexual difficulties No romantic attraction to men Little or no interest in sex Lack of orgasm

47 Intersexes Testicular Feminization Androgen insensitivity Not bind to genes in nucleus Genetic male Appearance of female

48 Intersexes Testicular Feminization Small penis Considered female until puberty Don t menstruate

49 Intersexes Gender Assignment In 1950s Most intersexed reared as girls Surgery easier to look like girl

50 Intersexes Gender Assignment In 1950s Most developed male interests Demanded reassignment as males

51 Intersexes Gender Assignment Now Recommend honesty No bias toward female Use predominant external appearance as gender

52 Intersexes Gender Assignment Now No surgery now Change sexual orientation later?

53 Sexual Appearance Genetic males Enzyme (5 -reductase 2) converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

54 Sexual Appearance Genetic males Enzyme (5 -reductase 2) Inbreeding genetic disorder blocks enzyme penis not develop until puberty identified as female as birth

55 Sexual Appearance Genetic males Enzyme (5 -reductase 2) Inbreeding Boys usually want to switch to male gender identity

56 Sexual Appearance Genetic males Reassignment when teen common if: born without penis lost penis through accident

57 Personal Identity Gender roles 3-8 months old Girls look at dolls more often Boys dolls & trucks equally

58 Personal Identity Gender roles Monkeys Girl play more w/ dolls Boys play with trucks & balls

59 Personal Identity Gender roles Testosterone injected prenatal Girl monkey more masculinetype play after born

60 Personal Identity Single women Have higher testosterone levels than have long-term partner (homosexual or heterosexual)

61 Personal Identity Multiple Mates Men more interested in short-term sexual relationships with many partners

62 Personal Identity Multiple Mates Evolutionarily, both work for men: One-mate strategies Multiple-mate strategy

63 Personal Identity Multiple Mates Women have less to gain Limited number of pregnancies But can upgrade to better mate

64 Personal Identity Mate Seeking Both men & women prefer Healthy Intelligent Honest Attractive

65 Personal Identity Mate Seeking Women prefer: Good providers strongest when no $ of own Strong commitment

66 Personal Identity Mate Seeking Body odor Women prefer differ from hers immune genes dissimilar Men strongly prefer younger

67 Personal Identity Mate Seeking Differences in Jealousy Men upset by sex infidelity Women upset by emotional infidelity Evolved or Learned

68 Sexual Orientation Anatomical Differences Longer arms, legs & hands In heterosexual men In homosexual women

69 Sexual Orientation Brain Differences Larger in gay men anterior commissure Pain bilateral connections suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Circadian rhythms

70 Sexual Orientation Processing Differences Landmarks for giving directions Gay men Heterosexual women

71 Sexual Orientation Not an arbitrary decision Integral part of person Homosexuality is a shift toward In some aspects, not others

72 Sexual Orientation Genetics Homosexuality Highest in monozygotic twins Lower in dizygotic twins Still lower in siblings

73 Sexual Orientation Genetics Higher incidence among maternal relatives

74 Sexual Orientation Prenatal Influences Lowest in oldest sons Mother s immune system can react against a protein in 1st son Attacks subsequent sons more

75 Personal Identity Gender Attraction Pheromones Body Image Eating Disorders

76 Attraction Women Periovulatory period Mid-point of menstrual cycle Sexual interest increases High estrogen levels Prefer en who look and act more masculine

77 Attraction Women Oxytocin stimulates contractions of uterus during delivery Stimulates mammary gland to release milk

78 Attraction Women Oxytocin Also releases at orgasm relaxation & less anxiety Bonding of couples Mother-child?

79 Attraction Women Oxytocin Facilitates social behaviors Recognizing familiar faces Recognizing blurry words (like love or kissing)

80 Attraction Hormones increase activity in medial preoptic area anterior hypothalamus

81 Attraction Men Vasopressin Important for parental behavior Male prairie voles high levels of vasopressin long-term pair bonds help rear their young

82 Attraction Interest in Multiple Mates Men interested in short-term sexual relationships many partners

83 Personal Identity Gender Attraction Pheromones Body Image Eating Disorders

84 Pheromones Chemicals Released by an animal Impact members of same species Affect behavior (ie., sexually)

85 Pheromones Vomeronasal organ (VNO) Located near smell receptors Separate system

86 Pheromones Vomeronasal organ (VNO) Respond only to pheromones Each VNO receptor responds to just one pheromone No adaptation from continued exposure

87 Pheromones Vomeronasal organ (VNO) VNO is very small in humans No receptors have been found Have one type pheromone receptor located in olfactory mucosa

88 Pheromones Humans Synchronize menstrual cycles Spend a lot of time together Enhance regularity of menstrual cycle For long-term relationships

89 Personal Identity Gender Attraction Pheromones Body Image Eating Disorders

90 Body Image Facial symmetry Very difficult to find Takes billons of cells In same places on each side

91 Attractive Facial symmetry

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97 Attraction Men should have: broad forehead relatively longer lower face prominent chin and brow defined cheekbones chiseled jaw

98 Attraction Women should have: Baby face Large eyes Small nose Narrow jaw High cheekbones Fatter than they think should be

99 Attraction Ratios Between eyes 46% of total width Between eyes & mouth 36% of total height

100 Jessica Alba

101 Overestimation Men value of muscles Women value of thinness

102 Personal Identity Gender Attraction Pheromones Body Image Eating Disorders

103 Eating Disorders Obesity in rats Buffet of high-calorie foods Can t pass up options Become obese Lose interest in other rewards

104 Eating Disorders Fat is not happy Small correlation between obesity and mood Obesity not caused by depression

105 Eating Disorders Prenatal high-fat diet before increase appetite & body weight

106 Eating Disorders Genetics and Body Weight Danish study weights of adopted children correlate with biological parents Genetic or prenatal

107 Eating Disorders Genetics and Body Weight Specific genes Mutated gene for melanocortin can cause obesity

108 Eating Disorders Syndromal obesity From medical condition

109 Eating Disorders Prader-Willi syndrome Genetic disorder leads to obesity high levels of ghrelin (peptide)

110 Eating Disorders Weight Loss Dieting rarely effective alone Maintaining diet Implement small changes

111 Eating Disorders Weight Loss 20-40% success (2 years) Increasing exercise Decreasing eating

112 Eating Disorders Weight Loss Fructose doesn t $ satiety path Non-diet drinks high in fructose Artificial sugars cause body to unlearn association between sweet and calories?

113 Eating Disorders Weight Loss Sibutramine (Meridia) Appetite suppressants Orlistat (Xenical) Block fat absorption

114 Eating Disorders Weight Loss Gastric bypass surgery Removes part of stomach Smaller meals produce satiety

115 Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Alternate dieting & overeating Some vomit after meals. Most suffer from depression

116 Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Results in: Lower levels of CCK (hormone) Increased ghrelin (hormone) Altered NT transmitters regulate eating

117 Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Similar to drug addiction Food activates nucleus accumbens.

118 Biological Psych.com