Ch. 6: A Tour of the Cell 1. Compare the 2 Types of Cells PROKARYOTES BOTH EUKARYOTES Domain: Domain: Relative Size & Complexity: Relative Size & Complexity: No DNA in No Examples: Has Has Examples: 2. What are ORGANELLES? Why are they IMPORTANT? 3. Why are cells so small? 4. What is an example of LARGE SURFACE AREA in animals? 5. What is an example of LARGE SURFACE AREA in plants? 6. What JOBS do cells have? 1. Specialized structures a. i. cilia or flagella for locomotion 2. Containers a. cell into b. create different i. separate ph, or concentration of materials c. distinct & incompatible functions i. lysosome & its digestive enzymes 3. Membranes as sites for chemical reactions a. unique of lipids & proteins b. embedded & reaction centers i. chloroplasts & mitochondria 1. to maintain a to ratio 2. Large S.A. allows rates of chemical exchange between cell and environment Small Intestine: to increase of nutrients : finger-like projections on SI wall : projections on each cell : extensions of root epidermal cells; increase surface area for absorbing and minerals 1. 2. 3.
CELL ORGNAELLES, THEIR FUNCTIONS, & IMPORTANCE 1. NUCLEUS STRUCTURE: Surrounded by double membrane ( ) Continuous with the : control what enters/leaves nucleus : complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes : region where ribosomal subunits are made FUNCTION: 2. RIBOSOMES STRUCTURE: o Composed of + o Large subunit + small subunit FUNCTION: - Types: ribosomes: float in cytosol, produce proteins cell ribosomes: attached to ER, make proteins from cell or for 3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 4. GOLGI APPARATUS (GOLGI BODY) Network of and ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER STRUCTURE: on STRUCTURE: surface, connects to no ribosomes on surface FUNCTIONS: FUNCTIONS: 1. package for 1. synthesize 2. metabolize 2. send transport vesicles to (glycogen glucose) (for export) 3. drugs & poisons 3. make replacement (liver), Ca 2+ STRUCTURE: o Series of flattened (cisternae) o Cis face: vesicles o Trans face: vesicles FUNCTION: /finish,,, and proteins (in vesicles)
5. Describe the order of how proteins are made. The protein assembly line is part of the ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM. Which organelles are included? Draw a line to show the process/order of how proteins are made all the way to excretion. Be able to explain what is happening at each cellular site. 6. LYSOSOMES STRUCTURE: o membrane sac of o Contains hydrolytic enzymes (like an environment; good ex. of ) FUNCTION: o food o digest (and worn out) cell organelles/parts o cell s materials o programmed cell death ( ) examples:
7. VACUOLE STRUCTURE: FUNCTION: Types: Difference in plant cells? Summary: Endomembrane Transport of Proteins - Know the sequence of organelles involved. - Know what happens at each step along the way. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
8. MITOCHONDRIA STRUCTURE: 2 membranes o smooth membrane o highly inner membrane = internal fluid-filled space= contains:, & enzymes Why is a double membrane important?? FUNCTION: : generate from breakdown of, fats & other fuels in the presence of break down larger molecules into smaller to generate energy = generate energy in presence of O2 = respiration 9. CHLOROPLAST Found only in cells class of plant structures = o amyloplasts - store in roots & tubers o chromoplasts - store for fruits & flowers o chloroplasts store & function in photosynthesis in leaves STRUCTURE: o 2 membranes o = internal fluid-filled space containing: o DNA, ribosomes & enzymes o = membranous sacs where is made = stacks of thylakoids Why internal sac membranes?
FUNCTION : generate ATP & synthesize transform energy into energy produce sugars from & 10. Recall the ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY Why are chloroplasts and mitochondria evidence of this? What were the advantages to being an endosymbiont? 11. PEROXISOMES FUNCTIONS: A. break down (and send to mitochondria for fuel) B. detox a. Involves production of (H2O2)
12. CYTOSKELETON STRUCTURE: network of fibers FUNCTION: 1. 2. 3. regulate biochemical activities Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments Protein = Protein = Intermediate size fixtures fibers Maintain shape of cell Shape/ cell fibers Fix position of Track for Support cell on smaller organelles scale movement Forms for Eg. ameboid mitosis/meiosis Component of movement, cytoplasmic streaming, cell 13. CENTROSOMES vs. CENTRIOLES Centrosomes region from which grow Also called microtubule organizing center Centrioles STRUCTURE: one in each cell FUNCTION: help coordinate only in cells 14. CILIA & FLAGELLA : long and few; propel through water : short and numerous; locomotion or move fluids Have 9+2 pattern of microtubules 15. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX STRUCTURE: plasma membrane Composed of (ex. collagen) FUNCTION: tissues and transmits external to cell
16. INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS in ANIMAL CELLS Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap Junctions 2 cells are to form seal that fasten cells into strong sheets through which ions, sugar, small molecules can pass 17. INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS in PLANT CELLS Cell Wall protect plant, maintain shape Composed of Plasmodesmata between cells to allow passage of molecules Summary: Plant Cells ONLY vs Animal Cells ONLY look back at your notes and fill in the chart. Plant Cells ONLY Animal Cells ONLY
ORGANELLE FUNCTION MATCHING 1. Nucleus A. controls movement of materials in & out 2. Ribosome B. make ATP in cellular respiration 3. Rough ER C. jelly-like material holding organelles in place 4. Golgi Apparatus D. Synthesize lipids, detox 5. Lysosomes E. finishes, packages & ships proteins 6. Vacuole F. storage 7. Mitochondria G. control cell, protects DNA 8. Chloroplast H. processes proteins and sends in vesicles to Golgi, makes membranes 9. Peroxisome I. Support & protection 10. Cytoskeleton J. make proteins 11. Centrioles K. transport inside cells 12. Nucleolus L. Role in cell division in animal cells 13. Cell wall M. make ribosomes 14. Cell Membrane N. break down fatty acids, detox alcohol, produces H2O2 15. Cytoplasm O. food digestion, garbage disposal, recycling. & apoptosis 16. Vesicle P. support, motility, regulate biochemical activities 17. Smooth ER Q. make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis