04/11/2014 YES* YES YES. Attitudes = Evaluation. Attitudes = Unique Cognitive Construct. Attitudes Predict Behaviour

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1 CLICK HERE : EXAMINING IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT ATTITUDES TOWARD RAPE AND SEXUALLY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN MEN RECRUITED ONLINE Chatal A. Herma, Kevi L. Nues, & Natasha Loricz October 31 st, 2014 Carleto Uiversity Ottawa, Caada Implicit Attitudes Automatic Evaluatios Attitudes = Evaluatio Explicit Attitudes Deliberative Evaluatios Attitudes = Uique Cogitive Costruct Attitudes Predict Behaviour 1. Are olie samples geeralizable to the geeral populatio? YES* More diversity i ethicity, employmet status ad history, age, ad educatio tha studet samples *Depedet o olie pael sample Behred et al. (2011); Buhrmester et al. (2011); Casler et al. (2013); Goodma et al. 2012; Paolacci et al. (2010 ) 2. Are the data obtaied from olie samples reliable ad valid? YES Reliability ad validity of olie pael data ca be equivalet to, or exceed that typically foud i uiversity samples e.g., Behred et al. (2011); Buhrmester et al. (2011); Casler et al. (2013); Paolacci et al. (2010) 3. Will participats report egagig i sexually aggressive behaviour i a olie survey? YES ad commuity me have reported egagig i sexually aggressive behaviour i olie surveys i past research (e.g., Greee & Davis, 2011; Voller & Log, 2010) 1

2 4. Ca implicit ad explicit attitudes be assessed olie? YES [Research Questios] 1. Do the implicit ad explicit measures of attitudes towards rape have good reliability (iteral cosistecy)? 2. Do the explicit measures of attitudes towards rape demostrate coverget validity? 3. Are implicit ad explicit attitudes towards rape associated with sexually aggressive behaviour? [Participats] Demographics (N = 150) Me (N = 315) Age 90.7% % Race 65.3% White 87.6% White Full Time Job (%) Relatioship Status 6.7% 48.9% 7.4% Married or Livig w/ Parter 64.5% Married or Livig w/ Parter [Measures] Three types of measures: 1) Implicit attitude measures 2) Explicit attitude measures 3) Idicators of sexually aggressive behaviour [Implicit Attitudes Toward ] Measures that assess automatic associatios betwee a cocept ad a attribute Implicit Associatio Test (IAT) Implicit attitudes towards rape relative to cosetig sex Sigle category IAT (SC-IAT) Implicit attitudes towards rape Respose Latecy VS. Respose Latecy Cosetig Sex + - Cosetig Sex - + 2

3 Respose Latecy VS. Respose Latecy Sematic Differetials (SD RAPE) Rapig a woma is: Very Negative Neutral Very Positive Very Bad Very Wrog Very Immoral Very Not Ejoyable Very Not Fu Very Good Very Right Very Moral Very Ejoyable Very Fu Sexual Experiece Survey- Attitudes (ATT) How POSITIVE or NEGATIVE do you thik the behaviour below is? Tactics vary ad iclude verbal ad physical coercio Behaviours vary from sexual touchig to itercourse Koss et al. (2006) Modified How POSITIVE or NEGATIVE do you thik the behaviour below is? Usig some degree of physical force (twistig her arm, holdig her dow) or i ay other way holdig dow or physically hurtig a woma i order to... 1 (Very egative) 7 (Very positive) 1. fodle, kiss, or sexually touch her without her permissio? 2. attempt to make her have sexual itercourse with you, but for some reaso itercourse did t happe? 3. make her have oral sex with you? 4. make her have sexual itercourse with you? 5. make her have aal sex with you? 6. isert a object ito her? Outcome Expectacies Evaluatio (ROE-Eval) List three thigs that you thik could happe if you were to force a woma to have sex with you. Outcome #1 How positive or egative would this outcome be for you if it did happe? Very Negative Very Positive [Idicators of Sexually Aggressive Behaviour] Past sexually aggressive behaviour Self-reported likelihood to commit sexually aggressive behaviour 3

4 [Past Sexually Aggressive Behaviour] How may times SINCE YOU WERE 16 years old Sexual Experiece Survey (Past Behaviour) How may times SINCE YOU WERE 16 years old Koss et al. (2006) Have you ever used some degree of physical force (twistig her arm, holdig her dow) or i ay other way held dow or physically hurt a woma i order to... 0 (Never) (Nie times or more) 1. fodle, kiss, or sexually touch her without her permissio? 2. attempt to make her have sexual itercourse with you, but for some reaso itercourse did t happe? 3. make her have oral sex with you? 4. make her have sexual itercourse with you? 5. make her have aal sex with you? 6. isert a object ito her? [Likelihood of Sexually Aggressive Behaviour] Likelihood to Scale (LR Scale) [Likelihood of Sexually Aggressive Behaviour] Sexual Experiece Scale -Likelihood (Likelihood) How likely is it that you would commit rape if you would ot get caught ad/or puished? How LIKELY would you be to do the behaviour below? Not at all likely Very likely Koss et al. (2006) Modified How LIKELY would you be to do the behaviour below? Use some degree of physical force (twistig her arm, holdig her dow) or i ay other way hold dow or physically hurt a woma i order to... 1 (Very ulikely) 7 (Very likely) 1. fodle, kiss, or sexually touch her without her permissio? 2. attempt to make her have sexual itercourse with you, but for some reaso itercourse did t happe? 3. make her have oral sex with you? 4. make her have sexual itercourse with you? 5. make her have aal sex with you? 6. isert a object ito her? [Procedure] IAT SD Demographic Questios Sigle Category - IAT ROE SES Past Behaviour SES Likelihood Attitudes LR 4

5 [RQ1: Reliability] Table 2. Iteral Cosistecy (Crobach s Alpha) of Attitude ad Behaviour Measures Measure (N = 150) Me (N = 315) IAT SC-IAT - - SD ROE Evaluatio - - SES Attitudes SES - Likelihood SES Past Behaviour [RQ2: Coverget Validity] Table 3. Coverget validity for explicit attitude measures Attitudes SD r =.415*, p < ROE Evaluatio r =.480*, p < Attitudes SD r =.578*, p < ROE Evaluatio r =.068, p = [RQ3: Frequecy of Sexually Aggressive Behaviour] % () % () B1: Argumets ad pressure 25% (38) 26% (82) B2: Made promises you kew were 25% (37) 27% (84) utrue B3: Show you were ot happy by 30% (45) 25% (80) makig a woma feel guilty etc. B4: Give a woma drugs or alcohol 3% (4) 6% (18) without her permissio B5: Woma passed out or too druk to 9% (13) 15% (48) stop what was happeig B6: Used physical force 2% (3) 4% (13) [RQ3: Implicit Attitudes Toward ad Sexually Aggressive Behaviour] [ Me] RE-IAT SC-IAT Past Behaviour Likelihood LR Scale.168* [] RE-IAT SC-IAT Past Behaviour Likelihood LR Scale [RQ3: Explicit Attitudes Toward ad Sexually Aggressive Behaviour] [ Me] Past Behavior Likelihood Attitudes SD ROE Eval. r =.434* 307 r =.450* 148 r =.200* 154 r =.806* 296 r =.616* 144 r =.472* 146 LR Scale r =.401* 309 r =.668* 148 r =.304* 155 *p <.05 [RQ3: Explicit Attitudes Toward ad Sexually Aggressive Behaviour] [] Past Behavior Likelihood Attitudes SD ROE Eval r =.536* 144 r =.467* 67 r = r =.844* 145 r =.629* 67 r = LR Scale r =.307* 140 r =.563* 66 r = *p <.05 5

6 SD ROE Evaluatio Attitudes 04/11/2014 [RQ3: Group Differeces] 3 groups: 2.4 Attitudes Noe: No past sexually aggressive behaviour vs.1: d = 0.79* 0 vs. 2: d = 1.20* Verbal: Verbal coercio oly 1.6 Physical: Physical coercio ad/or physical ad verbal coercio Noe Verbal Physical 0 vs.1: d = 0.84* 0 vs. 2: d = 1.42* Sexually Aggressive Behaviour Groups SD 0 vs.1: d = 0.73* 0 vs. 2: d = 0.94* ROE-Evaluatio vs.1: d = vs. 2: d = Noe Verbal Physical 0 vs.1: d = vs. 2: d = 1.39* Noe Verbal Physical 0 vs.1: d = vs. 2: d = Sexually Aggressive Behaviour Groups Sexually Aggressive Behaviour Groups [Discussio] No relatioship betwee implicit attitudes toward rape ad sexually aggressive behaviour Icosistet with prior research [Limitatios & Future Directios] Cross sectioal research desig Ca attitudes towards rape predict behaviour? Explicit attitudes toward rape associated with sexually aggressive behaviour Cosistet with hypotheses More research eeded validatig implicit measures i Qualtrics Qualtrics Reactio Time Egie 6

7 [Thak you] ATSA: This research was fuded by the ATSA Pre- Doctoral Research Grat SSHRC ACBR Lab Herma, C. A., Nues, K. L., Loricz, N. (2014, November). Click Here : Examiig Implicit ad Explicit Attitudes toward ad Sexually Aggressive Behaviour i Me Recruited Olie. I K. L. Nues (Chair) Attitude may be Everythig, but is Everythig a Attitude? Symposium coducted at the 33rd Aual Research ad Treatmet Covetio of the Associatio for the Treatmet of Sexual Abusers, Sa Diego, Califoria. [Additioal Fidigs] No relatioship betwee implicit ad explicit attitudes towards rape i commuity me or studets Sexually aggressive behaviour idicators (past behaviour ad likelihood) all positively correlated with each other (coverget validity) [Implicit Associatio Test] [Implicit Associatio Test] RAPE CONSENTING SEX RAPE CONSENTING SEX positive egative egative positive FORCE vacatio d k d k [Sigle Category IAT] [Sigle Category IAT] RAPE positive egative RAPE egative positive FORCE vacatio d k d k 7

8 [Implicit Attitudes Toward ] Respose latecies from differet trial types are used to compute a differece score (D) Positive D = Stroger associatios betwee RAPE ad positive Negative D = Stroger associatios betwee RAPE ad egative 8