Pge 1 of 3 Dietes Title: Niche-dependent regultions of metolic lnce in high-ft diet induced dietic mice y mesenchyml stroml cells Authors: Andre Tung-Qin Ji, 1 Yun-Chung Chng, 1 Yun-Ju Fu, 1 Oscr K Lee, 2,3,4* Jennifer H Ho 1,5,6* * Corresponding uthors Affilitions: 1 Center for Stem Cell Reserch, Wn Fng Hospitl, Tipei Medicl University, Tipei, Tiwn 2 Deprtment of Orthopedic Surgery, Tipei City Hospitl, Tipei, Tiwn 3 Institute of Clinicl Medicine, Ntionl Yng-Ming University, Tipei, Tiwn 4 Stem Cell Reserch Center, Ntionl Yng-Ming University, Tipei, Tiwn 5 Deprtment of Ophthlmology, Wn Fng Hospitl, Tipei Medicl University, Tipei, Tiwn 6 Grdute Institute of Clinicl Medicine, Tipei Medicl University, Tipei, Tiwn Corresponding uthors: Jennifer Hui-Chun Ho, MD, PhD Grdute Institute of Clinicl Medicine, Tipei Medicl University, 25 Wu-Hsing Street, Tipei 11, Tiwn, R.O.C. Telephone numer: 886-2-293793 ext 2946 Fx numer: 886-2-29342285 E-mil ddress: wh981@yhoo.com.tw AND Oscr Kung-Sheng Lee, MD, PhD Tipei Veterns Generl Hospitl Institute of Clinicl Medicine, Ntionl Yng-Ming University, 155 Linong Street, Sec. 2, Tipei 112, Tiwn, R.O.C. Telephone numer: 886-2 28757391 Fx numer: 886-2- 2875-7657 E-mil ddress: kslee@vghtpe.gov.tw One Sentence Summry: Niche-dependent metolic regultion y MSCs 1 Dietes Pulish Ahed of Print, pulished online Octoer 2, 214
Dietes Pge 2 of 3 Astrct: Mesenchyml stroml cells (MSCs) hve gret potentils to mintin glucose homeostsis nd metolic lnce. Here, we demonstrte tht, in mice continuously feed with high-ft diet (HFD) nd developed non-insulin dependent dietes, two episodes of systemic MSC trnsplnttions effectively improve the glucose tolernce, lood sugr homeostsis nd reduce the ody weight through trgeting pncres nd insulin-sensitive tissues nd orgns vi sitespecific mechnisms. MSCs support pncretic islet growth y direct differentition into insulinproducing cells nd y mitigting the cytotoxicity of interleukin (IL)-1 nd tumor necrosis fctor lph (TNF-α) in the pncres. Locliztion of MSCs in the liver nd skeletl muscles in dietic nimls is lso enhnced nd therefore improves glucose tolernce, lthough long-term engrftment is not oserved. MSCs prevent HFD-induced ftty liver development nd restore glycogen storge in heptocytes. Incresed expression of IL-1 receptor ntgonist nd Glut4 in skeletl muscles fter MSC trnsplnttion result in etter lood sugr homeostsis. Intriguingly, systemic MSC trnsplnttion does not lter dipocyte numer, ut it decreses HFD-induced cell infiltrtion in dipose tissues nd reduces serum levels of dipokines, including leptin nd TNF-α. Tken together, systemic MSC trnsplnttion meliortes HFD-induced oesity nd restores metolic lnce through multi-systemic regultions which re niche-dependent. Such findings hve supported systemic trnsplnttion of MSCs to correct metolic imlnce. Key Words: dietes, ftty liver, inflmmtion, insulin-producing cell differentition, mesenchyml stroml cells, oesity 2
Pge 3 of 3 Dietes Introduction Impirment of glucose tolernce nd insulin resistnce initites type 2 dietes; however, exhustion of the insulin supply due to et (β)-cell poptosis is the ultimte pthomechnism of oth type 1 nd 2 dietes (1,2). The liver, dipose tissues, skeletl muscles, nd vsculr tissues re insulin-sensitive tissues responsile for lood sugr homeostsis (1,3). Inflmmtion dversely ffects insulin sensitivity nd worsens dietic retinopthies, neuropthies, nd vsculopthies (4-6). Proinflmmtory cytokines produced y mcrophges, such s tumor necrosis fctor lph (TNF-α) nd interleukin (IL)-1, crete vicious cycle of reduced insulin sensitivity (3,7-9). To the present, more thn 3 clinicl trils of mesenchyml stem/stroml cell (MSC) trnsplnttions hve een conducted worldwide with wide clinicl ppliction trgeting more thn 5 indictions (www.clinicltril.gov). Systemic trnsplnttion is the most fvorle route for MSC delivery from sfety nd systemic regultion point of view, nd 56% of MSC clinicl trils is llogenic trnsplnttion (1). It is well ccepted tht the mjority of MSCs re initilly distriuted in vitl orgns (11-16), nd re lso frequently found in tissues of mesenchyml origin (11,12) when systemiclly dministered. Nevertheless, the long-term engrftment of MSCs is miniml, nd the engrftment rte is not correlted with therpeutic response in humn studies (17). The cutely disesed nd dmged tissues show incresed locliztion of MSCs from the circultion (13-16). Regrding the possiility of treting dietes with MSC trnsplnttion, n in vitro study of directly co-culturing MSCs with islet cells hs demonstrted the potentil of MSCs to give rise to insulin-producing cells (18). In niml experiments of MSC trnsplnttion for treting 3
Dietes Pge 4 of 3 hyperglycemi nd dietes-relted complictions, it is indicted tht prcrine nd ntiinflmmtory effects of MSCs re the primry mechnisms of ction (19-22) rther thn direct engrftment nd differentition into insulin-producing cells (23, 24). IL-1 receptor ntgonist (IL-1 RA) produced y MSCs hs een postulted to medite ntiinflmmtory nd nti-firotic effects (25, 26), which is responsile for the modultion of dietogenesis in the niml experiment (25). We hve previously reported tht indolemine 2,3- dioxygense (IDO), IL-1 (hil-1), solule TNF receptor II (stnf RII), nd IL-1 RA re inducile immune-modultors produced y humn MSCs in response to the stimultion of mcrophge-produced IL-1α, β nd TNF-α (27). We hve lso demonstrted tht, in murine model of type 1 dietes, systemic trnsplnttion of MSCs regultes lood sugr homeostsis y differentition into insulin-producing cells in liver when islet cells re totlly depleted in the pncres; nd such heterotopic engrftment is not oserved in non-dietic mice (28). All the ove findings indicte tht the therpeutic mechnism of MSCs vi systemic dministrtion my e guided y specific tissue nd orgn micro-environments; nd the micro-environments in type 1 dietes re different from those in non-dietic conditions. However, the interction etween MSCs nd pncres s well s insulin-sensitive tissues in type 2 dietes remins elusive so fr. The purpose of this study is to investigte how MSCs contriute to the mintennce of lood sugr homeostsis in type 2 dietes. Herein, experimentl model of type 2 dietes is estlished in mice under continuous high-ft diet (HFD) feeding for 6 months. Therpeutic effects of systemic MSC trnsplnttion on the correction of ody weight nd the mintennce of lood sugr homeostsis, s well s the mechnism of ction in the pncres nd insulinsensitive tissues/orgns including liver, skeletl muscles, nd dipose tissues re to e elucidted 4
Pge 5 of 3 Dietes in this study. We hypothesize tht improvement of lood sugr homeosttsis fter MSC trnsplnttion is medited y multiple niche-specific regultory mechnisms in pncres nd other insulin-sensitive tissues/orgns. Reserch Design nd Methods Animls Seven-week-old mle B6 mice were purchsed from the Ntionl Lortory Animl Center (NLAC, Tipei, Tiwn) nd housed following the niml cre guidelines of the NLAC. The use of nimls ws pproved y the Institutionl Animl Cre nd Use Committee of Wn Fng Hospitl, Tipei Medicl University (TMU-WFH). Isoltion nd Culture of MSCs MSCs were isolted from humn oritl ft tissues following previously reported protocol (29), An Institutionl Review Bord pprovl ws otined prior to the commencement of the study of isolting MSCs, nd written informed consents to donte oritl ft tissues were otined from ptients prior to lephroplstic surgery. Induction of Dietes Dietes ws induced y continuous feeding of HFD (D12492, Reserch Diets, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) (3). Thirty six mice were used in the study of systemic MSC trnsplnttion. Mice were divided into four groups: (1) eight mice with norml diet (ND)-fed mice (D1245B, Reserch Diets) receiving two PBS injections (ND), (2) ten mice with ND-fed mice receiving two MSC injections (ND+MSCs), (3) eight mice with HFD-fed mice receiving two PBS injections (HFD), nd (4) ten mice HFD-fed mice receiving two MSC injection (HFD+MSCs). The ody weight nd fsting lood glucose level were mesured weekly. A glucose tolernce test (GTT) ws performed every 2 weeks efore the onset of dietes. The 5
Dietes Pge 6 of 3 onset of dietes in mice fed the HFD ws defined s n elevted fsting lood glucose level on two consecutive tests plus impired glucose tolernce on two consecutive GTTs compred to mice fed the ND. After the onset of dietes, GTT ws performed t 2 weeks efore the first dose of MSC trnsplnttion (week 1) nd 2 weeks fter ech MSC trnsplnttion (week 14 nd week 22). Blood Sugr Mesurement nd the GTT Blood sugr mesurement nd the GTT were performed following the sme protocol s in our previous study (3). Briefly, the til cpillry lood sugr level ws mesured using OneTouch Ultr meter (LifeScn, Milpits, CA, USA) fter mouse ws strved for 8 h. For the GTT, 1 g/kg ody weight of glucose in.9% NCl ws intrperitonelly injected, nd til cpillry lood sugr levels were mesured efore ( min) nd 3, 6, 9, nd 12 min fter the glucose injection. MSC Trnsplnttion For systemic MSC trnsplnttion, 4.2 x 1 7 cells/kg ody weight in.2 ml PBS for ech dose, the sme therpeutic dose s in our previous experiments used for type 1 dietes (28) nd cute lung inflmmtion (31), were slowly injected into mice vi the til vein. The sme volume of PBS ws injected into control mice. Mesurement of Serum Insulin, IL-1, Leptin, nd TNF-α Levels The serum level of mouse insulin ws mesured with Mercodi Mouse Insulin Enzyme-linked Immunosorent Assy (ELISA) Enzyme immunossy (Mercodi AB, Uppsl, Sweden), nd humn insulin ws detected with Mercodi Ultrsensitive Insulin ELISA (Mercodi AB) s per the mnufcturer's instructions. Mouse IL-1, leptin, nd TNF-α levels were determined using regents of the ELISA kits (ebioscience, Sn Diego, CA, USA) ccording to the mnufcturer's 6
Pge 7 of 3 Dietes instructions. All ELISA dt were nlyzed with n ELISA reder (Spectr MAX 25, Spectr Devices, Sunnyvle, CA, USA). Six mice were used in ech group of ech experiment. Histopthology nd Quntifiction of Adipocyte Numers Tissues/orgns were hrvested, fixed in formlin, nd emedded in prffin locks for sectioning (t thickness of 3~4 µm). For the histopthologicl evlution, tissue sections were stined with hemtoxylin nd eosin (Sigm-Aldrich). For dipocyte numer clcultion, six imges of dipose tissue sections under the 2x mgnifiction were cptured in ech smple, nd six mice were used in ech group. Immunohistochemicl nd Periodic cid Schiff (PAS) Stining For immunohistochemicl stining, pncres sections were incuted with rit ntiodies ginst humn β2 microgloulin (hβ2m; 1:8, Acm, Cmridge, MA, USA), rit ntiodies ginst humn insulin (1:1, Acm), or rit ntiodies ginst mouse insulin (1:3, ImmunoStr, Hudson, WI, USA) t room temperture for 1 h, followed y got ntiodies ginst rit immunogloulin (IgG; 1:2, Acm) for nother 4~6 min. For PAS stining, tissue sections were covered with.1% Triton X-1 (Sigm-Aldrich) for 5 minutes, followed y 1% Periodic-cid (Sigm-Aldrich) for 1 minutes, nd finl Schiff s fuchsin-sulfite regent (Sigm-Aldrich) in the drk for 3 minutes. Tissue sections were ssessed y fluorescence microscopy (Leitz, Wetzlr, Germny). Imge cquisition ws performed with the SPOT RT Imging system (Dignostic Instruments, Sterling Heights, MI, USA). Quntittive rel-time RT-PCR Totl RNAs were reverse-trnscried into cdnas using n Omniscript RT kit (Qigen). A reltime RT-PCR ws performed using SYBR supermix kit (Bio-Rd). Smples from ech niml were sujected to 4 cycles of 95 C for 15 s, followed y 6 C for 3 s nd 72 C for 3 s. A primer for detecting oth mouse nd humn 18s rrna ws included in every plte s n internl loding control. The mrna level of ech smple for ech gene ws normlized ginst tht of 7
Dietes Pge 8 of 3 18s rrna mrna. The reltive mrna level ws determined s 2 [(Ct/18S rrna Ct/gene of interest)]. Primers for the rel-time RT-PCR in this study were listed in tle 1. Quntittive Western Blot Anlysis Protein smples were prepred ccording to previously descried protocol (3). Proteins (3 µg) from ech smple ws sujected to SDS-PAGE (1% (w/v) crylmide) nd trnsferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride memrnes (Amershm Biosciences, Uppsl, Sweden). The memrnes were lotted with rit ntiodies ginst mouse crnitine plmitoyltrnsferse (Cpt) 1A (1:2, Proteintech Group, Chicgo, IL, USA), or rit ntiodies ginst mouse Glut4 (1:2, Acm) followed y horserdish peroxidse-conjugted secondry ntiody (1:5, Acm). Protein intensities were determined using n enhnced chemiluminescence regent (PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Wlthm, MA, USA) nd the density of protein nds from t lest three nimls in ech group ws ssessed using computing densitometer with Imge-J softwre (LWorks, UVP, Uplnd, CA, USA). Sttisticl Anlysis Sttisticl nlyses were performed using the Sttisticl Pckge for Socil Science softwre (Version 16, SPSS, Chicgo, IL, USA). Differences in lood glucose levels for the ND nd HFD groups t the sme time point were ssessed using two-tiled, non-pired t-test, nd p<.5 ws considered sttisticlly significnt. Differences in lood sugr levels nd ody weights t the sme time point mong ND, ND+MSCs, HFD, nd HFD+MSCs groups, or differences in ny test mong three nd more thn three groups were sttisticlly nlyzed y ANOVA with Bonferroni's post-hoc tests t 95% CI. Different levels of sttistic significnce were represented y different lpheticl letters. Letter, represent sttisticlly significnt difference etween level nd. In Figure 1, 2A nd 2B, four chrcters were shown in ech time point, nd ment no sttisticl difference mong the four groups t the sme time point, while represented 2 of the 4 with level t the sme sttisticl level nd 8
Pge 9 of 3 Dietes the other 2 with level were t sttisticl level higher thn. Error rs shown in ll figures represented the stndrd devition of the mens. Results Chrcteriztion of MSCs MSCs were firolst-like, dherent cells. The osteogenic, chondrogenic nd dipogenic differentition cpcities hve een tested s previously reported (29). Immuno-phenotypiclly, these cells were negtive for CD34, CD133, CD31, CD16, CD146, CD45, CD14, CD117 nd humn leukocyte ntigen (HLA)-DR, nd were highly expressed CD29, CD49, CD49e, CD44, CD49d, CD58, CD9, CD15, nd HLA-ABC (29). Blood sugr more sensitive to systemic MSC trnsplnttions thn ody weight chnges Fsting lood sugr nd ody weight of mice were regulrly recorded every 2 weeks. In ND-fed group, systemic MSC trnsplnttion did not lter lood sugr levels (Fig. 1A, ND vs. ND+MSCs). In ND nimls, MSC trnsplnttion slightly decresed the ody weight fter the second MSC trnsplnttion (Fig. 1B, ND vs. ND+MSCs). In HFD-fed groups, the first dose of MSCs given t week 12 rogted the progression of hyperglycemi for 8 weeks (Fig. 1A, HFD vs. HFD+MSCs); nd the second dose of MSCs given t week 2 further dropped the lood sugr level (Fig. 1A, ND vs. HFD+MSCs). Significnt HFD-induced ody weight gin ws noted fter week 8, nd single MSC trnsplnttion did not lter the ody weight till the second dose of MSCs given t week 2 (Fig. 1B, HFD vs. HFD+MSCs). Improvement of glucose tolernce correlted with locliztion of MSCs in liver nd skeletl muscles 9
Dietes Pge 1 of 3 Although the fsting lood sugr level in HFD-fed mice ws still higher thn tht in ND-fed mice fter two doses of MSC trnsplnttions (Fig. 1A, ND vs. HFD+MSCs), systemic MSC trnsplnttion effectively corrected HFD-induced glucose impirment (Fig. 2A) fter ech episode of MSC trnsplnttion (Fig. 2B nd C). One month fter the second dose of MSC trnsplnttion, quntittion of DNA from humn MSCs y humn-specific house keeper gene hβ2m versus DNA from tissue cells y humn/mouse house keeper gene 18s rrna ws mesured. In ND mice, humn DNA ws detectle in the mouse pncres, liver, ft, skeletl muscles, hert, lungs, spleen, nd kidneys, ut the intensity of hβ2m ws reltively low (<.5) compred to 18s rrna (Fig. 2D). Moreover, type 2 dietic environment enhnced the io-distriution of MSCs in insulin-responsive tissues such s the liver nd skeletl muscles, ut not dipose tissues (Fig. 2D). Differentition of MSCs into insulin-producing cells in type 2 dietic pncres In control mice, MSC trnsplnttion did not lter the histologicl ppernce of pncretic islets (Fig. 3A, ND v.s. ND+MSCs). After HFD feeding, mice with persistently high lood glucose levels showed decrese in islet size (Fig. 3A, HFD); while trnsplnted MSCs promoted islet growth (Fig. 3A, HFD+MSCs). Immuno-histochemicl stined for mouse insulin nd humn insulin in two consecutive sections of pncres in HFD-fed mice reveled tht only mouse nd no humn insulin-expressing cells were found in ny single islet of the dietic pncres (Fig. 3B, HFD, mouse insulin v.s. humn insulin). In dietic pncres fter MSC trnsplnttions, 32 islets were counted in the tissue sections nd 25% (8/32) islets showed consisting of oth mouse nd humn insulin-producing cells (Fig. 3B, HFD+MSCs, mouse insulin v.s. humn insulin). Before MSC trnsplnttion, humn insulin ws non-detectle (N.D.); fter MSC trnsplnttions, humn insulin could e detected in the circultion, nd serum level of humn insulin in dietic mice ws higher thn in norml mice (Fig. 3C). 1
Pge 11 of 3 Dietes Cytoprotection of pncres islet y MSCs Next, we mesured the expression of IL-1 nd TNF-α, two criticl pro-inflmmtory cytokines relted to the development of dietes, in pncres. It ws found tht MSC trnsplnttion significntly down-regulted the expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, nd TNF-α in pncres elevted y HFD (Fig. 3D). After two MSC trnsplnttions, humn (h) IDO (hido), hil-1, hstnf RII, ut not hil-1 RA mrna expressions were detectle in pncres; however, only hstnf RII ws up-regulted y n HFD (Fig. 3E). Prevention of ftty liver development nd restortion of heptic glycogen storge y MSCs We previously reported tht persistent HFD feeding resulted in ftty liver, nd over-expression of Cpt 1A s well s decrese in glycogen storge ility in heptocytes ccounted for liverrelted glucose impirment nd insulin resistnce (3). Here, MSCs did not lter the morphology (Fig. 4A, ND v.s. ND+MSCs), glycogen storge (Fig. 4B, ND v.s. ND+MSCs), or Cpt 1A level (Fig. 4C, ND v.s. ND+MSCs) in the liver. Systemic MSC trnsplnttion prevented the development of HFD-induced ftty liver (Fig. 4A, HFD v.s. HFD+MSCs) nd reduced HFDinduced overexpression of Cpt1A (Fig. 4C, HFD v.s. HFD+MSCs). Therefore, HFD-induced loss of glycogen storge ility in those fomy heptocytes could e restored y MSCs (Fig. 4B, HFD v.s. HFD+MSCs). However, long-term engrftment of MSCs in the liver ws not found regrdless of whether mice were fed with ND or HFD (dt not shown). IL-1 RA produced y MSCs ssocited with glucose uptke enhncement in dietic skeletl muscles In skeletl muscles, neither MSCs nor the HFD induced significnt pthologicl chnges (Fig. 5A). After MSC trnsplnttion, hido, hil-1, hil-1 RA nd hstnf RII in skeletl muscle 11
Dietes Pge 12 of 3 were detectle, nd only hil-1 RA ws responsive to n HFD (Fig. 5B). Similr to hil-1 RA, Glut4 level in skeletl muscle fter MSC trnsplnttion ws lso enhnced in response to n HFD (Fig. 5C). Long-term skeletl muscle engrftment of MSCs ws neither oserved in mice fed with ND nor HFD (dt not shown). Regultion of dipokines y MSC trnsplnttion In mice fed with ND, the numers of dipocytes nd the morphology in the ft tissues remined unchnged fter systemic MSC trnsplnttion (Figs. 6A nd B, ND v.s. ND+MSCs). HFD feeding resulted in inflmmtory cell infiltrtion into ft tissues nd lso incresed dipocyte numers; while systemic MSC trnsplnttion reduced the inflmmtion in ft tissues ut hd no effect on dipocyte numers (Figs. 6C nd D, HFD v.s. HFD+MSCs). Two doses of systemic MSC trnsplnttions did not lter serum diponectin levels in mice with HFD feeding (Fig. 6C). However, serum leptin level ws effectively decresed y MSCs fter the first trnsplnttion (Fig. 6D). After two MSC infusions, oth circulting TNF-α (Fig. 6E) nd IL-1 (Fig. 6F) levels were reduced in mice fed the HFD. Discussion In this study, we discover tht systemic MSC trnsplnttion improves the glucose tolernce in type 2 dietes through comined mechnism in tissue-specific mnner. The mjority of trnsplnted MSCs in the pncres support islet growth y mitigting the cytotoxicity from IL-1 nd TNF-α. Some trnsplnted MSCs differentite into insulin-producing cells in the dietic pncres to increse circulting insulin level. In type 2 dietes, MSCs increse the iodistriution in the liver nd skeletl muscles without long term engrftment. MSCs improve insulin sensitivity in the liver y preventing ftty liver formtion s well s restoring glycogen 12
Pge 13 of 3 Dietes storge in heptocytes. In the skeletl muscle, MSCs increse IL-1 RA production nd enhnce the glucose uptke from circultion. MSCs hve no effect on reducing the numer of dipocytes induced y n HFD. Nevertheless, trnsplnttion of MSCs modultes dipokines such s leptin nd TNF-α contriuting the inhiition of inflmmtion in dipose tissues. Body weight reduction in HFD-induced oesity is lso chieved y systemic trnsplnttion of MSCs fter metolic lnce. Si et l. report tht islet size is decresed in n insulin-independent dietic pncres, nd systemic MSC trnsplnttion preserves the islet size without the differentition (32). According to our results, it is clerly demonstrted tht the fte of trnsplnted MSCs depends on the sttus of islets in pncres. In our previous study of type 1 dietic model, pncretic islets were totlly depleted y streptozocin, nd the environment of pncres ws not fvorle for MSC engrftment; so we oserved tht the liver served s n lterntive niche for β-cell differentition of MSCs (28). In type 2 dietes, lthough the islets were reltively trophic nd dysfunctionl (Figs. 3A nd B, HFD), such pncretic environment preserved niche for MSCs differentition into insulin-secreting cells in the islets (Figs. 3B nd C). In this study, only 25% of islets in dietic pncres possessed the ility to provide humn insulin fter humn MSC trnsplnttion (Fig. 3B), nd the level of humn insulin in the serum ws much lower thn tht in type 1 dietes we reported in the previous study (28), indicting tht differentition into insulin producing cells is one of the therpeutic mechnisms of MSC trnsplnttion for type 2 dietes. We reson tht prcrine support of islet growth nd immunemodultion in insulin-sensitive tissues re criticl for lood sugr regultion (Figs. 3-6). MSCs hd een reported to meliorte hyperglycemi in type 2 dietic rts (32, 33) through islet protection nd regultion of insulin sensitivity in peripherl insulin-sensitive tissues (32). In this 13
Dietes Pge 14 of 3 study, we explored tht the mechnism of islet protection nd insulin-sensitive tissues regultion y MSCs were niche-dependent (Figs. 3-6). Free ftty cids in n HFD induce mcrophge-medited inflmmtion vi relesing TNF-α nd IL-1, which leds to poptosis of islet cells (7-9) nd initites series of inflmmtory responses in vivo (34). It is known tht relese of solule immune-modultory fctors from MSCs is induced y TNF-α, IL-1, nd interferon (IFN)-γ (35,36). Recently, we nd others report tht MSCs exert their nti-inflmmtory ction vi producing IDO, IL-1, IL-1 RA nd stnf RII y themselves nd reducing TNF-α nd IL-1 level from mcrophges (27, 37). In coculture study, MSCs show their protective effect on oth islet cells nd β-cells ginst IFN-γ-, TNF-α-, nd IL-1β-induced poptosis (38). Herein, we demonstrted tht MSCs rogted HFDinduced elevtion of IL-1α, IL-1β, nd TNF-α in the pncres (Fig. 3D), nd which protected islet cells from IL-1- nd TNF-α-medited tissue injury nd inflmmtion in vivo. Solule TNF RII is secreting receptor inding to TNF-α for rogting the effect from receptor-lignd interction (39). The expression of hstnf RII ws response to dietic environment in pncres (Fig. 3E), suggesting tht MSCs meliorte the cytotoxicity of TNF-α towrd islet cells through oth the secretion of solule neutrlizing receptor nd the inhiition of TNF-α production. In n HFD-induced ftty liver, mssive mount of sturted ftty cids ccumulted in heptocytes results in insulin resistnce vi inhiiting insulin signling through c-jun N- terminl kinse-dependent mechnism (9,4) nd turning off glucose metolism in heptocytes with ctive β-oxidtion (3). Systemic MSC trnsplnttion restored insulin sensitivity in the liver y preventing ftty liver formtion induced y n HFD (Fig. 4A), nd susequently resumed the ility of heptocytes to metolize/storge glucose (Fig. 4B nd C). 14
Pge 15 of 3 Dietes Skeletl muscle cells ply crucil role in regulting lood sugr levels y tking glucose up from the circultion into cells vi Glut4 (41). Free ftty cids induce mcrophge-medited suclinicl inflmmtion in skeletl muscles through TNF-α, which results in insulin resistnce nd reduced Glut4 expression (9,42,43). Although circulting levels of TNF-α nd IL-1 in HFDfed mice decresed with systemic MSC trnsplnttion (Figs. 6E nd F), MSC-enhnced Glut4 expression ws ssocited with IL-1 RA production in skeletl muscles (Figs. 5B nd C). IL-1 RA hs een found to e dietogenic modultor produced y MSCs (25). In this study, the level of hil-1 RA in pncres ws undetectle (Fig. 3E) ut strongly incresed y HFD in the skeletl muscle (Fig. 5B), suggesting tht IL-1 RA modultes dietic development y trgeting on the skeletl muscles insted of the pncres. The effect of MSCs on dipose tissues ws the meliortion of HFD-induced inflmmtion (Fig. 6A), which ws ssocited with reduced leptin production triggered y n HFD (Fig. 6D). Leptin is n dipokine minly secreted y white dipose tissues, nd its circulting level is proportionl to the totl mount of ft in the ody (44). Circulting leptin not only cts on the hypothlmus to regulte food intke nd energy expenditure (45), ut lso cts s proinflmmtory nd mitogenic fctor for immune cells (46,47). Therefore, leptin is mrker of dipose tissue-exerted inflmmtion (46, 47). In this study, the chnge in leptin y trnsplnttion of MSCs (Fig. 6D), similr to glucose tolernce (Figs. 3B nd 3C), ws more consequentil to TNF-α nd IL-1 regultion (Figs. 6E nd F) nd ody weight control (Fig. 1B), indicting tht correction of HFD-induced oesity y MSCs is the result of inflmmtion inhiition nd the chievement of metolic lnce. 15
Dietes Pge 16 of 3 In generl, the doses of MSCs in niml studies re higher thn those used in clinicl trils, s the volume of distriution of mice is very different from tht of humn. In future clinicl trils, crefully designed dose escltion study will e performed to decide the optiml therpeutic dosge. Tken together, systemic MSC trnsplnttion improves glucose tolernce nd metolic lnce in type 2 dietes through multi-systemic regultion with tissue-specific mechnisms. The unique ilities of MSCs to chieve intricte multi-systemic regultion strongly support further investigtion of the fesiility to use these cells to enhnce, mintin nd correct lood sugr homeostsis nd the relevnt metolic lnce in ptients suffering from such prolems. 16
Pge 17 of 3 Dietes Acknowledgments Funding The uthors cknowledge the support of reserch grnts from the Ntionl Science Council, Tiwn (NSC11-2314-B-38-22-MY3, NSC1-2911-I-1-53, nd NSC11-212-M-1-2 to JHH nd OKL; nd NSC1-2314-B-1-3-MY3, NSC11-2321-B-1-9, nd NSC11-2911-I-1-53 to OKL). This work ws lso supported in prt y the UST-UCSD Interntionl Center of Excellence in Advnced Bio-engineering sponsored y the Tiwnese Ntionl Science Council I-RiCE Progrm under grnt no. NSC11-2911-I-9-11. The uthors lso cknowledge the finncil support from Wn Fng Hospitl, Tipei Medicl University (13swf4 to JHH nd OKL), nd reserch grnt support from Tipei Medicl University nd Steminent Biotherpeutics (A-11-23). Author contriutions A.T.J. reserched dt nd wrote the mnuscript; Y.C.C. reserched dt; Y.J.F. reserched dt; O.K.L contriuted to study design nd reviewed/edited the mnuscript; J.H.H. designed the study nd wrote the mnuscript. Conflict of Interest Sttement No potentil conflicts of interest relevnt to this rticle were reported. Gurntor Sttement Dr. J.H.H is the gurntor of this work nd, s such, hd full ccess to ll the dt in the study nd tkes responsiility for the integrity of the dt nd the ccurcy of the dt nlysis. 17
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Dietes Pge 2 of 3 34. Hnd T nd Yoshimur A. Regultion of cytokine signling nd inflmmtion. Cytokine Growth Fctor Rev 22; 13:413-421. 35. Keting A. Mesenchyml stroml cells. Curr Opin Hemtol 26; 13:419-425. 36. English K, Brry FP, Field-Corett CP nd Mhon BP. IFN-gmm nd TNF-lph differentilly regulte immunomodultion y murine mesenchyml stem cells. Immunol Lett 27; 11:91-1. 37. Engel AU, Bn CC, Peeters AM, Weimr W nd Hoogduijn MJ. Interction etween dipose tissue-derived mesenchyml stem cells nd regultory T-cells. Cell Trnsplnt 213; 22:41-54. 38. Yeung TY, Seeerger KL, Kin T, Adesid A, Jomh N, Shpiro AM nd Korutt GS. Humn mesenchyml stem cells protect humn islets from pro-inflmmtory cytokines. PLoS One 212; 7:e38189. 39. Diez-Ruiz A, Tilz GP, Zngerle R, Bier-Bitterlich G, Wchter H nd Fuchs D. Solule receptors for tumour necrosis fctor in clinicl lortory dignosis. Eur J Hemtol 1995; 54:1-8. 4. Solins G, Nugler W, Glimi F, Lee MS nd Krin M. Sturted ftty cids inhiit induction of insulin gene trnscription y JNK-medited phosphoryltion of insulin-receptor sustrtes. Proc Ntl Acd Sci U S A 26; 13:16454-16459. 41. Bouzkri K, Koistinen HA nd Zierth JR. Moleculr mechnisms of skeletl muscle insulin resistnce in type 2 dietes. Curr Dietes Rev 25; 1:167-174. 42. Steinerg GR. Inflmmtion in oesity is the common link etween defects in ftty cid metolism nd insulin resistnce. Cell Cycle 27; 6:888-894. 43. Boden G. Ftty cid-induced inflmmtion nd insulin resistnce in skeletl muscle nd liver. Curr Di Rep 26; 6:177-181. 44. Mffei M, Hls J, Rvussin E, Prtley RE, Lee GH, Zhng Y, Fei H, Kim S, Lllone R, Rngnthn S nd et l. Leptin levels in humn nd rodent: mesurement of plsm leptin nd o RNA in oese nd weight-reduced sujects. Nt Med 1995; 1:1155-1161. 45. Hls JL, Gjiwl KS, Mffei M, Cohen SL, Chit BT, Rinowitz D, Lllone RL, Burley SK nd Friedmn JM. Weight-reducing effects of the plsm protein encoded y the oese gene. Science 1995; 269:543-546. 46. Lord GM, Mtrese G, Howrd JK, Bker RJ, Bloom SR nd Lechler RI. Leptin modultes the T-cell immune response nd reverses strvtion-induced immunosuppression. Nture 1998; 394:897-91. 47. Fntuzzi G nd Fggioni R. Leptin in the regultion of immunity, inflmmtion, nd hemtopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 2; 68:437-446. 2
Pge 21 of 3 Dietes Figure legends: Figure 1. Chnge in lood sugr more sensitive thn chnge in ody weight under systemic mesenchyml stem/stroml cell (MSC) regultion (A) A single systemic MSC trnsplnttion rogted the progression of high-ft diet induced hyperglycemi, nd the second dose of MSCs decresed the hyperglycemi. (B) Continued HFD feeding incresed the ody weight of mice, nd MSCs grdully stilized the ody weight fter the second trnsplnttion. (ANOVA, Bonferroni's post-hoc test with 95% CI t the sme time point, n=6 in A nd B) Figure 2. Improvement of glucose tolernce correlted with enhnced distriution of MSCs in liver nd skeletl muscle (A) Persistent HFD intke induced impirment of glucose tolernce. In norml conditions, MSCs did not lter the lood sugr level in response to glucose chllenging, ut significntly improved the impirment of glucose tolernce induced y HFD with one (B) nd two doses (C) of MSCs. (ANOVA, Bonferroni's post-hoc test with 95% CI t the sme time point, n=6 in A-C). (D) One month fter the second MSC trnsplnttion, the rtio of humn DNAs proed y humn et2 microgloulin (hβ2m) versus housekeeper genes (18s rrna for oth mouse nd humn species) ws less thn.1, nd dietic environment cused the trnsplnted MSCs to enhnce their distriution in the liver nd skeletl muscles ut decrese it in ft tissues (lck r). (Student s t- test; * p<.5, n=4) Figure 3. Islet protection nd β-cell differentition of MSCs in dietic pncres (A) Systemic MSCs did not lter the morphology of islets in helthy pncres, nd promoted islet growth in dietic pncres (white rrows) (n=6). (B) Decrese in islet size nd no humn insulin-expressing cells were noted in HFD-induced dietic pncres, while mixed mouse- 21
Dietes Pge 22 of 3 nd humn insulin-producing cells were found in some islets of dietic pncres fter MSC trnsplnttion (n=3). (C) Humn insulin ws non-detectle (N.D.) efore trnsplnttion, nd could e detected fter MSC trnsplnttions, nd serum level of humn insulin in dietic mice ws higher thn in norml mice. (Student s t-test; * p<.5, n=6) (D) MSC trnsplnttion rogted IL-1α, IL-1β, nd TNF-α relese from mouse cells triggered y the HFD. (ANOVA, Bonferroni's post-hoc test with 95% CI, n=4) (E) After MSC trnsplnttion, humn indolemine 2,3-dioxygense (hido), humn (h)il-1, nd humn solule TNF receptor II (hstnf RII) expressions were detectle in pncreses, nd hstnf RII in pncres ws up-regulted y the HFD. (Student s t-test; * p<.5, n=4) Figure 4. Prevention of ftty liver nd mintennce of glycogen storge y MSCs (A-C) Systemic MSC trnsplnttion neither ltered the morphology nor liver function in norml condition. (A) MSCs prevented HFD-induced fomy chnge in heptocytes (n=6). (B) Periodic cid-schiff (PAS) stining of glycogen demonstrted tht loss of glycogen storge ility in those fomy heptocytes, nd which could e rescued y MSCs (n=3). (C) MSCs significntly reduced HFD-induced the crnitine plmitoyltrnsferse 1A (Cpt 1A) protein expression in the dietic liver. (ANOVA, Bonferroni's post-hoc test with 95% CI, n=3). Figure 5. Up-regultion of interleukin-1 receptor ntgonist (IL-1 RA) y MSCs ssocited with enhnced glucose uptke in dietic skeletl muscles (A) Neither MSCs nor HFD induced significnt pthologicl chnge in skeletl muscles (n=6). (B) Humn IDO, hil-1, hil-1 RA nd hstnf RII were detectle in skeletl muscles nd hil- 1 RA ws strongly responsile for the HFD. (Student s t-test; * p<.5, n=4) (C) MSC trnsplnttion significntly enhnced Glut4 production in dietic skeletl muscles compred to the norml control. (Student s t-test; * p<.5, n=3) 22
Pge 23 of 3 Dietes Figure 6. Ameliortion of dipose-derived inflmmtion vi dipokine regultion y MSCs (A, B) After systemic MSC trnsplnttion, ft tissues mintined norml ppernce (A) nd norml dipocyte numers (B) in mice fed ND, while HFD triggered inflmmtory cell infiltrtion into ft tissues (A) nd incresed dipocyte numers (B). MSCs reduced HFDinduced inflmmtion in ft tissues (A) ut hd no effect on dipocyte numer reduction (B). (ANOVA, Bonferroni's post-hoc test with 95% CI, n=6 in A nd B) Systemic MSC trnsplnttion did not lter serum diponectin level (C), ut effectively decresed serum leptin level (D) in dietic mice. After two MSC infusions, circulting TNF-α (E) nd IL-1 (F) levels were reduced in HFD-fed mice. (Student s t-test; * p<.5 t the sme time point, n=6 in C-F) 23
Dietes Pge 24 of 3 Tle 1. Primers for Rel-Time Reverse Trnscription-Polymerse Chin Rection β2m: et2 mcrogloulin; IDO: indolemine 2,3-dioxygense; IL-1: interleukin-1; stnf RII: solule tumor necrosis fctor receptor II; IL-1α: interleukin-1 lph; IL-1β: interleukin-1et; TNFα: tumor necrosis fctor lph; 18s rrna: 18s riosoml rionucleic cid. 24
Figure 1 Pge 25 of 3 Dietes A HFD MSC (1) MSC (2) GTT (1) GTT (2) GTT (3) Fsting lood sugr (mg/dl) B Bodt weight (g) 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 HFD Before 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 weeks fter HFD feeding c ND ND+MSCs HFD HFD+MSCs, c MSC (1) MSC (2), weeks fter HFD feeding c c,c c c d c c ND ND+MSCs HFD HFD+MSCs Before 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 c c Figure 1. Chnge in lood sugr more sensitive thn chnge in ody weight under systemic mesenchyml stem/stroml cell (MSC) regultion (A) A single systemic MSC trnsplnttion rogted the progression of high-ft diet induced hyperglycemi, nd the second dose of MSCs decresed the hyperglycemi. (B) Continued HFD feeding incresed the ody weight of mice, nd MSCs grdully stilized the ody weight fter the second trnsplnttion. (ANOVA, Bonferroni's post-hoc test with 95% CI t the sme time point, n=6 in A nd B)
Figure 2 Dietes Pge 26 of 3 A Blood sugr (mg/dl) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 D GTT (1) * * * * * ND HFD B Blood sugr (mg/dl) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Before.5 1 1.5 2 hours fter glucose injection hβ2m/18s rrna expression.2.15.1.5 GTT (2), c c c Blood sugr (mg/dl) C 7 6 5 4 c GTT (3) c c c d 3 c 2, ND HFD 1 ND HFD ND+OFSCs ND+MSCs HFD+MSCs HFD+OFSCs ND+OFSCs ND+MSCs HFD+OFSCs HFD+MSCs Before.5 1 1.5 2 Before.5 1 1.5 2 hours fter glucose injection hours fter glucose injection * * * ND+MSCs HFD+MSCs pncres liver ft skeletl muscle hert lung spleen kidney d Figure 2. Improvement of glucose tolernce correlted with enhnced distriution of MSCs in liver nd skeletl muscle (A) Persistent HFD intke induced impirment of glucose tolernce. In norml conditions, MSCs did not lter the lood sugr level in response to glucose chllenging, ut significntly improved the impirment of glucose tolernce induced y HFD with one (B) nd two doses (C) of MSCs. (ANOVA, Bonferroni's post-hoc test with 95% CI t the sme time point, n=6 in A-C). (D) One month fter the second MSC trnsplnttion, the rtio of humn DNAs proed y humn et2 microgloulin (hβ2m) versus housekeeper genes (18s rrna for oth mouse nd humn species) ws less thn.1, nd dietic environment cused the trnsplnted MSCs to enhnce their distriution in the liver nd skeletl muscles ut decrese it in ft tissues (lck r). (Student s t-test; * p<.5, n=4)
Figure 3 Pge 27 of 3 A Dietes ND-Pncres ND+MSCs-Pncres HFD-Pncres HFD+MSCs-Pncres D Reltive expression (normlized y mgapdh) B 2 μm 2 μm HFD-Pncres 1 μm HFD+MSCs-Pncres 1 μm.8.6.4.2 Mouse Insulin Mouse Insulin HFD-Pncres 1 μm HFD+MSCs-Pncres 1 μm ND HFD,c c Humn Insulin Humn Insulin mil-1α mil-1β mtnf-α ND+MSCs HFD+MSCs 2 μm C Serum humn insulin level (mu/l) E Reltive expression 12. 1. 2.5 1.5.5 8. 6. 4. 2.. 2 1 2 μm * ND HFD N.D. N.D. Before MSCs (1) MSCs (2) ND+MSCs N.D. N.D. hido hil-1 hil-1 hil-ra hstnf RII * HFD+MSCs * Figure 3. Islet protection nd β-cell differentition of MSCs in dietic pncres (A) Systemic MSCs did not lter the morphology of islets in helthy pncres, nd promoted islet growth in dietic pncres (white rrows) (n=6). (B) Decrese in islet size nd no humn insulin-expressing cells were noted in HFD-induced dietic pncres, while mixed mouse- nd humn insulin-producing cells were found in some islets of dietic pncres fter MSC trnsplnttion (n=3). (C) Humn insulin ws non-detectle (N.D.) efore trnsplnttion, nd could e detected fter MSC trnsplnttions, nd serum level of humn insulin in dietic mice ws higher thn in norml mice. (Student s t-test; * p<.5, n=6) (D) MSC trnsplnttion rogted IL-1α, IL-1β, nd TNF-α relese from mouse cells triggered y the HFD. (ANOVA, Bonferroni's post-hoc test with 95% CI, n=4) (E) After MSC trnsplnttion, humn indolemine 2,3-dioxygense (hido), humn (h)il-1, nd humn solule TNF receptor II (hstnf RII) expressions were detectle in pncreses, nd hstnf RII in pncres ws up-regulted y the HFD. (Student s t-test; * p<.5, n=4)
Figure 4 Dietes Pge 28 of 3 A ND-Liver ND+MSCs-Liver HFD-Liver HFD+MSCs-Liver 2 μm 2 μm 2 μm 2 μm B ND-Liver ND+MSCs-Liver HFD-Liver HFD+MSCs-Liver 2 μm PAS 2 μm PAS 2 μm PAS 2 μm PAS C Reltive Cpt1A expression 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cpt1A ND ND+MSCs HFD HFD+MSCs Figure 4. Prevention of ftty liver nd mintennce of glycogen storge y MSCs (A-C) Systemic MSC trnsplnttion neither ltered the morphology nor liver function in norml condition. (A) MSCs prevented HFD-induced fomy chnge in heptocytes (n=6). (B) Periodic cid- Schiff (PAS) stining of glycogen demonstrted tht loss of glycogen storge ility in those fomy heptocytes, nd which could e rescued y MSCs (n=3). (C) MSCs significntly reduced HFDinduced the crnitine plmitoyltrnsferse 1A (Cpt 1A) protein expression in the dietic liver. (ANOVA, Bonferroni's post-hoc test with 95% CI, n=3).
Figure 5 Pge 29 of 3 Dietes A ND-Skeletl muscle ND+MSCs-Skeletl muscle HFD-Skeletl muscle HFD+MSCs-Skeletl muscle 2 μm 2 μm 2 μm 2 μm B Reltive expression 8 6 4 2 ND+MSCs HFD+MSCs hido hil-1 hil-1 hil-ra RA hstnf RII * C Reltive GLUT4 expression 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 Glut4 * ND+MSCs HFD+MSCs Figure 5. Up-regultion of interleukin-1 receptor ntgonist (IL-1RA) y MSCs ssocited with enhnced glucose uptke in dietic skeletl muscles (A) Neither MSCs nor HFD induced significnt pthologicl chnge in skeletl muscles (n=6). (B) Humn IDO, hil-1, hil-1 RA nd hstnf RII were detectle in skeletl muscles nd hil- 1RA ws strongly responsile for the HFD. (Student s t-test; * p<.5, n=4) (C) MSC trnsplnttion significntly enhnced Glut4 production in dietic skeletl muscles compred to the norml control. (Student s t-test; * p<.5, n=3)
Figure 6 Dietes Pge 3 of 3 A ND-Ft ND+MSCs-Ft HFD-Ft HFD+MSCs-Ft 2 μm 2 μm 2 μm 2 μm B numer of dipocytes/ hgih power field (2x) 25 2 15 1 5 Numer of dipocytes ND ND+MSCs HFD HFD+MSCs C Serum diponectin (ng/ml) 1 8 6 4 2 Adiponectin HFD HFD+MSCs Before MSC (1) MSC (2) D Serum leptin level (pg/ml) 25 2 15 1 5 Leptin * * HFD HFD+MSCs Before MSC (1) MSC (2) E Serum TNF-α (pm/ml) 15 1 5 TNF-α * HFD HFD+MSCs Before MSC (1) MSC (2) F Serum IL-1 level (pg/ml).5.4.3.2.1 IL-1 * HFD HFD+MSCs Before MSC (1) MSC (2) Figure 6. Ameliortion of dipose-derived inflmmtion vi dipokine regultion y MSCs (A, B) After systemic MSC trnsplnttion, ft tissues mintined norml ppernce (A) nd norml dipocyte numers (B) in mice fed ND, while HFD triggered inflmmtory cell infiltrtion into ft tissues (A) nd incresed dipocyte numers (B). MSCs reduced HFD-induced inflmmtion in ft tissues (A) ut hd no effect on dipocyte numer reduction (B). (ANOVA, Bonferroni's post-hoc test with 95% CI, n=6 in A nd B) Systemic MSC trnsplnttion did not lter serum diponectin level (C), ut effectively decresed serum leptin level (D) in dietic mice. After two MSC infusions, circulting TNF-α (E) nd IL-1 (F) levels were reduced in HFD-fed mice. (Student s t-test; * p<.5 t the sme time point, n=6 in C-F)