UNIT EXAM 1 Part I. Multiple choice. Write the letter of the correct answer in the multiple choice section of your answer sheet. (2 points each, 42 points) 1. Which of these units is best for measuring the height of a newly sprouted plant? A. centiliters B. kiloliters C. millimeters D. milliliters 2. The step of the scientific method where you are most likely to be constructing a graph is A. research your topic. B. analyze your results. C. come to a conclusion. D. formulate a hypothesis. 3. 5 ml = L A. 50 B. 5000 C. 0.005 D. 0.05 4. Which of these units is best for measuring the volume of a can of soda? A. grams B. ounces C. liters D. milliliters 5. 4.2 x 10 6 g = mg A. 4.2 x 10 3 B. 4.2 x 10 9 C. 4200 D. 4.2 x 10 6-3 6. An experiment that is missing the independent variable is called a A. placebo. B. control. C. biased study. D. research study. 7. The term appendicitis means A. little appendix B. appendix infection C. nerve infection D. appendix pain Use the information and the graph below to answer questions 10-11. The graph shows the rate of reaction when different amounts of a substrate are added to a constant amount of a specific enzyme. This enzyme is functioning at its optimal temperature, 30 C, and at its optimal ph, 7.0. 8. According to the graph, what happens to the rate of the reaction when the substrate concentration increases from 0.4 percent to 0.5 percent? A. It decreases. B. It increases. C. It increases, then decreases. D. It remains the same. 9. What reasonable prediction could you make about what the rate of the reaction is at a substrate concentration of 0.6 percent? A. You cannot make this determination with the information provided. B. The reaction rate will decrease. C. The reaction rate will increase.
D. The reaction rate will stay the same (as it is at 0.5 percent). 10. The independent variable is the variable A. the experimenter is measuring. B. the experimenter is in control of. C. is located on the y-axis. D. that is the most unpredictable. 11. Which of these units is best for measuring weight of an elephant? A. milligrams B. pounds C. liters D. kilograms 12. A company that manufactures vitamins wanted to determine whether the vitamins had side effects. The company chose 2000 individuals to take one vitamin tablet per day for six months. Representatives from the company surveyed the participants to determine whether they had experienced many side effects. Which of these is the greatest problem with this procedure? A. No control group was used. B. Only one brand of vitamin was tested. C. The sample size was not large enough. D. The study lasted only six months. Four teams of students independently tested the effects of temperature on the gill movements of goldfish. The results from their tests are shown in the tables below. 13. Students from other teams questioned the results of Team 3. Which of these should the students on Team 3 do to validate their results? A. Use data from one of the other teams for the counts taken at 15 C. B. Repeat the experiment at 15 C using the same set of goldfish. C. Use containers made of different materials to test the goldfish again. D. Repeat the experiment at 15 C using larger goldfish.
14. The word that means one celled is A. unicyte. B. unicellular. C. monocell. D. unicell. 15. 0.7 g = kg A. 0.0007 B. 700 C. 70 C. 0.007 16. 1.0 ml = cm 3 A. 0.1 B. 1 C. 10 D. none of the above 19. Which of the four types of bacteria in the table has a better chance of growing in an environment with a ph of 5.75 and a temperature of 33 C? A. I B. II C. III D. IV Scientists planted an equal number of plants in different soil conditions. After 7 days, they counted the number of plants that were alive. The following data were collected 20. What variables were tested in the experiment? A. soil temperature and soil moisture B. light exposure and soil temperature C. soil moisture and light exposure D. soil moisture and soil composition 21. The dependent variable is A. light exposure B. soil temperature C. soil moisture D. number of surviving plants
UNIT EXAM 2 Multiple choice. (2 points each, 30 points total) 1. The type of bond that attracts water molecules to other water molecules is a a. covalent bond. b. hydrogen bond. c. ionic bond. d. oxygen bond. 2. The type of bond that attracts an oxygen and hydrogen within the same water molecule is a a. covalent bond. b. hydrogen bond. c. ionic bond. d. oxygen bond. 3. The ph scale measures a. both the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentration in a solution. b. the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. c. the hydroxide ion concentration in a solution. d. the oxygen ion concentration in a solution. 4. The ion an acid donates in a solution is. The ion a base donates in a solution is. a. H +, H - b. H +, OH + c. OH -, H + d. H +, OH - 5. Which solution is most basic? a. household ammonia b. rain water c. lemon juice d. saliva 6. The difference between an unsaturated and saturated fatty acid is that a. unsaturated fatty acids contain only single bonds. b. saturated fatty acids contain double bonds. c. unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds. d. unsaturated fatty acids are longer than saturated fatty acids. 7. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of macromolecules that provide living organisms with energy. What is the macromolecule that monosaccharides are the building block for? a. carbohydrates b. nucleic acids c. lipids d. proteins 8. Nucleotides are the building blocks of macromolecules that store genetic information. What macromolecule stores genetic information? a. carbohydrate b. nucleic acid c. lipid d. protein 9. Enzymes are a. lipids. b. nucleotides. c. carbohydrates. d. proteins.
10. In the circulatory system, a large part of the fluid is water. For example, human blood plasma is approximately 90% water. What property of water makes it an ideal material for transporting necessary chemical substances? a. It freezes at 0 C. b. It is made of hydrogen and oxygen. c. It evaporates at 100 C. d. It is a solvent for many substances. Use the ph scale to answer question 11. 11. If I, II, III, and IV on the scale above represent enzymes, which one most likely functions in the stomach? a. I b. III c. II d. IV Catalase is an enzyme found in many animal cells. The enzyme speeds up the release of oxygen from the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. The graph below shows the rate of oxygen released by catalase under different reaction conditions. Use this graph to answer question 12. 12. Catalase is most effective at ph 7. If Line IV represents catalase activity at ph 5, which line most likely shows the activity of the enzyme at ph 4? a. Line I b. Line III c. Line II d. Line V 13. Adhesion is the attraction of water molecules to a. other water molecules. b. other nonpolar materials. c. other polar materials. d. solutes. 14. A substrate is a. nonspecific. b. what binds the enzyme s active site. b. the same thing as an enzyme. d. released after an enzymatic reaction. 15. A catalyst a. is always a protein. b. slows down a chemical reaction. c. speeds up a chemical reaction. d. decreases kinetic energy but has no effect on the speed of a reaction.
Short answer. (10 points total) 1. Water molecules participate in both covalent and hydrogen bonding. Draw THREE water molecules below, clearly indicating where the COVALENT and HYDROGEN bonds are. (4 points) 2. Explain why water is both an acid and a base. (2 points) 3. Label the graph at right with the following terms (4 points): -Reactants -Products -Activation energy without enzyme -Activation energy with enzyme Essay (6 points each, 12 points total) 1. We have discussed four different and important properties of water. Pick TWO of these properties and describe 1- what it is, 2-how it is established in water, and 3- an example of it.
2. We have discussed four major macromolecule types in class. Identify 1- the four macromolecules, 2- the building block of each, 3- what the macromolecule is used for, and 4-an example of each.
UNIT EXAM 3 1. Lipids are made in the a. smooth ER. b. plasma membrane. c. lysosome. d. rough ER. 2. The organelle that determines what enters/exits the cell is the a. golgi apparatus. b. nucleus. c. mitochondria. d. plasma membrane. 3. Destruction of bacteria that enters a cell is performed by a. lysosome. b. smooth ER. c. plasma membrane. d. mitochondria. 4. The organelle that produces energy molecules (including ATP) is the a. rough ER. b. nucleus. c. smooth ER. d. mitochondria. 5. What interesting property of the lysosome contributes to its function? a. its large size. b. its acid ph. c. its basic ph. d. its double membrane. 6. A cell feature that is usually found only in plant cells is a. chloroplasts. b. mitochondria. c. circular DNA. d. a plasma membrane. 7. On average, plant cells are a. 10X bigger than animal cells. b. the same size as animal cells. c. 10X smaller than animal cells. d. impossible to measure. Use the figure of a cell membrane below to answer questions 8-11. 8. What is structure A? a. an amino acid. b. a phospholipid. c. a carbohydrate. d. a nucleic acid. 9. What is structure B? a. an integral membrane protein. b. a phospholipid. c. a peripheral membrane protein. d. a microtubule. 10. Draw a peripheral membrane protein in the figure above and label it STRUCTURE C. 11. The molecules in the figure are NONPOLAR. The molecules in the figure are polar. Show the path each of these molecules would take to cross the plasma membrane. Explain why you drew the paths you did.
12. You conduct an AMAZING experiment testing the effect potato cube size has on diffusion of a black dye. You test three different cube sizes: 5 cm, 3 cm, and 1 cm. Determine the surface area, volume, and surface area: volume ratio of each of the cubes and write your answer in the table below. Surface Area Cube Size Surface Area (cm 2 ) Volume (cm 3 ) to Volume Ratio 1 cm 3 cm 5 cm 13. After conducting the experiment you get the following results: 1 cm 3 cm 5 cm Cube Size Distance food coloring diffused into block (cm) Distance from end of food coloring to block s center (mm) 1 cm 0.2 cm 3 cm 0.2 cm 5 cm 0.2 cm a. Determine the distance the iodine has to cover to reach the center of the cube.
b. Graph your data on the graph below. You should graph TWO different lines on the same graph: 1- the distance the iodine diffused in and 2- the distance the iodine has to cover to reach the center of the cell **Make sure to clearly identify each line!** Distance (cm) 1 3 5 Cube Size (cm) c. Does cube size have an effect on the distance the dye travels into the cell? How do you know this? d. Does cube size have an effect on the distance the dye needs to travel to reach the center of the cell? How do you know this? e. How does this experiment help explain why cells will not survive if they are too big? 14. Total magnification is determined by multiplying a. objective 1 x objective 2. b. objective x ocular. b. ocular 1 x ocular 2. c. objective x ocular x size of specimen. 15. The correct order of cells, from BIGGEST to SMALLEST, is a. plant, prokaryote, animal b. animal, prokaryote, plant c. plant, animal, prokaryote c. prokaryote, animal, plant 16. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a a. low concentration to high. b. warmer place to cooler place. c. high concentration to low. d. cell to the blood.
UNIT EXAM 4 Part I. Multiple choice. Circle the letter of the correct answer. (2 points each, 42 points total) 1. A solute is A. what dissolves a solvent. B. what is dissolved in a solvent. C. something a soldier does. D. always polar. 2. The structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis is the A. cytoplasm. B. mitochondria. C. cell wall. D. plasma membrane. 3. Which of the following is not a form of passive transport? A. diffusion B. facilitated diffusion C. endocytosis D. osmosis 4. A cell moves particles from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration by A. active transport. B. osmosis. C. facilitated diffusion. D. passive transport. 5. A plasma membrane is primarily made up of a(n) A. cholesterol layer. B. lipid bilayer. C. enzyme layer. D. protein layer. 6. If a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by A. chemiosmosis. B. osmosis. C. diffusion. D. phagocytosis. 7. If water leaves a cell when it is placed in a solution, that solution is A. hypertonic. B. isotonic. C. hypotonic. D. chemiosmotic. 8. The difference between active and passive transport is A. one always moves from inside the cell to outside the cell. B. one always moves from outside the cell to inside the cell. C. one requires the use of energy and the other does not. D. one has a higher rate of transport than the other. 9. Diffusion can be defined as particles moving A. from right to left. B. from an area of high concentration to low. C. from left to right. D. from an area of low concentration to high. 10. The amoeba uses its pseudopodia to take in food particles. Which process does the amoeba use to move large molecules into a cell? A. diffusion B. endocytosis C. exocytosis D. facilitated diffusion
11. Which of these describe the primary function of cell membranes? A. They allow certain molecules to enter and exit the cell. B. They allow all molecules to enter and exit the cell. C. They do not allow molecules to enter or exit the cell. D. They allow all molecules to enter the cell but not exit it. 12. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the air occurs in the lungs. This exchange of gases takes place at the cellular level. What part of the cell is primarily responsible for this exchange? A. the cell membrane B. the cell wall C. the nucleus D. the ribosome 13. Spartina, a cord grass, grows in salt marshes and stores salt in its roots. This makes the salt concentration in its roots greater than that of the surrounding water. What most likely occurs in response to this salt concentration in the roots? A. Salt moves into the roots B. Water moves into the roots C. Nutrients move out of the roots. D. Water moves out of the leaves into the air. 14. A cell that normally lives in a 10% saltwater solution was moved into another solution. Which of these solutions would cause the greatest increase in cell size? A. 0% saltwater solution B. 10% saltwater solution C. 5% saltwater solution D. 20% saltwater solution 15. An example of your body performing exocytosis is A. your stomach cells squeezing out glucose. B. dopamine leaving your nerves. C. the kidneys excreting urea in urine. D. having a baby. 16. The energy molecule used in active transport is A. ATP. B. mitochondria. C. AMP. D. LSD. 17. Facilitated diffusion and active transport are similar because they both A. use ATP. B. only happen in humans. C. use a membrane protein. D. results in damage to the kidneys. 18. Molecules that participate in simple diffusion are A. polar. B. nonpolar. C. carbohydrates. D. glucose. 19. Vesicles for exocytosis come from the A. mitochondria. B. golgi apparatus. C. lysosomes. D. nucleus.
Use the information and the diagram at right to answer Numbers 20 and 21. Starch turns blue-black in the presence of iodine solution. A selectively permeable dialysis sac containing a starch solution is placed into a beaker of iodine solution. 20. If the dialysis sac is permeable only to water and iodine, what will the solutions in the beaker and the sac look like after two hours? A. The iodine solution in the beaker will turn blue-black; the starch solution will not change. B. The starch solution in the dialysis sac will turn blue-black; the iodine solution will not change. C. Neither solution will turn blue-black. D. Both solutions will turn blue-black. 21. Which of these processes is demonstrated by the experiment shown in the diagram? A. cellular respiration B. active transport C. endocytosis D. diffusion Part II. Short Answer. Answer all questions in the space provided. 1. Describe the similarities and differences between osmosis and diffusion. 2. What are the differences between simple and facilitated diffusion? What kinds of molecules use each kind of diffusion to get from one side of a cell to the other? 3. What are the two major kinds of active transport we have discussed in class? How are they similar and how are they different?
4. Pieces of carrot are placed into water with different salt concentrations. The changes in mass of each of the carrot pieces of shown below. Calculate the change in mass (+ or -) and the % change in mass for each of the carrot pieces. Solution Carrots: 0% solute X 5% solute X 10% solute X 15% solute X Initial Mass (grams) Final Mass (grams) Total change in mass (+/ -) Percent change in mass (%) 1.0 g 1.0 g 1.0 g 1.0 g 1.7 g 1.5 g 1.3 g 1.1 g +0.7 g 70% SHOW ALL OF YOUR WORK ON A SEPARATE SHEET OF PAPER. a. Make a line graph using your data. Percent change in mass 0 5 10 15 Salt concentration (%) b. Describe each of the solutions (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) as hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic. Explain why.
5. Your kidneys are responsible for filtering out nutrients in the blood that your body might still need. Blood enters the kidney and urine exits. The kidneys do this by taking advantage of the high salt concentration in the tissue that surrounds the kidney tubule (a long tube). a. What kind of transport is used to move the salt out of the tubule and into the tissue outside the tubule? (think of the salt concentration) b. How can the salt movement be used to regulate how much water is in the tubule? (think osmosis)