AFG/89/ COMPARATIVE SURVEY ACKU BADAKHSHAN PROVINCE, AFGHANISTAN. -. Funded by United Nations lntea national Drug Control Progra-n1n1e

Transcription

1 \ AFGHANISTAN DRUG CONTROL AND REHABILITATION flrogramm~ AFG/89/ COMPARATIVE SURVEY BADAKHSHAN PROVINCE, AFGHANISTAN -. Funded by United Nations lntea national Drug Control Progra-n1n1e :. Implen1ented by United Nations Office for Project Services Noven1ber 1995 Restricted circulation for internal use in the UN system only... '\

2 Afghanistan Drug Control and Rehabilitation Programme (ADCRP) Box 776, University Town Peshawar A project of the United Nati,ons lnternational Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) executed by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) Published by the Afghanistan Drug Control and Rehabilitation Programme (ADCRP) Box 776, University Town Peshawar Available. from the Afghanistan Drug Control and Rehabilitation Programme (ADCRP) Box 776, University T9wn Peshawar..t ~.. ~ ' This survey and report do not necessarily reflect the opinions, viewpoints or policies of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme or the United Nations Office for Project Services.

3 TABLE QJi' CONfENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MAJOR FINDINGS VI IX INTRODUCTION Introductory Statement Survey Objectives Geographical Background Agriculture and Irrigation Survey Area METHODOLOGY Background Sources of Information Data Collection Tools Data Collection, Method of Data Analysis Survey and Methodology Limitations Training DEMOGRAPHY Village and Family Size Repatriation -_. Employment Opportunities Influential Persons in the Village \3:,- ' AGRICULTURE AND l:iuugation Farm Size and Farm Power Crops Cultivated Irrigation Sources and Rehabilitation Needs

4 PAGE STATUS OF OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION Opium Poppy Cultiv~tion Fertilizer Use in Opium Poppy Cultivation Marketing and Income Assessment of Opium Attitudes Towards Opium Poppy Cultivation Prevalence and Type of Drug Abuse VILLAGE INFRASTRUCTURE Road Infrastructur~ and Rehabilitation,Needs Housing Infrastructure and Rehabilitation Needs Assisting Agencies ANNEXES. \. \" Survey Questionnaire Survey District Maps Crops Cultivated. by District Percentage of Opium Poppy Cultivation per Village NGOs and their Programmes ,.. 11

5 LIS~f OF ~fables PAGE Table 1 : Villages surveyed and number of farmers interviewed 3 Table 2: Total number offarm families and average size 9 Table 3: Refugee repatriation pattern. 10 Table 4: Employment categories 11 \ Table 5: Influential persons in the village 12 Table 6: Average farm size and number of landless families I] Table 7: Farm power 14 Table 8: Irrigation sources in relation to land under 1) cultivation Table 9: Status of canal and karez irrigation systems 1h Table 10: Canal rehabilitation needs 16 Table 11: Karez rehabilitation needs 17 Table 12: History of opium poppy cultivation 18 Table 13: Number of villages growing opium poppy 19 Table 14: Comparison of land under opium poppy cultivation and opium yield per jerib 19 Table 15: Main reasons for cultivating opium poppy 23 Table 16: Main reasons for not cultivating opium poppy 24 Table 17: Opium poppy eradication efforts and change in 24 opium p<>ppy cultivation Table r8: Fertilizer input in opium poppy cultivation 26 Table 19: Assessment of opium poppy income

6 Table 20: Table 21: Table 22: Table 23: Table 24: Table 25: Categories of persons involved in discouraging opium poppy cultivation Community attitudes and intentions towards opium poppy cultivation Addiction indicators Village access roads Rehabilitation needs of village access roads Village infrastructure and rehabilitation needs PAGE J4 IV

7 Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: LIST OF FIGURES Percentage of land under opium poppy cultivation as compared to other crops Changes in percentage of land under opium poppy cultivation ( ) Comparison of average yield of opium poppy ( ). Comparison of netincome from opium ( ) PAGE H v

8 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background The Afghanistan Drug Control and Rehabilitation Programme (ADCRP) in 1989 targeted Badakhshan as one of the five provinces for funding multi-sectoral rehabilitation sub-projects and awareness c~eation on drug abuse issues. aimed at curbing opium poppy cultivation and drug abuse. To provide data and information on the status of opium poppy cultivation and drug addiction and assess community needs in areas of project operation a comparative survey was carried out in 1995 as a follow up to the ADCRP 1994 Baseline survey. The 1995 survey was conducted by the Agency Co-ordinating Body for Afghanistan Relief"(ACBAR), who fielded the enumerators in five districts of Badakhshan province between July 15th and August 31st. Methodology Five enum~rators and one SUrVey field co-ordinator for ACBAR and two field monitors from the UNDCP Regional Office (ROSW A) were trained by ADCRP staff on the use of data col lectlon tools and village survey -interview techniques. - Following training and testing one enumerator and a local guide were assigned to each district. On the basis of village definition, clarified during training, and using survey district maps, the services.of local guides we~e utilised in identifying and surveying all villages in five districts of sadakhshan. One questionnaire format was completed for each village following group interviews with five to ten readjly available farmers.. '\ A total of 921 villages were SUJ:Veyed and 5,992 farmers interviewed. The data collected was entered on a computer database format for processing and analysis. Demography The average fan:tily size was found to be 9 members in the districts surveyed. Out of 60,262 families, 91% were found to have settled in their villages. The total number of refuge families identified was approximately 8,592 of whom 66% had not repatriated to their vi11age. Availability of agricultural land in rural areas and employment opportunities in livestock management and the government sector played an important role in the repatriation process. Major factors in the low rate of refugee return were found to be limited labour opportunities, poor village infrastructure and concerns over long-term security. vi

9 1995 ComparatiV<e Survey Badakhshan Province,. Afghanistan On the basis of data analysed, elders followed by maulavies and government employees were found to be the most influential persons in the village in order of descending scale. Generally, the pattern of village leadership had not changed since the pre-war years in Afghanistan. Agriculture. The average size of farms was found to be nine jeribs (five jeribs equate to one hectare) and an average of twelve landless families per village were recorded. Farm power in general was provided though animal traction supported by limited use of tractors and threshers. Main cereal crops identified were wheat, maize, rice, millet and barley. Varieties of fruit and tree crops cultivated included apricots, pomegranates, grapes, peaches, mulberries, walnuts, plums, pears and apples. Onions, potatoes, tomatoes, egg-plant, carrots, garlic, melon, green beans, cucumber, squash, turnip~. okra, leeks, spinach and peppers constituted the major vegetable crops grown. Cash crops included sugar beet, tobacco, cotton, sunflower, flax seed and mustard. Opium poppy and Cannabis were also grown in the distripts surveyed. Of an estimated 717,365 jeribs of total agricultural land surveyed 13% was irrigated. The remaining 87% was rainfed. Approximately 96% of all irrigated land was fed by canals. An estimated 78% of canal imgation systems had been damaged or destroyed during the last fourteen years and a total of 927 canal and 7 karez rehabilitation needs were reported in the districts surveyed.. t.... : ~. Opium Poppy Cultivation. Badakhshan is one of th~ miin opium poppy cultivation provinces in Afghanist~n. A comparison between the ADCRP.1994 :Baseline Survey and the 1995 Comparative Survey indicated that the number of villages growing opium poppy had decreased from 51% in 1994 to 47% in Total land under cultivation increased during this period from 258,639 jeribs in 1994 to 409,063 jeribs. Total land under op~um poppy cultivation decreased from 20,350 jeribs (8%) to 14,857 jeribs (4%) during the same period. The average yield of wet opium reported as 6 kg per jerib in 1995 had not changed since This amounted to 122 metric tonnes of wet opium in 1994 and 89 metric tonnes in Assuming a 30% reduction upon drying a total of 62 metric tonnes of opium was produced in 1995 compared to 85 metric tonnes in '\ \ vii

10 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan P~ovince, Afghanistan Farmers in the 1najority of villages (57%) stated the main reason they cultivated opium puppy was to obtain a ~igher income.'. However, farmers in 44% of the villages referred to religious injunctions as being their main reason for not cultivating opium J;>OPPY. Farmers in 421 out of 921 villages (46%) stated that there have been opium poppy eradicatio n efforts in. their villages since last year. When asked to indicate any change in opium poppy cultivation since last year farrne,rs in 259 villages (38%) out of 686 villages mentioned eradication had taken place, in 179 villages (26%) farmers had not noticed any change, in 1-lS villages (21%) increased production was noted and in 103 villages (15%) farmers confirmed reduced production. On average 15 kg diammonium phosphate (DAP) and 19 kg urea per jerib were used in opium poppy cultivation. The average price per kg of wet opium was estimated by the farmers to be Afs.27J,Hll. Average total grossincome from opium was estimated as being Afs.l,477,709 (net tncome Afs.l,252,631 per jerib) with average input costs per jerib being Afs.225,078. \ Among those in the community discouraging farmers from cultivating opium poppy maulavies ranked first followed by government employees, elders, commanders and maliks. Farmers indicated that 44% of people from a cross section of the rural community supported complete eradication, 34% desired continued cultivation and 22% a reduction in opium poppy cultivation. ' A total of 558 raw opium and 30 hashish addicts were identified in the survey area. Most of the addicts were found to be in the middle age group.. Village Infrastructure Out of921 villages, 285 villages (31 %) had access roads to them. Village access roads were free of mines but in general.their condition was found to be poor with most only passable in the dry season as they lacked good drainage and surfacing. The destruction to schools was higher than that of other village infrastructure but reconstruction priorities in order of importance were homes first followed by.clinics, schools, mosques and shops. Approximately five NGOs were identified as carrying out rehabilitation programmes in the sectors of agriculture, construction, health, irrigation, roads, education and the provi~ion of potable water supplies in all the districts surveyed with the exception of Zebak where no NGO activities were recorded at the time of con~ucting the survey (See ANNEX 5). Vlll

11 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan MAJOR FINDINGS 1. Out of 60,262 families 91% were found t~ be settled in their village. 2. The average family size in each village recorded consisted of 9 members per family. 3. The total number of refugee families recorded was 8,592. Approximately two-thirds (66%) of these. had not yet repatriated to their village. 4. The majority of available manpower (67%) earned daily wages from labouring while 16% relied on animal husbandry for an income. 5. Traditional patterns of village leadership were found to be elders first followed by maulavies and government employees. No appreciable change in village leadership has occurred since the pre~war years. 6. The average size of family farms was 9 jeribs. 7. On average 12 landless families were recorded per village. 8. A total ofl4,610 pairs of oxen, 20 tractors and 10 threshers were listed in the survey area. 9. : '\ Wheat, maize~ rice, : millet and barley formed the main cereal crops. Main fruit and tree crops cultivate<i ~ere.apricots, pomegranates, grapes, peaches, mulberries, walnuts, plums, pears and apples. Onions, potatoes, tomatoes, egg-plant, carrots, garlic, melons, green beans, cucumber, squash, turnips, okra, leeks, spinach, and peppers formed the main vegetable produce. Sugar. beet, tobacco, cotton, sunflower, flax seed and mustard constituted the main cash crops including opium poppy and Cannabis.,. f"' Of the total area of agricultural land (717,365 jeribs), 13% was irrigated and 87% rain fed. / % of irrigation systems were canal fed % of canal irrigation systems had been. damaged or destroyed at some period during the last 14 years. ix

12 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afgha!listan 13. A total of.927 rehabilitation needs relating to canal irrigation systems were reported in the districts surveyed. 14. Badakhshan is one of the main opium poppy cultivation provinces in Afghanistan but production is well below the two leading provinces of Helmand and Nangarhar. 15. The total number of villages growing opium poppy decreased from 51% in 1994 to 47% in In comparison to ADCRP's 1994 Baseline Survey data, total agricultural land under cultivation increased from 258,639 jeribs in 1994 to 409,063 jeribs in 1995 while the total area under opium poppy cultivation decreased from 20,350 jeribs (8%) in 199-l to 14,857 jeribs (4%) in An average yield of 6 kg of wet opium per jerib was recorded. This was the same as that recorded in Approximately 122, metric tonnes of wet opium were produced in In 1995 the figure was 89 metric tonnes. Assu.ming a 30% reduction upon drying this would equate to 85 metric tonnes of dry opium production in 1994 as compared to 62 metric tonnes in 1995.,. 19. Farmersin the majoffty of villages (57%),stated the m ain reason they cultivated opium poppy was because of its high income potential. 20 Farmers in 44% of the villages referred to religious injunctions as being the main reason for not cultiyating opium poppy Out of 921 villages farmers in 421 (46%) noted opium poppy eradication efforts as having taken place in their villages since the last season Out of 386 villages -~~ rveyed, 259 (38%) said eradication had occurred, 179 (26%) noted no change, 145 (2:l%) observed an increase and 103 villages (15%) confirmed a reduction in opium o'poppy cultivation had taken place since last year., "" 23. Earmers in more than two-thirds of the villages (85%) did not apply chemical fertilizer to their opium poppy fields. 24. On average 15 kg dlammonium phosphate (DAP) and 19 kg urea per jerib were applied to opium poppy crops bythose farmers who used chemical fertiliser. \ X

13 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 25. The average price of wet opium was Afs.273,811 per kg. 26. The average cost of inputs was Afs.225,078 per jerib. 27. Average total gross income from opium was Afs.l,477,709 and net mcome Afs.l,252,631 per jerib. 28. In order of importance categories of persons discouraging farmers from cultivating opium poppy were maulavies followed by government employees, elders, commanders and maliks. 29. In the village communities surveyed 44% of the people favoured complete eradication, 34% continued cultivation and 22% a re~uction of opium poppy cultivatinn. I 30. A total of 558 raw opium and 30 hashish addicts were identified in the survey area. 31. Out of 921 villages 285 (31%) had village access roads. 32. Village access roads in the areas surveyed were free of mines but in general their condition was fo~nd to be poor with most only passable in the dry season as they lacked good drainage and surfacing. 33. In the survey area 13% of village infrastructure was destroyed and 11% damaged during the last 14 years of war in Afg 1anistan. 34. Reconstruction priorities among village communities were reported to be houses first followed by clinics, schools, mosques, and shops. Xl

14 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan INTRODUCTION Introductory Statement In 1989 The Afghanistan Drug Control and Rural Rehabilitation Programme (ADCRP) identified Badakhshan as a target province fo_r the implementation of supply and demand reduction activities aimed at curbing illicit crop cultivation. This was to be carried out through the funding of multi-sectoral rehabilitation sub-projects and awareness creation on drug abuse issues. Main objectives are; to reduce significantly and measurably opium poppy cullivarion in selected dislricrs in the provinces of Badakhshan, Konar, Nangarhar, Helm and and Qandahar.fhnn 1he pre-project implementation levels, to reduce community dependency on income deri\ ed.fi"lnn opiwn in the project's areas of operation, to cteare awareness of rhe dan get:\ l?/'drug uhuse and. to reduce drug abuse in selected areas qf operation, ro make available il?fijrnwlion and daflt on rhe cultivation, geographical distribution and production of illicit drugs (opium, heroin and hashish) and the prevalence of drug addiction in operational areas. \ In line with one of the objectives of ADCRP the 1995 Comparative Survey was carried out to assess changing trends in the status of opium poppy cultivation and drug abuse and community rehabilitation needs in Badakhshan province. This information once obtained could then be compared with data from the 1994 ADCRP Baseline Survey.. Survey Objectives Specific objectives of the 1995 Comparative Survey aimed at the collection of accurate and comprehensive data on the following;, 1) The extent of opium poppy cultivation and drug abuse. 2) Demographical information considered. useful for planning rehabilitation programmes. 3) Major aspects of agriculture and irrigation in respect of practices and rehabilitation requirements. 4) Village infrastructure and rehabilitation needs. Geographical Background Badakhshan province located in the north-east of Afghanistan borders the republic of Tajikistan in the north, China and Pakistan in the north-east and south-east, Konar, Laghman and Kapisa in the south and the province of Takhar in the west.

15 ' 1995 C<?mparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 2 Badakhshan province is well kl)owh for its high mountains, including the Pamir range, and steep river valleys. The Amu River, known as 'Darya-i-Panj, flows through the province. The altitude of the Pamir mountains, which are snow covered throughout the year is approximately 3000 meters above sea level. The total estimated area of Badakhshan province is 47,403 sq.km with a population of 61 ~, 156 inhabitants. The climate is generally warn~ in summer except in the region of the Pamir mountains and cold during winter with heavy snow falls particularly in mountainous areas. Agriculture and Irrigation Agriculture and animal husbandry play an important role in the local economy. More than 85%. of the population are involved in agriculture and animal husbandry. The main agricultural districts of Badakhshan are Baharak, Faizabad, Keshem, Ishkeshem, Jurn1 and Zebak which are endowed with large fertile river valleys. Badakhshan is -very famous for its cumin and pears. Wheat and oil crops are also grown wide! y in this province. Opium poppy and hashish cu1tivation are common in some districts. A large proportion of agricultural land, 81% in the districts surveyed is rain fed. The land when irrigated is fed by canal and spring irrigation systems. Badakhshan is historically one of the poorest provinces in Afghanistan. As a result of the war approximately 8,592 families left the province and sought refugee status in other countries. With the fall of the Najibullah Government in 1992 many Afghan refugee families repatriated. However, the destruction and damage caused to the localeconomy including agriculture and irrigation systems, compounded by the lack of employment opportunities in the province, created obstacles to the repatriation process. Survey Area The 1995 Comparative Survey, following the ADCRP 1994 Baseline Survey, was carried out in all villages in five districts ofbadakhshan province where the cultivation of opium poppy was known to exist (Table 1).

16 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 3 Table 1. Villages surveyed and nun1ber of farmers int.erviewed in 5 districts. Villages Surveyed Farmers Interviewed I No. District No. No. 1 BAHARAK FAIZABAD JURM ICES HEM ZEBAK Total

17 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 4 METI-IODOLOGY Background The 1995 ADCRP Comparative Survey, following the 1994 Baseline Survey aimed at the collection of. data to assess changing trends in demography, agriculture, irrigation, opium poppy cultivation, drug abuse and village infrastructure in the five known opium poppy producing districts of Badakhshan province. ADCRP selected ACBAR to conduct a survey in five districts of Badakhshan province. The survey, carried out in conjunction with the UNDCP Regional Office, was conducted between July 15th and August 31.st Sources of Information Major sources of information included: 1) Primary data collection was obtained through the use of survey.. form questionnaires. Questionnaires were field tested following a review and modification of the 1994 Baseline Survey question'na-ire fonn. This was carried out in January 1995,in conjunction with UNDCP Regional Office staff during a two day ~orkshop in Peshawar. 2) Secondary data collection was obtained from enumerators, UN mission and site observation re.ports and reports by Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and information); obtained from the ProvinCial Gazetteer. of Afghanistan. Data Collection Tools Main data collection tools included the questionnaire, survey maps an~ enumerator notebooks. The questionnaire format was prepared in English and translated into Dari by ADCRP staff. It included questions on : demography, agriculture and irrigation, status of opium poppy cultivation, drug abuse and viu~ge infrastructure.. '\; In relation to demography;. the questionnaire covered village size, family size, repatriation indicators, employment opportunities and village leadership. The questionnaire focussed on: farm size, farm power, landless families, crops cultivated, irrigation sources and rehabilitation needs relating to canal and Karez irrigation systems.

18 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 5. "\ opiulll poppy cultivation and fertilizer use in opium poppy cultivation, marketing and opium income assessment, attitudes towards opium poppy and prevalence of drug abuse. ~ village infrastructure and road rehabilitation requirements and the level of assistance being provided through rehabilitation programmes. Data was collected using. district maps for identifying and locating villages and marking new villages not previously indicated. Local guides assisted in this task. Enumerator notes were used to obtain additional information for debriefing purposes and correcting and preparing the district survey maps by the. cartographer. Data Collection In Badakhshan province five districts were surveyed where opium poppy was known to be cultivated. These districts were selected on the basis of areas covered under the 1994 Baseline Survey which resulted ~n five districts in Badakhshan province being selected for the 1995 Comparative Survey. One enumerator and one local guide were assigned to each district. 'Following meetings and discussions with provincial authorities local guides were provided by the District Administrator through consultation with the Provincial Shura or a designated liaison body. The criteria for selection of the target community ~as group representation by 30 to 100 families with an identifiable geographical area cultivated by them. -. ' Each enumerator utilised ()ne questionnaire format per village, mostly between 30 to 100 families, in which a group:of five to ten readily available farmers residing in the village were interviewed during group ~dl~9ssions. :!fj,1" r. to represent a group that constituted a village for which a formal or popular name was identified and added to the survey map. For a large village of over 100 families there was usually one sub-group or village within the community. In these instances one or more questionnaires were administered and the addition or 'sub-village' added to the survey. map. Smaller villages (less' than 30 families) were combine9 with neighboring families to meet the criteria for completing questionnaires. The village group was indicated on the survey map. This criteria was deemed:!.~{ii~ble In situations where a village smaller than 30 families existed and which was located at some distance from a neighboring village exception was made to the group criteria. Such exceptions were also made in the case of villages larger than 100 families which could not be divided into

19 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 6 separate units. This was. because agricul.tural land could not be partitioned between a separate sub-village and in order to avoid over estimation in total land area. Groups selected for the interview possessed sound local knowledge of the cultivated land in the area and their communities. Field survey work was monitored and assisted by survey staff to ensure accuracy of interviews conducted. Each completed questionnaire was checked and verified in the field to maintain accuracy. Moreover, enumerators were debriefed in Peshawar following their return from the field to extract all necessary information pertaining to the districts surveyed... Method of Data Analysis Completed questionnaires were checked and verified for accuracy before computer data entries. '\ were made. The data collected was entered on a database format for processing and analysis. The data entries were abo checked and verified before processing for final analysis purposes. The data was classified and presented in tables rounded to zero decianal points for all districts surveyed. For data analysis. purposes frequency distribution, percentage and arithmetic average were used.. \ The marked maps with village co-ordinates were processed following submission of the data and an upgraded map showing the results of the survey produced. Production of maps was the responsibility of the UNDCP Regional Office. Survey and Methodology Limitations Although all villages and agricultural land in the survey area were covered, methodology was inevitably subject to minor errors. These occurred because: The majority of land untler opium poppy cultivation could not be physically measured and figures quoted by farmers were by necessity estimates only. It was however proposed to carry out 'spot' checks on land holdings belonging to selected farmers representing the family groups. This was carried out by the Field Monitors during the course of their fieldwork (enumerators were however trained to estimate agricultural land size and prior experiense last year showed that the farmers estimates were closely aligned with pre 1978 figures available from Afghanistan Government sources). Group interviews were a useful method of conducting large scale surveys but it was recognised that such methodology could result in some members of the group not having an equal opportunity to express their views and in addition to which individuals could be influenced by _group bias

20 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 7 The methodology adopted resulted in 'the exclusion of the views of women. This however was necessitated by cultural constraints which limited the ability to field female enumerators. In light of the above liml~tions a certain margin of error was expected. However, by properly - training the enumerators and. by strict monitoring and cross checking this margin of error was expected to remain within acceptable limits. - Training ( Prior to the collection of data 20 enumerators, a field survey co-ordinator and the field monitors underwent intensive training by ADCRP staff in Peshawar covering a one week period. ADCRP trained the enumerators, the field survey co-ordinator and field monitors in the following areas: I) Objectives ofthe Comparative Survey. 2). "\ Questionnaifes3~;._~ ~ '.. ~. ' ' ~~~<.\:.. ; '. Questionmure. format and criter'ia for completing the structure and composition of the questionnaire were discussed to ensure survey teams clearly understood the requirements. Queries on the format and related questions were clarified. / j 3) Maps of the Districts under Survey. Enumerators_,were familiarised with the parameters which defined the concept of an Afghan village.- Each enumerator was provided with a map of the district to be surveyed and trained in the use of these maps. Enumerators were taught to utilise both the maps and the services of local guides in identifying and locating villages. In case of changes to the location of villages they were instructed to. mark changes to the maps in the space surrounding the village specifying the exact location of the village consistent with the natural direction of the main village. 4) Village Concept. This related to the definition of village size and geographical dimension.

21 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 8 5) Use of Enumeratpr Notebooks. To obtain more accurate and reliable information, enumerators were taught the correct use of enumerator notebooks to enable accurate recording of additional information covering the survey area. During training sessions it was explained that alterations or additions to maps had to be entered in the notebooks for utilisation at debriefing sessions and to ensure accurate updating of maps by the cartographers as necessary. 6) Skills and knowledge relating to conducting group interviews and selection of groups. 7) Global Positioning System (GPS). The use of GPS units for identification of village locations was introduced to avoid confusion resulting from the use of different names and to identify major landmarks, river crossings and road junctions. Target communities were briefed by the field monitors using GPS units as to the purpose of their use. During training sessions each enumerator was given the opportunity to raise questions in order to clarify any ambiguities concerning data collection tools and methods for conducting group.. \ Interviews. ' In explaining survey objectives emphasis was placed on the need to collect reliable and comprehensive data. Following completion of training the performance of each enumerator was evaluated and verified.

22 .~ 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 9 DEMOGRAPliY In line with survey obj~tives the data on village arid family size, repatriation. of refugees, employment opportunities and village leadership was analysed and interpreted. The provision of accurate and comprehensive information with regards to these demographic aspects was considered useful for future planning aimed at curbing opium poppy cultivation and drug abuse. in target areas. Village and Family Size Out of 60,262 families in the districts surveyed 91% were recorded as present in their villages. The highest percentage of families settled in the districts was in Zebak at I 00% followed by Jurm with 98%. In.Baharak and Keshem 97%repatriation was reported while in Faizabad this figure was 86%. (Table 2). Table 2. surveyed. Total number of families and average fan1ily size. per village in 5 districts.,., Average No. of Families Present in vh lage Refugees Average. '. ~ Total Family No. District.. -' No. X No. X No. Size 1 BAHARAIC.:~~ \ ' 2 FAIZABAO. ' ;.;.~ ~~t~ 3 JURM., i > 4 ICES HEM ) ~~ ZEBAIC ~ Total:: -: Out of the total number of families recorded only 9% were reported not to have repatriated. The highest percentage of non-returnee families recorded was 14% in Faizabad followed by 3% in Baharak and Keshem. The lowest was in Jurm at 2%. Average family size was reported to be 9 members. This ranged from 7 members per family in Keshem to 11 in B~harak and Zebak districts.

23 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan Repatriation Indications are that mounting socio-economic problems compounded by war damage, destruction of village infrastructure, poor economic indicators and unemployment in rural areas have advers~ly affected the repatriation process. The total number of refugee families reported was 8,592 of whom two thirds (66%) had not returned to their village in the survey area. (Table 3). \ Table 3. Refugee repatriation pattern in 5 districts surveyed. Families Returned Not Returned Total No. of Refugee No. District No. % No. X Families 1 BAHARAK FAJZABAD JURM 31j! ICES HEM ZEBAK 0 0 a. 0 0 Total The highest percentage of refugee families identified as not having repatriated was 78% in. Faizabad followed by 40% in Baharak. The lowest was 26% in Keshem. There were no refugee families recorded in Zebak district. The highest percentage of families who had repatriated to their viliage was 74% in Keshem followed by 67% in Jurm, 60% in Baharak and 22% in Faizabad district. En1ployment Opportunities Labour constitutes one of the most important resources available and more than two-thirds of available manpower (67%) in the districts surveyed relied on daily wages from labouring as their major source of income. Of the remaining_ manpower in the survey area 18% were farmers who relied on animal husbandry for their income. The number of government employees (7%) and shopkeepers (4%) was collectively lower in comparison to those employed as labourers. Crafts and trade activities provided the least in terms of income opportunity employing only 3% and I % of the labour force (Table 4).

24 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 1 I Table 4. Employment catego.-ies in 5 districts surveyed. Trade Shop- Government Transport keeping Livestock Crafts Posts Labour No. Distdct No. - x No. X No. X No. X No. X No. % Total 1 BAHARAK FAIZABAD n JURM ' 4 KESHEM ZEBAK Total Among the districts surveyed, the highest rate of employment for labourers was recorded 111 Faizabad at 79% and in Jurm with 64%. The lowest was in Keshem at 44%. Livestock ownership, the 'Second major source of income, employed 38% of the available manpower in Keshem, 27% _in Zebak, 22% in Baharak, 17% in Jurm and 12% in Faizabad. The highest percentage of available manpower employed in government was reported as 15% in Baharak followed by 9% in Zebak. The lowest rate of government employees (4%) was found to be in Faizabad. The highest percentage of shopkeepers employe(l was found in Baharak and Keshem with 7% each and the lowest percentage was 2% each in Faizabad and Zebak. The numbers employed as craftsmen was reported as limited with the highest percentage being in Zebak at 8% and Baharak at 7%. The lowest percentage (2%) was recorded in Faizabad. Numbers of traders and transporters were very low with the highest percentage (5%) recorded in Baharak and the lowest ( l %) in Keshem. Survey results shows that limited employment opportunities existed in the districts surveyed. Where agricultural land and livestock management were concerned labour opportunities were greater. Existing employment opportunities in trade and transport, crafts and shopkeeping activities w~re thought to be insufficient in meeting the growing demands of communities. Influential Persons in the Village Farmers when asked to state the number of influential persons in their village, on average, reported 8 elders per village in Baharak, 6 in Faizabad and Jurm, 5 in Zebak and 1 in Keshem district. (Table 5).

25 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 12 Table 5. Influential persons pe village in 5 districts surveyed. Average No. District Influential Persons No. ' 1 BAHARAK Maul avis 1 Elders 8 2 FAIZABAD Maul avis 2 Elders 6 3 JURM Elders 6 4 ICES HEM Maul avis 1 Government employees 1 5 ZEBAIC Maul avis 1 Elders 5 Next to eiders, maulavies were reported as influential persons in the village with two per village in Faizabad and one in other districts. On average farmers considered only one government employee per village in Keshem district as having influence in their village. According to the data analysed traditional patterns of village leadership were elders first closely followed by maulavies and government employees. This was not thought to have changed significantly since 199~.

26 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 13 AGRICULTURE AND mrigation Data on farm size, farm power, crops cultivated, irrigation sources and rehabilitation requirements was analysed and interpreted to provide information useful in planning rehabilitation programmes aimed at the reduction and eradication of opium poppy cultivation and drug abuse. Farn1 Size and Farm Power Badakhshan province comprises steep mountain slopes and narrow valleys and therefore has a low potential for agriculture. Generally, agricultural land consists of limited size farms. The average size of family farms was 9 jeribs (5 jeribs equate to 1 hectare) in the districts surveyed. The maximum size of a farm was reported in Keshem with 22 jeribs and t}1e minimum size was 3 jeribs in Baharak. Farm sizes encompassed 8 jeribs in Faizabad, 6 jeribs in Jurm and 4 jeribs in Zebak (Table 6). Table 6. Average farm size and average nun1ber of landless families in 5 distdcts surveyed. Average Average m.1nber of farm size landless No. District (jeribs) families 1 BAHARAIC FAIZABAD JURM ICES HEM 22 9 '< 5 ZEBAIC 4 2. Average 9 12 On average 12 landless families were recorded per village in the districts surveyed. The highest number of landless families averaged 20 in Jurm followed by 17 in Faii:abad. The lowest recorded was 2 in Zebak district. A total of 14,610 pairs of draught oxen, 20 tractors and 10 threshers were utilised in the districts surveyed. Keshem with a significant agricultural area and good irrigation potential depended heavily on animal traction with 5,460 pairs of draught oxen, 9 tractors and 9 threshers. In Faizabad farm power in use numbered 5,192 pairs of draught oxen supported by 9 tractors. Only 135 pairs of draught oxen were reported in Zebak district (Table 7).

27 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 14 Table 7. Number of farm power used in 5 districts surveyed. Type of Farm Power Pairs No. District Tractors No. of Oxen No. Threshers No. 1 BAHARAIC FAIZABAD JURM ICES HEM ZEBAIC Total A correlation between farm size,and rural poverty was indicated and in general animal traction was found on farms with a lower than average area of agricultural land. Crops Cultivated..;._, ~ Barley' wheat, maize, millet and rice were the main food crops cultivated by farmers in the I survey area. (See ANNEX-3). Varieties of fruit and tree crops cultivated in the survey area include pears, peaches, apples, grapes, apricots, almonds, mulberries, cherries, pistachio, plums, walnuts and pomegranates. Certain varieties of pears were generally considered as most the valuable fruit crop. Badakhshan province has a wide diversity of vegetable crops and those grown in the survey area included tomatoes, onions, potatoes, carrots, turnips, egg-plant,.squash, spinach, cucumbers, cabbage, garlic, leeks, lettuce, <?kra, spearmint and peppers. Mustard, flax, cotton, sugar beet, tobacco and sunflower were the main cash crops cultivated in the districts surveyed. Farmers in some villages cultivated opium poppy and Cannabis.

28 t I 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Provin~e, Afghanistan 15 Irrigation Sources and Rehabilitation Needs Of the approximately 717,365jeribs ofagriculturalland in the survey area 13% was irrigated and 87% rain fed. Canal systems formed the major source of irrigation supplies on 96% of the total land under irrigation. Spring irrigation systems fed only 4% of the total irrigated land. (Table 8). Table 8. ' Irrigation sources in relation to land under cultivation in 5 distr icts surveyed. Irrigation Sources Irrigated Rainfed Land Land Cenal Karez, Spring Well Cjeribs> C jeri bs) Total land No. District No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % (jeribs) 1 BAHARAK o FAIZABAO ' JURM ~ KESHEM ZEBAK Total In Baharak and Zebak canal irrigation systems provided the only source of water to 99% of land under irrigation in Keshem. This percentage was 97% in Jurm and 84% in Faizabad. Spring systems utilised for irrigation purposes fed 16% of all land under irrigation in Faizabad, 3% in Jurm and 1% in Keshem. Well and Karez irrigation systems were not utilized in the districts surveyed. Out of total rainfed land 95% was located in Keshem, 94% in Faizabad, 60% in jurm and 29% in Baharak. No rainfed land was reported in Zebak district. Many of the canal irrigation systems (78%) in the districts surveyed had been either damaged or destroyed during the 14 years of war. All canal irrigation systems were similarly affected in Baharak, 89% in Zebak, 87% in Jurm, 64% in Faizabad and 62% in Keshem. Karez irrigation systems damaged or destroyed were reported as being 3% in Faizabad and 1% in Jurm (Table 9).

29 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 16 Table 9. Status of canal and karez irrigation system in S districts surveyed. Canal Karez Not Not Affected Affected Total Affected Affected Total No. District N o. X No. % No. % No. X No. % No. % 1 BAHARAK FAIZABAD JURM ' KESHEM ZEBAK Total A total of 972 rehabilitation needs related to canal irrigation systems were recorded in the survey area (Table 10). Table 10. Canal irrigation rehabilitation needs in S districts surveyed.. Construction Intakes Aqueducts Diversions Culverts Syphons Others Total No. District No. X No. X No. X No. X No. % No. % No. % 1 BAHARAK FAIZABAD JURM ' KESHEM ' ZEBAK Total These requirements varied from district to district. Repair and construction needs of intakes were reported at 49% in Jurm, 46% in Keshem, 41% in Faizabad~ 27% in Baharak and 25% in Zebak. Percentage requirements for the construction of culverts was recorded as 47% in Jurm, 26% in Faizabad, 18% each in Baharak and Zebak and 12% in Keshem. Construction of aqueducts was recorded as 36% in Zebak, 28% in Baharak, 27% in Keshem and 22% in Faizabad. The need for construction of syphons was 27% in Faizabad and 16% in Zebak. Requirements relating to construction of diversions was not widely reported but recorded as being 15% in Keshem and 5% in Zebak. Only 9% of unspecified construction needs were identified and recorded in Faizabad district.

30 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afgh~nistan 17 A total of 7 rehabilitation needs relating to karez irrigation systems were identified of which 43% included karez damages; 14% karez cleaning, _29% demining and 14% unspecified. The percentage of rehabilitation needs relating to damaged karez was identified as 50% in Jurm and 40% in Faizabad. Only 20% karez cl~ning was recorded as needed in Faizabad.. I Requirements for demining of karez were recorded at 50% in Jurm and 20% in Faizabad. Only 20% unspecified construction needs were reeorded in Faizabad district. (Table 11). Table 11. Karez irrigati~n rehabilitation needs in 5 districts surveyed. \ Rehabilitation Needs Cleaning Cleaning Karez Channels Well of \ Demage of Karez Karez Demining Security Others Total No. Dhtrict No.. X No. X No. X No. X No. X No. X No. % 1 BAHARAK FAIZABAD JURM KESHEM ZEBAK Total '

31 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 18 STATUS OF OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION In accordance with survey objectives emphasis was placed on analysis and interpretation of data concerning opium poppy cultivation, marketing and income, attitudes towards opium poppy cultivation and prevalence and type of drug abuse. The provision of accurate and reliable information on facts centred on opium poppy cultivation was considered necessary for a better understanding of problems facing drug control initiatives in ADCRP operational areas. Opium Poppy Cultivation In 41% of villages in the area surveyed farmers indicated that opium poppy was traditionally cultivated in Badakhshan province. In 29% of the villages farmers repo.rted that opium poppy cultivation commenced during the war ( ) and in 28% of the villages fanners stated that it commenced in the last three years ( ) (Table 12). In 98% of the villages in the districts of Jurm, 43% in Keshem, 34% in Faizabad, 19% in Zebak and 18% in Baharak farmers indicated that opium poppy was traditionally cultivated. Farmers in 82% of the villages in Baharak, 81% in Zebak and 43% in Keshem indicated cultivation as having commenced during the war ( ) while in 39% of the villages in Faizabad it was reported that opium poppy cultivation had begun in the last 3 years only ( ). Farmers in 14% of the villages in Keshem and 3% of the villages in Faizabad were of the opinion that opium poppy cultivation commenced after the war ( ). Table 12. History of opium poppy cultivation in 5 districts surveyed. Before During After Last the War the \Jar the \Jar 3 Years <)978) ( ) ( ) ( ) Total No. District No. X No. X No. % No. X No. % 1 BAHARAK J() FAlZABAD JURM KESHEM ZEBAK Total In comparison with the data from the 1994 ADCRP Baseline Survey the total number of villages cultivating opium poppy decreased from 51% in 1994 to 47% in 1995 in the districts surveyed,

32 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 19 Table 13. Number of villages growing opium poppy in 5 districts surveyed ( ). Opium Poppy Cultivation.by Villages Opium Poppy None Total No. Di.strict No. ~ No. % No. X No. % No X No. % 1 BAHARAK FAIZABAD JURM 78 n ICES HEM ZEBAK Total An increase in the percentage of villages growing opium poppy was recorded from 67% to 84% in Zebak and 48% to 54% in Faizabad district during the same period. Among the districts the percentage decrease in villages growing opium poppy was found to be 34%, 60% and 77% in 1994 and 4 %, 47% and 76% in 1995 in Keshem, Baharak and Jurm districts respectively. In comparison to the 1994 ADCRP Baseline Survey data the total area under cultivation increased from 258,639 jeribs in 1994 to 409,063 jeribs in 1995 in the districts surveyed. By contrast the total land under opium poppy cultivation decreased from 20,350 jeribs (8%) in 1994 to 14,857 jeribs (4%) in 1995 in the area of opium poppy cultivation (Table 14) (Figure 1)..... Table 14. Comparison of land -qnder opium poppy cultivation versus total land cultivated in 5 districts surveyed.... Cultivated Land (Jeribs) Yield Total Total Percent of Cultivated Opium Poppy. Opil.llt Poppy Kg/jerib Total Kg No. District 1 BAHARAK ' 2n FAIZABAD JURM ' KESHEM ZEBAK Total

33 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 20 Other Crops ( 96. 0%) Figure 1. Percentag~, of land under opium poppy cultivation as compared to other crops in S districts surveyed. I The total acreage of land under cultivation in Keshem district increased from 65,444 jeribs in 1994 to 183,104 jeribs in At the same time a substantial decrease in opium poppy cultivation occurred from 600 jeribs in 1994 to 17 jeribs in A substantial increase in total cultivated land was also recorded in Zebak where it rose from 1,895 jeribs in 1994 to 4,140 jeribs in 1995, in Jurm this increase was from 18,590 to 35,370 jeribs and in Baharak district from 27,222 jeribs to 37,313 jeribs in period. the same

34 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 21 During this period total land under opium _poppy cultivation decreased from 444 jeribs to 322 jeribs in Baharak. By contrast a. minor increase in opium poppy cultivation in Zebak district from 15 jeribs in 1994 to 19 jeribs in 1995 was recorded (Figure 2). II 01 Ill... c <ll u 1... <ll a ;;.. 8 E :1 8 Figure l.. ~~~: ~ : ~ , :.\.". l I I~$Z~<l / ' t x:::-; x xr~r ~ 0 ~~ Oist.ri c t. s ~ "1994 ~ ). Changes in percentage of land under opium poppy cultivation (1994-

35 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 22 The average yield of wet opium was recorded at 6 kg per jerib in 1994 and This equated to a production of 122,100 kg in 1994 against 89,139 kg in Assuming a 30% reduction upon drying 85,470 kg of dry opium was produced in 1994 against 62,397 kg in (Figure 3)..Q 8 -- I L Ql l.! 4 2 " Dist.ri ct.s ~ 1994 ~ 1995 Figure 3. Comparison of average yield of opium poppy ( ). In general, the average yield of opium varied very little in the area surveyed. No change was reported in the average yield of opium in Jurm district. This was recorded as being 5 kg per jerib in 1994 and 1995.

36 1995 Compa~ative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 23 During the same period the average yield of opium decreased from 7 kg per jerib to 6 kg per jerib in Faizabad and increased from 5 kg per jerib to 6 kg per jerib in Baharak, Keshem and Zebak districts. A substantial decrease was recorded in Keshem district ranging from 3,000 kg in 1994 to 104 kg in This was followed by Faizabad with 109,410 kg in 1994 reduced to 71,343 kg in The least reduction in the total volume of opium produced was reported in Baharak district from 2,220 kg in 1994 to 1,877 kg in An increase in the total quantity of opium produced was reported in Zebak district which rose from 75 kg in 1994 to 106 kg in Farmers in 57% of the villages when asked their reasons for cultivating opium poppy gave higher income potential as being the main reason. Farmers in 29% of the villages indicated no alter~ative income opportunity as their reason for cultivating opium poppy (Table 15). Table 15. Main reasons for opiun1 poppy cultivation in 5 districts surveyed. No Alternative Encouraged Traditional High Income Income by others Total No. District No. X No. % No. X No. % No. % 1 BAHARAK FAIZABAD JURM KESHEM ZEBAK Total 74, " Among the districts surveyed farmers in 80 out of 113 villages in Jurm, in 15 put of 27 villages in Zebak, in 233 out of 430 villages in Faizabad and in 4 out of 8 villages in Keshem cultivated opium poppy to obtain a higher income. Farmers in 169 out of 430 villages in Faizabad, in 3 out of 8 villages in Keshem, in 30 out of 115 villages in Baharak and in 2 out of 27 villages in Zebak stated the lack of alternative income opportunities as being their' reason for ~ultivating opium poppy. Farmers in 33 out of 113 villages in Jurm, in 10 out of 27 villages in Ze,bak and in 24 out of 115 villages in Baharak traditionally cultivated opium poppy. Farmers in 44% of the villages gave religion as their main reason for not cultivating opium poppy, 24% of the villages indicated prohibition by the authorities and 21% of the villages stated superstition as reasons for not cultivating opium poppy. (Table ~ 6).

37 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 24 Table 16. Main reasons for not cultivated opium poppy in 5 districts surveyed. Prohibition by Religious Superstition Authority Others Total No. District No.. % No. % No. % No. % No. % 1 BAHARAK FAJZABAD JURM KESHEM ZEBAK Total Among the districts farmers in 155 out of 183 villages in Keshem, in 153 out of 357 villages in Faizabad and in 7 out of 32 villages in Jurm did not cultivate opium poppy for religious reasons. However, farmers in 20 out of 32 villages in Jurm and in 174 out 357 villages in Faizabad did not specify their reasons for not cultivating opium poppy. Farmers in all villages in Baharak and Zebak and in 23 out 357 villages in Faizabad (6%) stated that opium poppy cultivation had been prohibited by the authorities. Farmers in 500 out of 921 villages pointed out that there had been no opium poppy eradication ~fforts in their village since last year. (Table 17). Table 17. Opium poppyeradicat.ion efforts by villages and change in opiurn poppy cultivation since the last year in 5 districts surveyed. \ EradicatiOn Efforts by Village Change in Opium Poppy Cultivation by Village Yes No Total Reduced Increased The same Eradicated Total No. District No. X No. % No. No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % 1 BAHARAK FAJZABAD 199' JURM KESHEM ZEBAK ~ Total

38 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 25 ' District farmers in 141 out of 179 villages in Keshem, in 73 out of 106 villages in Jurm and in 285 out of 484 villages in Faizabad indicated that there had been no opium poppy eradication efforts in their village since last year. However, farmers in all villages in Zebak, in 132_out of 133 villages in Baharak, in 199 out of 484 villages in Faizabad, in 33 out of 106 villages in Jurm and in 38 out of 179 villages in Keshem reported that there. had been opium poppy eradication efforts in their villages. Out of 686 villages, farmers in 259 villages (38%) stated eradication as having taken place. In 179 villages (26%) no change was recorded. In 145 villages (21 %) an increase was noted and in 103 villages (15%) opium poppy cultivation had declined since last year. Fanners in the districts surveyed indicated in 41 out of 48 villages in Keshein, in 70 out of 132 villages in Baharak and in 139 out of 401 villages in Faizabad that opium poppy cultivation had been eradicated in their v_illages. Farmers in 51 out of 86 villages in Junn and in 118 out of 40 l villages in Faizabad were of the opinion that the status of opium poppy cultivation had remained unchanged. I Farmers in 137 out of 401 villages in Faizabad, in 6 out of 86 villages in Jurm and in 2 out of 48 villages.in Keshem indicated that opium poppy cultivation had increased in their villages. Farmers in 16 out of 19 villages in Zebak, in 53 out of 132 villages in Baharak and in 23 out of 86 villages in Jurm pointed.out that opium poppy cultivation had been reduced. Fertilizer Use in Opium Poppy Cultivation Farmers in the majority of villages (85%) did not apply chemical fertilizers to their opium poppy fields in the districts surveyed. Farmers in all villages in Baharak, Keshem and Zebak, in 424 out of 484 villages in Faizabad (88%) and in 29 out of 106 villages in Jurm (27%) did not apply chemical fertilizers to their opium poppy. However, farmers in 77 out of 106 villages in Jurm (73%) and in 60 out of villages in Faizabad (12%) used chemical fertilizers during cultivation (Table 18).

39 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 26 Table 18. Fertilizer input in opium poppy cultivated in 5 districts surveyed. Fertilizer Use by Villages Quantity of Fertilizer Yes No DAP Urea No. District No. % No. X Total Kg/jrb Kg/jrb 1 BAHARAK FAIZABAD JURM n KESHEM ZEBAK Average On average 15 kg diammonium phosphate (DAP) and 19 kg urea fertiliser were used per jerib in opium poppy cultivation in the districts surveyed. The average quantity of. DAP fertilizer used per jerib was 15 kg in Faizabad and Jurm districts. The amount of urea fertilizer used per jerib was 20 kg in Faizabad and 18 kg in Jurm. Chemical fertiliser was not used in the other districts surveyed.. -: ~i. Marketing and Income ~\AsSeSsment of Opium., ~.,:: The average price ofwefopium was reported by the farmers as Afs. 273,811 per kg in the districts surveyed. The highest price per kg of wet opium was reported as Afs.351,875 in Zebak followed by Afs.350,242 in Baharak while the lowest was Afs.l96,250 in Keshem (Table 19). Table 19. ASseSsment of opium poppy income i~ 5 districts surveyed....,. '.. '\ Price Total Gross Total Net. of Wet Income Cost Income ',1 ~.\ ~~ '' :. Opillll/Kg tjerib /jerib /jerib,.;,if. w:,. ~ ;: No. :0-i'strict (Afs) (Afs) (Afs) (Afs) 1 BAHARAK FAIZABAD JURM KESHEM ZEBAIC Average \ no

40 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 27 Average input cost per jerib of opium poppy cu!tivation was estimated by the farmers as Afs.225,078 in the districts surveyed. Highest average input cost per jerib of opium poppy cultivation was estimated as Afs.245,309 in Jurm followed by Afs.234,189 in Faizabad while the lowest was Afs.l42,250 in Keshem. The variation in average cost per jerib can be attributed to total man-days, wages per jerib, chemical fertiliser and seed requirements in opium poppy cultivation. The average gross income from opium poppy in the survey area was estimated at Afs.l,477,709 per jerib (net Afs.l,252,631 per jerib). The highest average gross income reported by the farmers was Afs.2,637,500 per jerib (net Afs.2,495,250 per jerib) in Keshem followed by Afs.2,189,839 per jerib (net Afs.2,008,419) in Baharak while the lowest, Afs.l,055,432 per jerib (net Afs.810,123) was reported in Jurm. (Figure 4). Attitudes Towards Opium Poppy Cultivation Drug production and drug abuse were found to be inter-related issues. Since it affects the life of the villagers themselves certain categories of people even discouraged farmers from cultivating opium poppy. To better understand the relationship between the t~o issues emphasis was placed on identifying the nature and characteristics of people discouraging opium poppy cultivation and community ideas, attitudes and intentions with regard to opium poppy cultivation and drug abuse. On this basis farmers were. asked to list in order of importance the categories of people discouraging them from opium poppy cultivation. Maulavies ranked first in Faizabad, Jurm and Keshem and fourth in the other districts surveyed. Government employees ranked first in Baharak and Zebak, second in Faizabad and Keshem and fourth in Jurm. Commanders ranked second in Baharak and Zebak districts, third in Jurm. and Keshem and fourth in Faizabad. Elders ranked second in Jurm, third in Baharak, Faizabad and Zebak and sixth in Keshem. Maliks ranked fifth in Baharak and Keshem. No reference was made to the position of maliks in other districts. In order of importance therefore, the following categories of people were discouraging farmers from cultivating opium poppy (Table 20) Maulavies., Government Employees Commanders Elders Maliks

41 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan or ~ ~ o9..., u,: ~~ <lu 0. 8 '\ t:' c.. ~~ D istr icts Figure 4. Comparison of net income from opium ( ).

42 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 29 Table 20. Categories of persons involved in discouraging opium poppy cultivation in 5 districts. surveyed. No. of Times ranked Weighted No. District Discouragers 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Rank 1 ' BAHARAK Maulavies Maliks Conmanders Elders Goverrvnent efl1lloyees {) FAJZABAD Maulavies Comnanders Elders Government efl1lloyees JURM Maulavies Conmanders Elders Government employees KESHEM Maulavies Maliks Comnanders Elders Khan Government employees ZEBAK Maulavies Comnanders Elders Government employees Farmers reported that 44% of a cross section of people from rural communities desired complete eradication, 34% continuation and 22% reduction when asked to estimate community attitudes and intentions towards opium poppy cultivation (Table 21).

43 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 30 Table 21. Community attitudes and intention towards opium poppy cultivation in 5 districts surveyed. \ In Favour of ' Continued Reduction in COIJ1)lete Cultivation Cultivation Eradication Total No. District X X X % 1 BAHARAK FAI~ABAD JURM ICES HEM ZEBAK Total ' Among the districts 90% of the people in Zebak, 83% in Baharak, 40% in Keshem, 38% in Jurm and 34% in Faizabad desired complete eradication of opium poppy. However, 45% in Faizabad, 27% in Jurm and 18% in Keshem expressea a desire to continue cultivation of opium poppy in their villages. Support for reducing opium poppy cultivation was favoured by some people. In Keshem 42% of the people, in Jurm 35%, in Faizabad 22% and in Baharak and Zebak 7% each expressed a desire for reduced opium poppy cultivation. Prevalence and Type of Drug Abuse A total of 558 raw opium and 30 of hashish addicts were identified in the districts sui"veyed (Table 22).

44 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Proyince, Afghanistan 31 Table 22. Number of addicts their age, type and place of drug abuse in 5 districts surveyed. Substance Nl.llber of of No. District Addiction Addicts Age Group Place of addiction 1 BAHARAK Raw opiun City (other country) Hashish and Village, Heroin FAIZABAD Raw opiun Village Hashish Heroin JURM Raw opiun City (Afghanistan) Hashish and Village Heroin KESHEM Raw opiun City (other country) Hashish and Battle Front Heroin ZEBAIC Raw opiun Village Hashish Heroin Total Raw opiun Hashish Heroin 0 o- o A maximum number of 479 raw opium addicts was reported in Zebak while the lowest number was 1 in Keshem in the age group from 35 to 73 years and 29 years respectively. The number of raw opium addicts recorded was 58 in Baharak and 17 in Jurm in the age group 45 to 66 years and 39 to 69 years respectively. Sixteen hashish addicts were reported in Baharak, 12 in Keshem and 2 in Jurm in the age groups 38 to 56 years, 20 to 37 years and 30 to 60 years respectively. In general addiction was widely picked up in cities in Afghanistan, village communities and refugee camps.

45 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 32 VILLAGE INFRASTRUCTURE Analysis and interpretation of data on village infrastructure included rehabilitation needs of housing, clinics, schools, mosques and access roads. Agencies considered useful to ADCRP for planning activities aimed at the reduction ;and eradication of opium poppy cultivation and drug abuse were also examined. Road Infrastructure and Rehabilitation Needs Out of 921 villages only 285 (31%) were reported to have access roads. In the districts surveyed 17 out of 19 villages in Zebak, 92 out of 133 villages in Baharak, 46 out of 106 villages in Jurm, 45 out of 179 villages in Keshem and 85 out of 484 villages in Faizabad were recorded as having village access roads (Table). Table 23. Village access roads in 5 districts surveyed. Village Vi llag.e with with no Access Roads Access Roads Total No. District No. X No. X No. X 1 BAHARAK FAIZABAD JURM KESHEM ZEBAK Total Village access roads were free of mines but in general their condition was reported as unsatisfactory. Most were passable only in the dry season as they required draining and surfacing. A total number of 1,237 village access roads required rehabilitation. Requirements varied from 279 needing leveling, 168 surfacing, 268 widening, 266 bridge construction and 256 side ditching (Table 24).

46 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 33 Table 24. Rehabilitation needs of village access roads in 5 districts sua veycd. To District Bridge Side Level fng Surfacing \.Jidening Construction Demining Ditching Total BAHARAK FAJZABAD ' JURM KESHEM ZEBAK Total In Baharak district 89 village access roads required leveling, widening and side ditching, 3 village acce~s roads needed surfacing and 87 bridge construction. In Faizabad district 85 village access roads required leveling and widening, 73 surfacing, 82 bridge construction and 81 side ditching. In Jurm 46 village access roads required leveling, surfacing, widening, bridge construction and side ditching. In Keshem 42 village access roads required leveling, 45 surfacing, 32 widening, 34 bridge construction and 23 side ditching. In Zebak 17 village access roads required leveling, bridge c~nstruction and side ditching, 1 surfacing and 16 widening.

47 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 3-l ' Housing Infrastructure and Rehabilitation Needs Village infrastructure including houses, mosques, schools, clinics and shops were heavily damaged or destroyed during the protracted years of war. In Baharak district 10% of the schools, 9 % of houses and 3% clinics were damaged while 90% of the schools and 5 % of the houses were destroyed. (Table 25). Table 25. Village infrastructure and rehabilitation needs in 5 districts sur veyed ,-- _, Reconstruction Village Unaffected Damaged Destroyed Total No. of Times Ranked Infrastruc- No District ture No. % No. % No. % No. % 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Priority -- 1 BAHARAK House Schools Mosques Clinics Shops ~ FAIZABAD House Schools Mosques Clinics Shops JURM House Schools Mosques Clinics Shops KESHEM House Schools Mosques Clinics Shops ZEBAK House Schools Mosques Clinics Total In Faizabad district 39% of schools, 22% of mosques, 13% of houses and 1 % of the shops were damaged while 61% of schools, 25% of shops, 22% of houses and 12% of mosques were destroyed. In Jurm district 24% of schools, 4% of houses and 1% of mosques were damaged while 76% of schools a'nd 1% of mosques were -,(Jestroyed.

48 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 35 In Keshem 81% of schools, 26%' of shops, 19% of mosques and 10% of houses were damaged while 19% of schools, 5% of mosques, 4% of houses and 1 % of the shops were destroyed. I In Zebak district 7% of houses were damaged and 5% destroyed. Mosques and clinics were not affected. The destruction to schools. was higher than that caused to homes, mosques, clinics and shops in many districts. House reconstruction needs ranked first in Faizabad and Keshem, second in Jurm and third in Baharak and Zebak. Reconstruction of clinics ranked first in Baharak and Zebak, third in Jurm and Keshem and fourth in Faizabad. Reconstruction of schools ranked first in Jurm, second in Baharak and Zebak, third in Faizabad and fourth in Keshem. Needs for the reconstruction of mosques ranked second in Faizabad and Keshem and fourth in other districts. The reconstruction of shops ranked fifth in the districts surveyed with the exception of Zebak, where it was not reported. Assisting Agencies Five NGOs were involved in carrying out rehabilitation programtnes at v~llage levels in the districts at the time of conducting the survey with the exception of Zebak where ~o NGOs activities were reported. Their main activities were in the sectors of agriculture, construction, health, irrigation, roads construction, education and provi,sion of potable water supplies (See ANNEX 5).

49 ANNEXE-1 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

50 UNOPJ()PS Questionnaire No: _ Survey For1n 1995 Date of data collection Province Surveyor Code District Number of fanners in the group interviewed I. GENERAL DATA A. GENERAL INFORMATION: 1. What is the total number of families in the village'? 2. How many refugee families have returned to the village? 3. How many refugee families have not returned to the village? 4. What. is the average number of family members? Main Area Main Village Suh Village 5. How many people are involved in alternative occupations in the village? Title Number Title Trade/ transport Crafts Number Shopkeeping Livestock Government posts Labour 6. Which NGOs are currently working in the village and on what pr~j~ts? Name Type of project I of 6

51 7. Who are the influential persons in the village '! Title Number Title Numher A c F G H B. AGRICULTURE: 8. What is the size of the farm holding per family in the village? Jcrihs c. 9. How many landless families are there? 10. What type of farm power is availahle to farmers? Type Oxen (pair) Tractors Threshers I I. What crops are grown? Cereal crops: Fruits: Vegetables: Industrial Crops: Illicit Crops: IRRIGATIONi Number 1)~~~-- 2) l) 2) l) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 12. What is the total area of irrigated land? Jeribs 13. What ~rea is irrigat.1 by? Canal: Jeribs Spring: Karez: Jeri bs Well: 3) 3) 4) ) ) 4) 3) 4) ) 4) Jerihs Jeribs 14. What is the total area of raint'ed land (cultivated & fallow)? Jeri bs 15. Are the irrgation systems of canal operational? Yes No If YES, how many? If NO, what are.the rehabilitation requirements? A. Repair and construction of intakes D. Construction of culverts B. Construction of aqueducts E. Construction of syphons c. Construction of diversions F. Others, specify: 2 of 6

52 16. Are the irrigation systems of kareze working '! Yes No. If YES, how many? If NO, what are the re~abilitation requirements '? A. Karez damaged C. Well of Karez uncleaned E. Security B. Channels of Karez uncleaned D. Mine F. Oth~rs, sp~cify D. VILLAGE INFRASTRUCTURE: 17. Are there access roads to the village '! If YES, how many roads? What are the rehabilitation requirements '! Yes, No Rehabilitation requirement Leveling Graveling Widening Bridge Construction Demining Side ditching Road 1 Road 2 Row/3 18. What is the damage to the village infrastructure and what are the construction priorities '! Village Infrastructure Houses Schools Unaffected Damaged Destroyed Rank Roud -1 Mosques Clinics Shops 3 of 6

53 II. OPIUM POPPY DATA A. HISTORICAL DIMENSION: 19. Is there any opium poppy cultivation in the village'! Yes No If NO, answer questionswith asteriks. If YES, answer all questions. * 20. For what reasons do farmers not cultivate opium poppy in the village'? A. Religious C. Prohibition by authority B. Superstition D. Others, specify: * 21. Since last year have there been any opium poppy eradication efforts? A. Yes B. No * 22. Has opium poppy cultivation changed since last year '? A. Reduced C. The same B. Increased D. Eradicated 23. What are the main reasons for opium poppy cultivation? A. Traditional c. No alternative income B. Greater income D. Encouraged by others E. Other reasons, specify: 24. When did opium poppy cultivation start in this village? A. Before the war (before 1978) C. After the war ( 1990-~ I) B. During the war ( ) D. Last three years ( ) B. QUANTITATIVE DIMENSION: * 25. What is the total area of cultivated land in the village this year? Jerihs 26. What is the total area of cultivated land under opium poppy cultivation? Jerihs 27. What is the wet opium yield per jerih? -----kg/ kg/ 1994 C. ECONOMIC DIMENSION: 28. Is fertilizer used in opium poppy cultivation this year? Yes No 4 of 6

54 \ If YES, Urea kg/ Jerih, DAP kg/ Jerih. 29. How much does it cost to cultivate one jerih of opium poppy? Afs. 30. What is the gross income of one jerih of opium poppy '! Af-;. 31. What will the farmer receive for a Kg. of wet opium? Afs. D. REDUCTION OF OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION: * 32. In order of importance list categories of people involved in discouraging opium poppy cultivation : * 33. What are the intentions of local people regarding opium poppy cultivation'! In Favour of (%) Continued Cultivation Reduction in Cultivation Complete Eradication III. DRUG ABUSE DATA * 34. How many people in the village use? Substance Number Range of age a) Raw opium b) Hashish c) Heroin * 35. Where did addicts acquire addiction? \ Place of Introduction City (Afghanistan) City (Other country) Village Refugee Camp Battle Front Check 5 of 6

55 I. As ~num~rator how many opium poppy fields in th~ village were observ~d by you? Were these all the opium poppy fields? Y ~s No 2. What is the total area of opium poppy land obs~rved hy you? jerihs 3. Measure 3 plots of opium poppy by pacing '! I. sqm. 2. sqm sqm. 4. What is the percentage of the total cultivated land und~r opium poppy? 5. Draw a sketch of this village on the back of this questionnaire with its four boundaries including roads and palhs. Indicate the north direction. Date: FILE: 23 February, 1995-LSE GENERAL\PCSURVE5.TBL 6 of 6

56 ANNEXE-2 SURVEY DISTRICT MAPS Available upon request from the UNDCP Regional Office for Southwest Asia (ROSWA). Islamabad

57 ANNEXE-3 CROPS CULTIVATED BY DISTRICT

58 1995 Comparative Survey Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan ANNEX 3: Crops cultivated. Crops Illicit No. District Cereal Crops '- ~ruits Vegetables Cash Crops Crops BAHARAK BARLEY APPLES CABBAGES FLAX SEED OPIUM POPPY MAIZE APRICOTS CUCUMBERS MUSTARD MILLET BERRIES ONIONS TOBACCO RICE CHERRIES POTATOES \JHEAT \JALNUTS SQUASH TOMATOES 2 FAIZABAD BARLEY ALMONDS CABBAGES COTTON HASHISH MAIZE APPLES CARROTS FLAX SEED OPIUM POPPY MILLET APRICOTS CORIANDERS SUGAR BEET MUNG BEAN BERRIES CUCUMBERS SUN FLOWER RICE CHERRIES EGG PLANT TOBACCO \JHEAT GRAPES GARLIC PEACHES LEEK --::: PEARS LETTUCE PISTACHIOS ' OKRA PLUMS ONIONS POMEGRANATES PEPPERS WALNUTS POTATOES SPEARMINT SPINACH SQUASH TOMATOES TURNIP 3 JURM BARLEY APPLES EGG PLANT OPIUM POPPY MAIZE APRICOTS ONIONS MILLET BERRIES PEPPERS WHEAT CHERRIES POTATOES PEACHES TOMATOES. PLUMS TURNIP \JALNUTS 4 KESHEM BARLEY ALMONDS CABBAGES COTTON HASHISH MAIZE APPLES CUCUMBERS FLAX SEED OPIUM POPPY RICE APRICOTS EGG PLANT MUSTARD \JHEAT BERRIES ONIONS CHERRIES POTATOES GRAPES SQUASH PEACHES TOMATOES PISTACHIOS PLUMS POMEGRANATES \JALNUTS 5 ZEBAK BARLEY APPLES CABBAGES MUSTARD OPIUM POPPY \JHEAT APRICOTS CUCUMBERS BERRIES ONIONS CHERRIES POTATOES TOMATOES

59 ~NNEXE-4 PERCENTAGE OF OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION PER VILLAGE

60 Opium poppy cultivation per village in BAHARAK district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK SAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK SAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BA.HARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK Area/main village AABCHASHMA E PARKHOW AABJEEN AAFERLY AAKEENJAN AARIAN AASTRIP AAYIGH GARLIO ARIAN 1 PARKHAWAB ARGHNDAB AZRIUO SARA SARA SASHAN BE\.IEKAN StANJSADE ASLY BARAK SOSTAN ZARDIO CHABCH I MAGHZAR CHA8CHI YAROAR CHAKARAN. SARGHALAN OARA E~QALAT SARGALAN DASHT DASHTAK \.IAKSHER \.IAKH SHER DEH QALAT SARGHALAN DO AAB. _)~.::' :>' DUPUL E~CHAB~HI FURUM RAGH GHACHA.N GHAINO GHAZALI E BALA GHAZALIO E PAYAN AABCHASHMA E PA AABJEEN AAFERLY AAKEENJAN AARIAN AASTRIP AAYlGH GARLIO ARGHANJ KHAN ARKHAI.IAB ARGHANDAB AZRIUO SARA SARA BASHAN SEWEKAN BIANJSAO.E ASLY BARAK BOSTAN BUSHT CHABCHI MAGHZAR CHABCHI YARDAR CHAKARAN CHAKARAN DARA BALA DARA E QALAT DARGHAB DASHT OASHTAK DEH BALA DEH CHASHMA DEH QALAT DEH QAZIAN DO AAB DUPUL E CHABCHI FURUM RAGH GHACHAN GHAINO GHAZALI-E-BAlA GHAZALIO-E-PAYA Total cultivated land (jerib) opuim poppy cultivation (jerib) percent of opium poppy cultivation

61 \ Opium poppy cultivation per village in BAHARAK district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK BAHARAK Area/main village village GHOZ MURGH GHOZIO GUMAAB HATIMBJGEE ISHTAKAN JAY PARYAN JOY BAR KAIJIK KAZDEH KHASH BEEN KHISRAIJ KHUSH OARIO KOH E OARAZ ZAROIO KOUCH LAB OARA SARGHALAN MAORASA 2 RBABI ZAROIO MAORASA TEERGHARAN MAORASA E CHAKARAN MADRASA-E;,.OASHT FARA GHOZ MURGH GHOZIO GUMAAB HATIMSIGEE ISHTAKAN JAY ' PARYAN JOY BAR KAIJIK KAZDEH KHASH BEEN KHISRAIJ KHUSH DARIO KOH-E DARAZ KORKHO KOUCH LAB OARA MAORABA MADRASA 2 RBABI MAORASA MALANAB MAORASA TEERGHA MADRASA-E-CHAKA MAORASA-E-DASHT MAORASA E~. KHAIR MADRASA-E-KHAIR MAORASA E.;;P,AYAN SHAH MAORASA E~RA8AB RABABI ZAROIO ZAROIO MAHALA E C.HAKARAN MARKAZ E~CHABCH MASJIO LAB NAHR MASJIO E PAYAN MAZAR MAZAR MIYAN DEH ZARDIO ZARDIO MOHERKAN E CHAKARAN MADRASA-E-PAYAN SHAH MADRASA-E RABAB MADRASA E-RABAB MAGHAYIB BALA MAGHAYIB SUFLA MAHALA CHAKARAN MARKAZ-E-CHABCH MASJIO LAB NAHR MASJID-E-PAYAN MAZAR MA~AR MIYAN OEH MIYAN OEH MIYAN OEH YARHO MOHERKAN-E-.CHAKARAN Total cultivated land (jerib) o :o 15o.o , opuim poppy cultivatton (jerib) percent of opium poppy cultivation Q.O \

62 Opium poppy cultivation per village in BAHARAK district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District Total cultivated land (jeri b) Area/main,. village village BAHARAK ZARDIO MOHMOODDAN BAHARAK NAW ABAD RURUM RAGH NAW ABAD RURUM RAGH BAHARAK ZARDIO NAWABAD MALANAB BAHARAK SARGHALAN PAlll BAHARAK PANJANGIO PANJANGIO DEH P opuim poppy cultivat1on (jeri b) BAHARAK PASIRA PASIRA BAHARAK PASS BAGH PASS BAGH BAHARAK PASS.. E.. KHUM PASS-E-KHUM BAHARAK PEASH PEASH BAHARAK PETOW PETOW BAHARAK ZARDIO PEYOY percent of opium poppy cultivation BAHARAK QALA E BAZAR QALA-E-BAZAR BAHARAK QULOASHT QULDASHT BAHARAK RABAT CHELTAN RABAT CHELTAN ~ BAHARAK DASHT E FARAKH RABAT-E-DASHT-E BAHARAK SARGHALAN RAGHNAKAN BAHARAK RIZWAN RIZWAN BAHARAK SARGALAN RIZWAN - SARKHAN BAHARAK RUKHSHAN RUKHSHAN BAHARAK SAFID DARA SAFID DARA BAHARAK SAGHI SAGHI BAHARAK SAKHA SAKHA BAHARAK SANG AAB SANG AAB BAHARAK SARGHALAN SANGAIYAN BAHARAK DASHT E FARAKH SAR HOUSE BAHARAK SAR S.HAH I R SAR SHAH I R BAHARAK SAR E PULBARDAR SAR-E-PULBARDAR l.o BAHARAK SARASAK SARASAK BAHARAK SARDIA E.. BAHARAK SARDIA-E-BAHARAK BAHARAK SEELA _ SEELA BAHARAK SHAHGAN SHAHGAN BAHARAK SARGHALAN. SHAKH YARAK BAHARAK SHASHPUL E FARHAD SHASHPUL-E-FARHAD BAHARAK SARGHALAN SHER KANI BAHARAK SOCHIO SOCHIO BAHARAK SUFIAN ' SUFIAN BAHARAK ARGHANT KHAN TAKH SAAB BAHARAK TARANG TARANG

63 Opium poppy cultivation per village in BAHARAK district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District Total opuim poppy cultivated cultivat1on land (jerib) (jerib) Area/mainvillage village BAHARAK TARWAZA TARWAZA (AWACH) BAHARAK S I RGALA.N T ARWAZA YAWACH percent of opium poppy cultivation BAHARAK TEERGHARAN(PAYANOEH) TEERGHARAN BAHARAK SARGHALAN WAAYEM BAHARAK WAKHAL WAKHAL BAHARAK WALAR WALAR BAHARAK ARGHANJ KHAN WALAR SAHIR BAHARAK WANAR WANAR BAHARAK ARGHANJ KHAN. WARNAIL BAHARAK WENJ WENJ BAHARAK WOSHKAN WOSHKAN BAHARAK ZARDJO WWEJAINJ BAHARAK ZARDIO YABAB-E- KALAN BAHARAK ZARDIO YABAB-E-MAGHAIB ~--~ BAHARAK YAJJK E.. PARICHOW YAJJK-E-PARKHOW BAHARAK YAKHCHIO DEH BALA YAKHCHIO DEH BA BAHARAK YAKHCHIO DEH PAYAN YAKHCHIO DEH PA BAHARAK YAICHSHERA YAKHSHERA BAHARAK ZARDIO. YAREEM ~ BAHARAK YASECH YASECH BAHARAK YASHJSTAN YASHISTAN BAHARAK YAWAR YAWAR 3 t BAHARAK YOUYOUNAIC YOUYOUNAK BAHARAK YUMAL YUMAL BAHARAK ZARDIO ZIORANGE BAHARAK ZOO ZOO BAHARAK Total FAIZABAD AUTRANCHI AAB BARile AAB BARIK BALA FAIZABAO MUNJI AAB SHAKH-E-BUZ FAIZABAO PASI BAND ABJ OARAH FAIZABAO TAGAB ABRI DARAH FAJZABAD ABSJTl ABSITI FAIZ,ABAD AFAQJ AFAOI FAIZABAD AFAQJ MAIDAH AFAQI MAIDAH FAIZABAO DEH BAZAR AFGHANHA FAIZABAD PASI BAND AL DARAH FAIZABAD DARAYEM ALAN I

64 Opium poppy cultivation per village in FAIZABAD district/bada~hshan ( ) Form No. Distri,ct FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FA I ZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAlZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAlZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAJZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAJZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAD Area/main.. village AliMANGO ARGO PASI BAND PAS.I BAND AROSHIA, GOZARDARA AQ8URYA HAWZA MARKAZ ARQA QESHLAQ ART SPEEN OEH BAZAR ASHKASHAN ASS ASS ARGO AUTRANCHI ~ E-PAYAN AUTRINCHI HESAR~ AUZONQUL,. AWAGAR BALA. A YLAQ SANG I. BAGH MUBARAlC BAGHAK TAGAB BAGHI SHAH ARGHANJ!CHULA BAKHTISHA BAL OARAH DAHAN OARA BAGH-E BALEEN BAR BAGH BARLAS CHENAR BARLAS SHAMAR ARGO BAT ASH BAY MALASI BAZARAK ICONA QESHLAQ JAWZOON BEKHWAH village ALIMANGO ALOCHAHBOLAGH ANGORA-E-KALAN AN I W AORSHIA AQBURYA ARGH DARA SANJAL ARQA QESHLAQ ART, SELAGI DASHT ARZANCHl ASAO ABAO ASHKASHAN BALA ASS ASS ATEN JELAW AUTRANCHI PAYAN AUTRINCHI HESAR AUZONOUL AWGAR BALA AYLAQ SANGI BAGH MUBARAK BAGHAK BAGHI GERDAK BAGHI SHAH BAI NAW BAKHTISHA BAt DARAH BALA HESAR BALJAB BAR BAGH BARLAS CHENAR BARLAS SHAMAR BARLAS WAKHEYAN BAT ASH BAY MALASJ BAZARAK BAZGERAN BEKHWAH OLYA Total cultivated land (jerib> opuim poppy cultivation (jerib) percent of op i litl poppy cultivation ,

65 Opium poppy cultivation per village in FAIZABAD district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FA I ZABAD FAJZABAD FAJZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD 12_867 FAI ZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAJZABAD FAJZABAD FAIZABAO FAJZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZASAD FAJZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAJZABAD FAIZABAD FAJZABAD FAIZABAD FAJZABAO FAIZABAD FAJZABAD Area/mainvillage BEKHWAH DARAYEM BELAQ SANGJ BOCHI BOJ MELEf DOGHALAT KALAN BOINJQARA ARGO BROKAN CHAH ABOUK CHAHOSH DARAH BALA CHAHOSH DARAH CHAK ABDUL CHAK HA BAKHT-E SHAH JAWZOON CHAPAH DOGHALAT KALAN ARGO CHARDARAH. JAWZON CHATRAQ ARGO CHESHMA E QALANDER TAGAB - PASI BAND TAGAB SPIN GUL. KHANDAN 'SHAHER.,.,~ DANISHMANDAN DARA KHATAK village BEKHWAH SOFLA BELAK I BELAQ SANGI BOCHI 801 MELEE BOIM CHESHMAH BOINJQARA BOINIQARAH BROKAN CHAH ABOUK CHAHOSH DARAH CHAHOSH DARAH CHAK ABDUL CHAK HA CHANGA CHAP DARAH CHAPAH CHAQEL MASJED CHAQEL QESHLAQ CHAROARAH CHASHMA-E-BEED CHATRAQ CHEL KAPAH CHESHMA QALANDE CHOCOLCH COLGI OARAH DAARAH-E-KALAN DAHAN AB OAHANA ABJ GAZK DANISHMANDAN DARA KHATAK Total cultivated land C jeri b) opuim poppy cultivatton (jeri b) percent of opium poppy cultivation ' o:o ' ' ~ zo~o 40.o FAIZABAD DARA RAZAN DARA RAZAN SALA FAJZABAD FAJZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAD DEH MULAIAN DARAYEM DARA E-MAHMOOO OARAH JANI PASJ BAND PASJ BAND DARA-E-CHARMAGHZ DARA-E-CHEREK DARA-E-MAHMOOO OARAH JANI DAREl DARGAK

66 Opium poppy cultivation per village in FAIZABAD district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District Area/mainvillage village FAIZABAD DARKHAN DARKHAN FAIZABAD DASHT PING DASHT PING FAIZABAD PASl BAND DASHTAK FAIZABAD SPIN GUL DASHTOK FAIZABAD YAMCHJAN DAWLAT ABAD FAI ZABAD PAS I BAND DEGA FAIZABAD DEGA & KARSYED DEGA & KARSYED FAIZABAD PASI BAND DEH BALA FAIZABAD SPIN GUL DEH AHMADAN FAIZABAD SHAKARLAB DEH BALA Total cultivated land (jerib) opuim poppy cultivation (jerib) percent of opium poppy cultivation FAIZABAD SOROON DEH BALA FAIZABAD WARENG DEH BALA FAIZABAD MUNJI DEH BALA FAIZABAD SHAKAR LAB DEH BALA FAIZABAD DEH BASI DEH BASI SUFLA FAIZABAD DEH BASI DEH BASI ULYA FAIZABAD OARAYEM DEH BAZAR FAIZABAD PASI BAND DEH BLAND 5 1~ ' FAIZABAD DEH DEHI DEH DEHI FAIZABAD TAGAB DEH KALAN FAIZABAD OEH MARGHAN OEH MARGHAN,PASIPAND FAIZABAD TAGAB DEH MIANA FAIZABA_D CHATA DEH MIANA FAIZABAD YAMCHIAN DEH MIANAH FAIZABAD JAWZOON DEH MISHIN FAIZABAD DEH MULAIAN DEH MULAIAN FAIZABAD MUNJI DEH PAS-E-MUNJI FAIZABAD WARBANG DEH PAYAN FAIZABAD SHAKARLAB DEH PAYAN o.o 310.o o.o o.o o.o o.q FAIZABAD SHAKAR LAB DEH PAYAN FAIZABAD JA\.IZON DEH SHAHANAH FAIZABAD YAMCHIAN DEH SHEKHAN FAIZABAD PASI BAND DEH TAGAB FAIZABAD DEH ZINOAN DEH ZINDAN FAIZABAD OEHMAGAS DEHMAGAS FAIZABAD ARGO DEHQAN KHANAH FAIZABAD JAW ZOON DEW DARAH FAIZABAD PASI BAND DO ABA-E-YAFTAl

67 Opium poppy cultivation per village in FAIZABAD district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAJZABAD FAIZABAO FAJZABAD FAJZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAJZABAD FAJZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAJZABAD FAJZABAD FAJZABAD FAJZABAD FAJZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAJZABAD FAIZABAD FAJZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAfZABAD FAJZABAD FAJZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAJZABAD FAJZABAD Area/ in village DO GHALAT DO GHALUT DOAAB DOAB village DO GHALAT KHAWAJA MU DO GHALUT DOAAB DOAB OOGHALAT DOGHAI.Al ~HUJA MOULt DOGHALAT DOGHALAl'.KALAN DOGHALAT.: TORUQ EARGITAL. JAWZOON :. GOZEft.NASHER GOZER PETOW.: \ ~f-:: DARAYEM GULAKI GULAKI TAGAB DOGHALAT KALAN DOULAT ABAD DOWKI EARGITAL ELGAK ESHAN DARA BAGH ESHANA FARGHAMBOL GAJJ GAR AS GAZ DARAH GAZAN GAZAN GAZANAK GAZKEEL GHALA DARAH GHONGA GHOOZ MARGH GHUZAK DARAH GOZAR BALA GOZAR PANJSHER GOZAR-E CHAOAL GOZAR-E-MASJED GOZAR E.:PAYAN GOZER NASHER GOZER PETOW GUL DARAH GULAKI GULAKI BALA GULAKI PAYAN GURK KUSHAN Total cultivated land (jerib) opuim poppy cultivat1on (jerib) percent of opium poppy cultivation o.o o.o o.o '

68 Opium poppy cultivation per village in FAIZABAD district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District Total cultivated land (jerib) opuim poppy cultivatton (jeri b) percent of op i urn poppy cultivation Area/main village village FAIZABAD KHASPAK GUZAR-E~MULABAY ~ FAIZABAO YAMCHIAN HABIB ABAD FAIZABAD ARGO HAFEZ MUGHOL ~ FAIZABAD DARAYEM HAJJ PAHLA\JAN FAIZABAD ARGO HALOAJAR FAIZABAD HASAN BEGI HASAN BEGI FAIZABAD HASAN E DE\JANAH HASAN-E-DE\JANAH FAIZABAD HA\JZAKAN HA\JZAKAN FAIZABAD BAGH E SUFI HAZAR BAGH SUFI FAIZABAD DARAYEM HAZARA DARABAGH FAIZABAD HAZARA E GA\JI HAZARA-E-GAUJ FAIZABAD HAZARA E KHAIRBEK HAZARA-E-KHAIRB FAIZABAD ARGO HAZARAH BEDAK FAIZABAD ARGO HAZARAH 01\JANAH FAIZABAO HAZARAH MISHI HAZARAH MISHI FAIZABAD ARGO HAZARAH OAOAM ~ ~ ~ FAIZABAD HO\JZI HO\JZI FAIZABAD ARGO IATARCHI FAIZABAD ARGO IATARCHI PAYAN FAIZABAD ISHAK KITI ISHAK KITJ FAIZABAD JAMURAD JAMURAD FAIZABAO JANGAL BEED JANGAL BEED FAIZABAD JATA JATA FAIZABAD GHUZAK OARAH JU\JAZOK FAIZABAD TORUQ KACHIKHOR FAIZABAO KAFTAR KHANA E TAJEK ~AFTAR KHANA FAIZABAD KAFTAR KHANA KAFTAR KHANA SU ~ ~ FAIZABAO KAFTAR KHANA KAFTAR KHANA Ul FAIZABAD TARAQ KAJEE KHOR TARAQ FAIZABAD PASI BAND KAJI KHAM BALA FAIZABAD ' PASI BAND KAJI KHAM PAYAN FAilABAO KAKAN KAKAN FAIZABAD SPIN GUL KALAR PINGUL FAIZABAD KANDILAN KANDILAN FAIZABAD PASI BAND KARAKSHAHK FAIZABAD TAGAB KARSAID FAIZABAD KARSANG KARSANG FAIZABAD KASHAN DARA KASHAN DARA PAYAN

69 Opium poppy cultivation per village in FAIZABAD district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAlZABAO FAI ZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAO Area/main village KASHAN DARA KASHANDARA OLYA ARGO KATAH QESHLAQ KATAH QESHLAQ ARGO KAZER NISHJR KAZER PETAW KESHEN OARAH PASI BAND KHAIRBEK KHAKSARI CHAR GOW ARGHANJ KHAW PASI BAND KHAM MIRAHZAR PASI BAND ZARDAICOK DARA ICHAM l A\lAL PASI BAND PASI BAND ARGHANJ ICHWA ICHANAQA DARAYEM!CHANDAN SHAHER NAR DARAH DARAYEM ARGO SPEEN YAFTAL PAYAN ARGHUND DOGHALAT TAGAB ARGO SHATAK TORUQ ICOHAICI BAT ASH \ village KASHAN DARA ULIA KASHANOARA OLYA KATA DARAH KATAH CESHLAQ KATAH QESHLAC KAZER KA;JER NISHIR KAZER PETAW KESHEN DARAH SU KHAIR ABAD KHAIRBEK KHAKSARI KHAM KHAM BEW SALEH KHAM HAFIZ KHAM MIRAHZAR KHAM SARBANAN KHAM SARBANAN ICHAM I AWAL KHAM I MIR ICHAMBEL KHAN AGHA KHANACA!CHANDAN SHAHER KHANDAN SHAHER KHAS AABAH KHAWAJA-E-BAGH KHAWJAH ASHTAL KHOB AABAH KHOGISTAN ICHUJA CHESHMAH KHUJA MOULI KHUMAR OARAH KHUREK ICHUSHOARAH ICILAK QAZDARAH KOHAKI KOHNA BAlASH Total cultivated land (jerib) opuim poppy cultivation (jeri b) percent of opium poppy cultivation SO.O 30 o.o o.o o.o

70 Opium poppy cultivation per village in FAIZABAD district/badakhshan ( ) Form Area/main- No. District village village FAIZABAD TORYAB KOHNA OESHLAO FAIZABAD KOHNA QESHLAQ KOHNA OESHLAQ FAIZABAD DAHAN DARA KOHNA OESHLAO FAIZABAD DARAYEM KOLABI FAIZABAD JAWZOON KOLGA-E-BALA FAIZABAD JAWZOON KOLGA-E-PAYAN FAIZABAD TAGAB KOLOKH KAN FAIZABAD KORCHESHMAH KORCHESHMAH FAIZABAD KORI KORI FAIZABAD ARGHANJ KHWA KULAN FAIZABAD ARGO KUMORKHUR FAIZABAD KUR GYAN KUR GYAN FAIZABAD KURI KURI FAIZABAD ARGO LAL ABAH FAiZABAD PASJ BAND LANGAR FAIZABAD LANGAR LANGAR FAIZABAD LANGAR L~NGAR FAIZA8AD LANGAR LANGAR FAIZABAD LAYABAH iayabah FAIZABAD LOL OARAH/GULESTANOK LOL DARAH FAIZABAD AQBURYA M. JAME AQBURYA FAIZABAD SHAHMARJ M. JAME SHAMASI FA I ZABAD BAY MALASI M.H.M.SEDIO faizabad SPIN GUL MADRA SA FAIZABAD MADRASA-E-ARGHUND MADRASA ARGHOND FAIZABAD SHATAK MADRASA SHATAK FAIZABAD HAFEZ MUGOL MADRASAH FAIZABAD LAN GAR MADRASAH FAIZABAD MAGHZAR MAGHZAR FAIZABAD HAJJ PAHLAWAN MAHAJERHA FAIZABAO MAIDA DAGHLAT MAIDA DAGHLA.T FAIZABAD BAT ASH MAKUZ BAlASH FAlZABAD DARAYEM MALANGA FAJZABAD JAWZOON MALMONEGE FAI ZABAD MALWAYDARAH MALWAYDARAH FAIZABAD PASJ BAND MARGAN DARAH FAIZABAD PENGANI MASDJID A. AZIZ FAIZABAD YAMCHIAN MASJED BAHADUR Total cultivated land (jerib) opuirn poppy cultivatton (jerib) percent of opium poppy cultivation l ~

71 Opium poppy cultivation per village i~ FAIZABAD district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAJZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAD Area/mainvillage OARAH RAST CHATA KOOL DARA BARLAS CHENAR KESHTGAH MASJEO JAME ARGHAND YAMCHIAN SHIR CHANG SOROON QOOUQ TOR.GANI SUFLA KAKAN PENGANI ESHAN OARA BAGH TORUQ KUMORKHOR village MASJED BALA MASJED CHARMGAR MASJED DEHPAYAN MASJED HA\.JAR MASJED JAME MASJED JAME MASJED JAMEA MASJEO JAMEE MASJED JAMEE MASJED JAMEE MASJED KHAIRUDN MASJED M. AHMAD MASJED MADRASA MASJED MADRASA MASJEO MANDARAH MASJED NEYAZBY Total cultivated land (jerib) opuirn poppy cultivat1on (jerib) percent of opium poppy cultivation O.Q o.o FAIZABAD FAIZABAO AUZONGOL MASJED NO\JABAD FAIZABAD QOOUQ MASJED PAYAN FAIZABAO ARGHANJ KHWA MASJED PAYAN FAIZABAD DARAH RAST MASJED PAYAN FAJZABAD DOGHALAT KALAN MASJED QABRESTA FAIZABAD GANJA CHESHMAH MASJED QAYOMBAY FAIZABAD ESHAN DARA BAGH MASJED SARIHAUS FAIZABAO YAMCHIAN MASJED SARIPUL FAIZABAD CHAPAH MASJED SARKOTAL FAIZABAD BARLAS CHENAR MASJED SHASHKAL FAJZABAD GANJA CHESHMAH MASJEO TURSANB.Y FAIZABAD GANJA CHESHMAH MASJED \JAZIRBAY FAIZABAD DOGHALAT. MASJED-E-AAQ KOTAL FAIZABAD KAKAN MASJEO-E-BABA FAIZABAD BOIMI QARAH MASJED-E-BALA FAJZABAD ALIMANGO MASJED-E-BALA FAIZABAD OOGHALAT KALAN MASJED-E-BAYHA FAIZABAD SPEEN MASJED-E-DEHKOL FAIZABAD NOW ABAO MASJED-E-GHULAM FAJZABAD BARLAS CHENAR MASJED-E-HAIDAR FAIZABAO TORYAB MASJEO-E-JAME FAIZABAD BAYD-E KALAN MASJED-E-JAME

72 Opium poppy cultivation per village in FAIZABAD district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. Distdct FAIZABAD Area/mainvillage GANJA CHESHMA village MASJED E JAME Total cultivated land ( j er ib) opuim poppy cultivation (jerib) 25 8 percent of opium poppy cultivation FAIZABAD. BARLAS SHAMAR MASJED E JAME FAIZABAD JAMURAD M~SJED E JAME FAIZABAD TORUQ MASJED E JAME FAIZABAD TORGANI SUFLA MASJED E JAME ~ FAIZABAD CHESHMA-E-QALANDER MASJED E JAME FAIZABAD CHESHMA-E-QALANDER MASJED-E KARIM FAIZABAD AUZONGOL MASJED E MORAD FAIZABAD PENGANI MASJED-E MULA SARDAR ~387 FAIZABAD TAGHARCHEK MASJED-E-MULABU FAIZABAD HAFEZ MUGHOL MASJED E PAYAN FAIZABAD CHATA MASJED E-RAHIM SHAH FAIZABAD HOWZI MASJED E RAHMAT FAIZABAD. MUNJI MASJED E TEGHAH FAI ZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAD FAIZABAO FAIZABAO FAIZABAD BAGH-E-BALEEN BED KALAN PENGANI DARAYEM BED KALAN NEEM TALAH NEEM TALAH CHATA BED KALAN AUTRANCHI AB BURIK PENGANI BAlASH KOREC QARAH MUGHUL YAFTAL SUFLA BROKAN NEEMTALLAH NEEM TALAH PENGANI MASJID QUTAN NEEM TALAH MASJIO JAME ARGHUNO TOR YAB OARAYEM KHASPAK MASJED-E ZARAB MASJID A. WALl MASJID ABDULLAH MASJID AHMAD MASJID DASHT MASJID DASTGEER MASJID DEH BALA MASJIO DEH BALA MASJID HJ.EBRAH MASJID JAME MASJID JAME MASJID JAME MASJID JAME MASJ.I D JAME MASJID JAMI MASJID MABAIN MASJID NAMATULA MASJID QURBAN MASJID QUTAN MASJID ROID AAB MASJID SHEBAR MASJID ULIA MASJID-E-JAME MASJID-E-JAME

73 KHSHAN ~ ) percent of opiun PopPY cultivatton

74 Opium poppy cultivation per village in FAIZABAD district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District Total cultivated land (jerib) Area/main village village opuim poppy cultivation (jerib) FAIZABAD NOW ABAD NOW ABAD percent of opilm poppy cultivation FAIZABAD NOW ABAD NOW ABAD FAIZABAD SPEEN NOWABAD FAIZABAD TAGAB OGAR-E-BALA FAIZABAD TAGAB OGAR-1-PAYAN FAJZABAD PAHAN OARAH PAHAN DARAH SUFLA FAIZABAD PAHEN OARAH PAHEN DARAH ULY FAIZABAD PALANG OARAH PALANG DARAH FA(ZABAD JAW ZOON PARANA KHAM FAIZABAD PASI BAND PASHEAYAL FAIZABAD PASI BAND PASI BAND FAlZABAD PASI JAR PASI JAR FAIZABAD DOAAB PASS SHAKH ~~ ~ FAIZABAD PASTA KALAN PASTA KALAN FAIZABAD PAYAN TONO PAYAN TOND FAIZABAD PAZLA KHWAH PAZLA KHWAH FAlZABAD PECHJQ AND ANGRO PECHIQ AND ANGR FAIZABAD ARGO PESHKA FAIZABAD TAGAB PESHTEK FAIZABAD PETAW PETAW FAIZABAD PETAWAK PETAWAK FAIZABAD PETAWAK PETAWAK SUFLA FAIZABAD KHAKSARI PSWTA KHOR FA 1 ZABAO PULAR L i ICWEEK PULAR l1 K\JEE K FAIZABAD PASI BAND PUNJTUN FAIZABAD ARGO QAILAH DARAH FAIZABAD QARA KAMA QARA KAMA FAIZABAD QARA QUZI QARA QUZI FAIZABAD QARACHAH QARACHA FAIZABAD QARAH MUGHUL QARAH MUGHUL FAlZABAD ARGO QARGHAH FAIZABAD QARLOQ QROQ QARLOQ QROQ FAlZABAD QARLOQ ZER ICOTEL QARLOQ ZER KOTE FAIZABAD QASH QULAQ QASH QULAQ FAIZABAD CHATA QASHQAR BEGI FAIZABAD QATAR KH~RMAN QATAR KHERMAN FAIZABAD QAWJZ QA\JIZ FAIZABAD QAZI QESHLAQ QAZI QESHLAQ

75 Opium poppy cultivation per village in FAIZABAD district/badakhshan ( ) \ Form Area/main No. District village village FAIZABAD ARGO QOCHI FAIZABAD QOWAT All QO~AT All FAIZABAD JA~ZON RABAT Total cultivated land (jeri b) FAIZABAD RABATAK RABATAK FAIZABAD PASI BAND RAGH DARAH FAIZABAD TAGAB RAZAN BALA 0.~ FAJZABAO TAGAB RAZAN PAYAN opuim poppy cultivation (jerib) 3 4 percent of. opium poppy cultivation FAIZABAD RAZAN E SOM DARA RAZAN E SOM DARA FAIZABAD RESHDARAZ RESHDARAZ OLYA FAIZABAO RESHDARAZ RESHDARAZ SOFLA FAIZABAO ROBAT ROBAT FAIZABAD ESHAN OARA BAGH RUIA DASHT FAIZABAD ARGO SABZABAHAR FAJZABAD SAFEDAG PELBANO SAFEDAG PELBAND FAIZABAD SAFEDARAL MANSOOR SAFEDARAL MANSOOR FAIZABAb YAFTAL PAYAN SAFIO ARK PASE BAND FAIZABAD SAMATI SAMATI FA.IZABAD LANGAR 1 SANG AAB FAIZABAD LANGAR SANG AAB E BALA FAJZABAD YAFTAL SUFLA LANGAR SANG AB FAIZABAD OARA E CHEREk SANG E CALAT FAJZABAD kool DARA SANGCHIL ZYARAT FAIZABAO SPIN GUL SANJ DARAH FAIZABAD SHIR CHANG SAR BAND FAIZABAO JAWZOON SAR DARAH FAIZABAD TAGAB SAR GALLAHA FAIZABAO SHAKAR LAB SAR NANG FAIZABAO PASI BAND SAR-E QUL-E-PAS FAJZABAD SAR~E-TAL SAR E TAL FAJZABAO DOAAB SAR E TAL FAIZABAO SAROON SARBAND FAIZABAO SHAKARLAB SARI SANG FAIZABAO ARGO SARIDARAH FAJZABAO TAGAS SAROAL TAGAB FAJZABAO OEH BAZAR SAYEOHA DEHBAZA FAJZABAO PASI BAND SELAGJ DUSHT FAJZABAD SEMEEN JAB SEMEEN JAB FAIZABAD PASI BA.ND SENJ IT 10 16

76 Opium poppy cultivation per village in FAIZABAD district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District Area/mainvillage village Total cultivated land (jerib) FAIZABAD PASJ BAND SHAH KALAN FAIZABAD PASI BAND SHAH KHURD FAIZABAD ARGO SHAH WAZIR opuirn poppy cultivat1on (jerib) percent of op i urn poppy cultivation FAIZABAD PASI BAND SHAHID DARAH FAIZABAD SHAKARLAB SHAHIL FAIZABAD SHAHMARJ SHAHMARI FAIZABAD TAGAB SHAHZAMIN FAIZABAD SHAKARLAB SHAKARLAB BALA FAIZABAD SHAKH GULLAN SH~KH GULLAN FAIZABAD SHALKHAH ZAAR SHALKHAH ZAAR FAIZABAD TAGAB SHAR-E-ZARAN FAIZABAD SHATAK SHATAK FAIZABAD SPEEN SHEKH DARAH FAIZABAD ARGO SHEMQARCHI O.Q FAIZABAD SHER KUSH SHER KUSH FAJZABAD SHIB DARAH SHIB OARAH FAIZABAD TAGAB SHIN DARAH FAJZABAD SHJWACHI BALA SHIWACHI BALA FAIZABAD SHJWACHI PAYAN SHIWACHI PAYAN FAIZABAD SHORABAK SHORABAK O.fr FAIZABAD SIKHDARA KHANAQA SIK.HOARA-KHANAQA FAJZABAD SHAKAR LAB SOKHTA KO " FAJZABAD SHAKARLAB SOKHTA KOH FAIZABAD SOM DARA SOM DARA FAJZABAD SPAK SPAK FAIZABAD TAGAB SUMCHAN FAIZABAD TAGAB SYA SHAKH FAJZABAD ARGHANJ KttWA TAGABAK _ FAIZABAD TAGAB TAGH DARAH FAIZABAD TAGHARCHEK TAGHARCHEK FAIZABAD DEHMAGAS TAJIK FAIZABAD TAKYA TAKYA FAIZABAD TAGAB TALBAZANG BALA? FAIZABAO TAGAB TALBAZANG PAYAN FAIZABAD SHATAK TALDARAH FAIZABAD TAOCHAH OARAH TAQCHAH DARAH FAIZABAD ARGO TAQULAK FAIZABAD TAGAB TAWJAHAD PARAH

77 Opium poppy cultivation per village in FAIZABAD district/badakhshan ( ) Total opuim poppy cultivated cultivat1on land (jerib) (jerib) Form Area/main No. District village village percent of opium poppy cultivation FAIZABAD ARGO TOGH BAY FAIZABAD TOGHBULAGH TOGHBULAGH = ' FAIZABAD TOKSHAL TO~SHAL FAIZABAD TOOT DARAH TOOT DARAH FAIZABAD TORGANI TORGANI ULYA FAIZABAD ARGHANJ KHWA TOSOM DARAH FAIZABAD SPIN GUL TURFIKILL FAIZABAD TURGANI TURGANI ~ FAIZABAD WAGAR PAYAN WAGAR PAYAN FAIZABAD SHAKARLAB WAJKIL YONS PAHEN DA FAIZABAD WALAAK WALAAK-E-PAYAN FAIZABAD WALAK WALAK BALA FAIZABAD TAGAB WARSAK FAIZABAD WETRANCHI WETRANCHI (HESARI) 2000 ~ FAIZABAD YAHAL SUFLA YAFTAL SUFLA 35.o.o FAIZABAD DARAYEM YAMCHIAN FAIZABAD ARGHUND YANTAGHLAGH FAIZABAD YARAN SHAH YARAN SHAH FAIZABAD YARUNSHA YARUNSHA FAIZABAD JAW ZOON YASHI FAIZABAD YOUNAB YOUNAB FAIZABAD ARGO YUSUF ABAD FAIZABAD ZAHRAK ZAHRAK FAIZABAD PASI BAND ZAKAK FAIZABAD ZAMASTANAK ZAMASTANAK FAIZABAD PASI BAND ZARDALAW FAIZABAD PASI BAND ZRANGAN DARALS 5 25 FAIZABAD Total JURM AAWAN AAWAN JURM ADINA BAY ADINA BAY JURM AHANGARAN AHANGARAN JURM ALAR IS ALARIB JURM AOWAGH JOKHAN AOWAGH JURM ARJENGAN ARJENGAN JURM ARK HE ARK HE JURM ARKHOW ARK HOW JURM ASEL JURM ASEL JURM

78 Opium poppy cultivation per village in JURM district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM JURM Area/mainvillage ASHNAM ASKAN ASTAREY AUG HAN ARIJANJ BABA QASEM BAGHALAK BAQA BAY CHAP DARA JO KHAN OASHT OARA PASHKAN DARA KALAFZAR OAR KHAN AUSH"NOGAN OEH BALA DEH BALA GHARMI DEH MEYANA DEH PARAH OEH PAYAN DEH QALA DEHNOW DARA-E HENGAN ERIJAK FARGHAMO GHARAS FRECH GAUHAR GAUHAR PLAAR HESARAK KAJGARAN KALAFZAR DARA FARGHAMUNJ KATEEB ARK HE '' village ASHNAM ASKAN ASTAREY AUG HAN AIJRANJ I BABA CASEM BAGHALAK BAQA BAY CHAP DARA CHARMAGHZISTAN DAHAN E DARA DARA PASHKAN OARA E KALAFZAR OAR KHAN _ DASHT OEH BALA DEH BALA DEH BALA OEH MEYANA OEH PARAH DEH PAYAN DEH CALA OEHNOIJ EARGHASAK ERIJAK FARGHAMO FARGHANDAJ FRECH GAUHAR GAUHAR E BALA GOZAR MASJID HELAH HESARAK KAJGARAN KALAFZAR KAMANGARAN KATEEB KAIJ Total cultivated land (jerib) opuim poppy cultivatton (jerib) percent of opium poppy cultivation ; ~

79 Opium poppy cultivation per village in JURM district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District Total cultivated land (jeri b) Area/mainvillage village opuim poppy cultivation (jerib) percent of opium poppy cultivation , JURM KHAERANG KHAERANG JURM GHARAS KHALGA JURM GHARMEY KHASEP JURM GHARMJ KHASH JURM DARA E~8UZURG KHAWA JURM _DARA KHEL KHEL JURM KHASTAK KHOOL KHOOL JURM ZARHENGAN KHORI JURM KOJAGAK KOJAGAK JURM LANGAR H.SAYEEO LANGAR H.SAYEED JURM LARKEY LARKEY JURM L.ERAK ZO LERAK JURM FARGHAMANJ OEH BALA MADRASA JURM MADRA SA MADRA SA JURM GHARMI MADRA SA JURM. MAGHZAR-E-KHOOL MAGHZAR-E-KHOOL JURM DEH.SANGAN MAHALA-E-SHIKHAN JURM KHASH MAS.JED BALA JURM. FARGHAMUNJ OEH BALA MASJED DEHPAYAN JURM MASJED MADRASA MASJED MADRASA JURM MASJEO-E MAORASA MASJED MADRASA JURM MASJED PAYAN MASJED PAYAN JURM MASJEO-E SAR CHOWK MASJED SARCHOWK JURM OEH SANGAN MASJID AWAL JURM MISYANI MJSYANI JURM MUGHLA ZAMEER. MUGHLA ZAMEER JURM MULLA KHEL MULLA KHEL JURM NASHE NASHE JURM DASHTAK NAIJA JURM NAIJAI JURM NAIJAI JURM JURM OASHTAK NAWAY BALA JURM -DARA-E-BUZURG NOK JURM PALAR PALAR JURM PATA GUZER PATA GUZER JURM CHANG E PAYAN QAJMAQCHI JURM QALA E-GUNBAD QALA-E-GUNBAD JURM TAHT DEH SAFASH JUR., SANGLAKH SANGLAKH

80 Opium poppy cultivation per village in JURM district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District Area/mainvillage village Total cultivated land (jerib) JURM GHARAS SANO~RY JURM SAR SHAKH SAR SHAKH JURM SAR-E-HOUZ SAR-E-HOUZ JURM SARAAB SARAAB opuim poppy cultivation {jerib) JURM GHARAS TAKHT DEH SARA~ASH JURM SARI TAL SARI TAL d JURM KHASH SARLOLA JURM SARSEEL SARSEEL percent of opium poppy cultivation JURM SENAH SENAH JURM.KHASH SHAHRAN JURM CHANG PAYAN SHASH KAL JURM SHIF CHAN SHlF CHAN JURM SHIRIN QESHLAQ SHIRIN QESHLAQ JURM SOUCH-E-BALA SOUCH-E-BALA JURM SOUCH-E PAYAN SOUCH-E-PAYAN JURM SPOJMAY SPOJMAY JURM TAJEKAN TAJEKAN JURM TEEGARAN TEERGARAN JURM TAHT DEH WACH BEE 15 6 Q.O JURM ~AJAN WAJAN JURM JOKHAN WAN I JURM YABAB YABAB JURM KHASH YOUZ NAMAT JURM Total KESHEM DEH SAYDAN KESHEM AAB SHER AHMAD AAB-E-SHER AHMAD KESHEM AAT AAT KESHEM KHAMBAIC AFGHAN DARA KESHEM ASHUQAN ASHUQAN KESHEM KOURI ASIA WANI KESHEM GHOURI SANG ASIAB PATAK KESHEM KHAMBAK ASIABAK KESHEM KATOU AURGHANJ KESHEM DARA BOLAQ BABA DAR~ESH KESHEM MIYAN SHAHR BAGH-E-TARK KESHEM BALA HESAR BALA HESAR KESHEM TASHKAN BALA BALA TASHKAN

81 Opium poppy cultivation per village in KESHEM district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District Total opuim poppy cultivated cultivation land (jerib) (jeri b) Area/main village village KESHEM BALA TASHKAL BALA TEASHKAN KESHEM TEASHKAN BAZAR-E-TEASHKA percent of op i Llll poppy cultivation KESHEM BULBUL DARA BULBUL DARA ~ KESHEM TEASHKAN BZKAT KESHEM KATOU BALA CHAKORAN KESHEM TAKYAH CHAQAL ~ASAR AS KESHEM CHAQOUL QESHLAQ CHAQOUL QESHLAQ KESHEM CHARMAGHZ DARA CHARMAGHZ DARA KESHEM YA~AL BALA CHASHM OARAZ ; KESHEM MIYAN SHAHR CHEQEL QESHLAO , KESHEM. DEH ~ASTAYAN DARA-E-CHASHMAK KESHEM KHAMBAK DARA-E-HIR KESHEM KOURI DARA-E-SAMB KESHEM FARHAN QULI DASHT SHAMEL KESHEM KHAHBAK DEH KALAN KESHEM SOSAGAN DEH MIRI KESHEM KATOU BALA DO ABI KESHEM KARESTI DOW ABHA KESHEM KOURI DUSHT-E-BALA KESHEH KHAMBAK DUSHTAK KESHEM ELMICH ELMICH KESHEM FAIZANI FAIZANI KESHEH GAZ DARA GAZ DARA KESHEM GHELA\JAK GHELA~AK KESHEM GHELLAN GHELLAN KESHEM GOUNG SHAHAR GOUNG SHAHAR KESHEM GUNBAO GUNBAD KESHEM HAFT CHENAR HAFT CHENAR KESHEM TAKYAH HAZARA HA KESHEM JANAZADARA JANAZSOARA KESHEM DARA-E-JEAM KAJ DARA KESHEM GHORI SANG KA$HO KESHEM KHANA QA KHANA QA KESHEM KATOU KHELE ASP KESHEM KHNKAN KHNKAN KESHEM SOSAGAN KHOLIAN KESHEM KATOU KHOROUK

82 Opium poppy cultivation per village in KESHEM district/badakhshan ( ) Form No. District Area/mainvillage PALARAN village Total cultivated land (jerib) opuim poppy cultivation (jeri b) KESHEM PALARAN KHOSHK DARAH KESHEM DALARAN KHOSHKDARA BALA KESHEM PALARAN KHOSHKDARA LAB KESHEM KHO~ARK KHO~ARK KESHEM PALARAN KHSHK DARA PAIAN KESHEM KH~AJA AFGHANI KH~AJA AFGHANI KESHEM PALARAN KH~AJA BAGH KESHEM DARA-E-CAC KOHNAN CSHLAC KESHEM FARMAN CUll LIZH DEH o:o KESHEM AUJIL M. AUJIL ~ASAT KESHEM MIRKAN M. BALA KESHEM SHAHEED KAN M. BALA ;0 1317S KESHEM KHAMBAK M. DEH BALA KESHEM KHAMBAK M. DE~ALSANG KESHEM JAR SHAH BABA M. DUST NO~ROOZ KESHEM SAR SHERCI M. HAJJ MAJID KESHEM MIRKAN M. JAMEA ~ KESHEM KHAMBAK BALA M. JAMEA KESHEM NAMAZGA M. JAMEA KESHEM M. JAMEA TAJARI M. JAMEA TAJARI KESHEM JAR SHAH BABA M. MIRHA KESHEM AUJIL M. SANG KATAH KESHEM FARAJ GHANI M. SAR-E-JAR KESHEM SARI SHARCI MASHHAD M. SARA KHAN KESHEM MASHHAD M. SARAN~AL KESHEM KAREST DEH M. ~ASAT percent of opium poppy cultivation _ KESHEM GANDOM COOL M.ABDUL RAHIM KESHEM AUJIL M.AUJIL ULIA KESHEM MUZAFRI M.HAJI AKHUND KESHEM GANDOM COOL M.JAM-A-MASJID KESHEM PASTA KHOR M.JAMEA KESHEM CEERMASHI M.JAMEA KESHEM MALGANI M.JAMES MASJID KESHEM MASHHAD M.JAMES SHAR KESHEM GANDOM COOL M.KOORI A.KHALC KESHEM PASTA KHOR M.PAYAN KESHEM ARGHANDKAN M.CESHLAQ BALA o:o

83 Opium poppy cultivation per village i~ KESHEM district/badakhshan ( ) Total cultivated land (jeri b > opuim poppy cultivation (jerib) Form Area/main- No. District village village KESHEM HASHHAD H.WAKIL SHERDEL KESHEM KHAMBAK NOW SUFJA HADRASA -E-JAME ICESHEM HADRASA-E KALAN MADRASA-E-KALAN KESHEM SABZ DARA MAGHZAR KESHEM HUZAfRI MAIDAN MUZFRI KESHEM WAKHSHI HAKHDOM HA KESHEM DEH KALAN HALA E-HAZARA KESHEM DEH SAYOAN MARGHZAR KESHEH MASJ.HAJI QARA HASJ.HAJI QARA KESHEM MASJED MAKHDOMA MASJEO MAKHOOMA ~0 percent of opium poppy cultivation ~ KESHEM FARAJGHANI MASJEO MER.JAN , KESHEM MASJED SAR TIPA MASJEO SAR TIPA ( ~ ~~ KESHEM KHAHBAK NOW SfULA HASJEO-E-BALA 17 56p.O KESHEH HASJEO-E-JAHE MASJEO-E-JAME KESHEM HASJID A. AZIZ MASJID A. AZIZ : KESHEM GANDOH QOOL MASJID ABDUL SAMAD :... --_ KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM KESKEM KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM KESHEH KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM KESHEM MASJID AESHAN S MASJID AESHAN S HASJID ARBABGIR MASJID ARBABGIR MASJIO ATABA ~ MASJID ATABAY YAWAL BALA HASJID BALA HASJID BALA MASJID BALA MASJIO CHOGOL HASJIO CHOGOL MUZAFRI MASJIO DAMULLA MASJID DARA MASJID DARA MASJID HJ.DAULA HASJID HJ.OAULA HASJID HJ. TIMAR. HASJ-10 HJ. TIMAR ARGHAND KAN HASJID JAMEA YAWAL BALA MASJID JAMEA DEH WASTAYAN BALA MASJID JAMEA SANG AAB ULIA MASJID JAMEA HIYAN SHAHR HASJID JAMEA SOSGAN HASJID JAHEA KANGOUR CHI MASJIO JAMEA MASJID JAMEA HASJID JAMEA MASJID JAMEA MASJIO JAMEA MASJID JAHEA MASJID JAMEA SANG AAB MASJID KELKAK GANDOH QOOL MASJID MAKHOOM L ;

84 Opium poppy cultivation per village in KESHEM district/badakhshan ( ) Form Area/main- No. District village village Total cultivated land (jerib) KESHEM MASJIO MIAN OEH MASJIO MIAN DEH KESHEM MASJID ML.ASHOR MASJIO ML.ASHOR KESHEM MASJID HL.JOURA ' MASJIO Ml.JOURA KESHEM MASJIO ML.ZARIF MASJID Ml.ZARJF KESHEM KANGOUR CHI MASJIO NAGARAN KESHEM YAWAL BALA MASJIO NIYAZI KESHEM MIRKAN MASJIO PAYAN KESHEM MIYAN SHAHR MASJIO QASHOAR opuim poppy cultivation (jerib) KESHEM KANGOUR CHI MASJIO SANG KALAN KESHEM KANGOURCHI MASJIO SAR OARG KESHEM KOREST DEH MASJIO SAR OOWA 72 o.o ~ KESHE~ KRESl DEH MASJID SAR TAL ' KESHEM SHAKHAK MASJ I 0 SHAKHAK KESHEM TEASHKAM MASJID SHARQI KESHEM GANOOM OOOL MASJID WAKILHA KESHEM GANOOM QOOl MAULAWI QAZI KESHEM ML. SECANDAR Ml. SECANOAR KESHEM NAAIB HA NAAIB HA KESHEM NABHAI GHARBI NABHAI GHARBI KESHEM OARA-E-QAQ NAW ABAD '5 KESHEM DEH WASTALAN NAW ABAD 60, KESHEM NAW ABAO NAW ABAD KESHEM NAMAZGA NAZIR BOY KESHEM KASHO NOW ABAD KESHEM NOW CHAY NOW CHAY KESHEM PALARAN PALARAN KESHEM FARMANQULI PAYAN OESHLAQ KESHEM KHAMBAK PLAHRAN KESHEM QARA BOLAQ QARA BOLAQ KESHEM CARlA PALARAN QARIA KHSHK DARABALA KESHEM SUNG AB QARIA SHAHAOA KESHEM QARYA DSHT KHWARK QARYA OSHT KHWARK KESHEM QESHLAQ EASHAN OESHLAQ EASHAN ~ KESHEM KHAMBAK RABAT KESHEM KATOU R~BAT KESHEM SOSAGAN ROOGAH KESHEM SABZDARA NEEM OASTA SABZOARA KESHEM SAFIO REAG SAFIO REAG percent of opium poppy cultivation o.o O.o

85 Opium poppy cultivation per village in KESHEM district/badakhshan ( ) Total cultivated land (jerib) opuim poppy cultivation (jerib) percent of opium poppy cultivation Form Area/main- No. District village village KESHEM SAMARQANDI SAMARQANDI KESHEM SANG AAB SANG AAB KESHEM SANG KALAN SANG KALAN ,...---, KESHEM FARMAN QUll SAR QESHLAO KESHEM NAMAZGA SAR SEBAKHSHA ~ KESHEM TAKYAH SAR-E-JAR KESHEM SARI GHARBI MAS SARI GHARBI MAS KESHEM SARPESHANl SARPESHANI KESHEH KATOU SHAK DARA KESHEM SHAKESTAGAN SHAKESTAGAN ~3253 KESHEM TAKYAH SHAKHDAN KESHEM SHOLASH DARA SHOLASH DARA KESHEM SUNG AAB SHUHAOA KESHEM \IAJ18 SHUTARGARDAN KESHEM SOFIHA SOFIHA KESHEM SUNG AAB SSAAR -E-TANGI ~-----.;. ; ~ KESHEM TAJARI TAJARI KESHEM OARA E JEAM TALAK\IA GHIRAT KESHEM DARA E~JEAM TARNAB KESHEM TOTAIC TOTAIC ICES HEM TOUGHAIC.: TOUGHAK KESHEM GANOOM QOOL \IAHOAT ABAD KESHEM KARAST DEH \IA\IECH KESHEM YARSAZ YARSAZ KESHEM YA\IAL YAWAL PAYAN KESHEM OEH SAEYDAN ~AGHM OARA KESHEM OARA E JEAM ZARDKHAK KESHEH Total ZEBAK AID ICHUARO AID KHUARO ZEBAK CHABCHI MAGHZAR CHABCHI MAGHZAR ZEBAK DAND DANO ZEBAK OASHT KHAN DASHT KHAN ZEBAK OASHT RABAT DASHT RABAT ZEBAK OEHGUL DEHGUL ZEBAK ESKATOL ESKATOL ~~ ZEBAK FARQOQ FAROOQ ZEBAK GHARIB GHARIB