Cytology II Study of Cells
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1 Cytology II Study of Cells Biology 20
2 Cellular Basis of Life 1. Basic unit of Life 2. Composed of one or more cells 3. Arises from pre-existing cells Asexual (Mitosis)/Sexual (Meiosis) 4. Surrounded by a membrane 5. Transform energy 6. Information retention (genes) Cell Theory
3 Cell Doctrine All living things are composed of cells Cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all of the attributes of life All cells come only from preexisting cells
4 Two Basic Cell Types Classified by Internal Organization Prokaryotic Cells Plasma membrane No nucleus Cytoplasm: fluid within membrane No true organelles 1 10 um Eukaryotic Cells Plasma membrane Nucleus: information center Cytoplasm: fluid within membrane Organelles: compartments with specialized functions um
5 Which cell type do you have? A) prokaryotic B) eukaryotic C) Either one of these D) none of these
6 Figure 3.2 Atoms Small molecules Proteins Viruses Most bacteria and archaea Most plant and animal cells Frog eggs Ant Range of electron microscope Range of light microscope Range of human eye
7 Cell structure reflects eukaryotic cell s function a) A portion of several muscle cells of the heart (X 1,500). b) Nerve cells of the central nervous system (X 830). c) Cells lining a tubule of a kidney (X 250). How are these cells similar? What makes these cells different? Figure 3.2
8 Why are cells so small? Efficiency in: Acquisition of nutrients Disposal of wastes What makes this possible? High surface areas to volume ratio
9 Cell size & plasma membrane shape affect SA:V a) One large cell. b) Eight small cells. c) Cell with microvilli on one surface. Which cell has the larger SA? Larger Vol? Larger SA:V ratio? Figure 3.4
10 Cell size & plasma membrane shape affect SA:V Figure cm 2 cm 3 cm 1 cm x 1 cm x 6 2 cm x 2 cm x 6 cm 3 cm x 3 cm x 6 cm = 6 cm 2 = 24 cm 2 = 54 cm 2 1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm 3 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm = 1 cm 3 = 8 cm 3 = 27 cm 3 6/1 = /8 = /27 = 2.0 a. b.
11 Figure 3.5 Prokaryotic Absent Absent Fatty acids 1-10 μm Prokaryotic Absent Absent Nonfatty acid lipids 1-10 μm Common ancestor Eukaryotic Present Present Fatty acids μm
12 Figure 3.6 Ribosomes Cytoplasm a. Nucleoid (DNA) Cell membrane Cell wall Capsule Flagellum b. c. d. SEM (false color) 2 μm SEM (false color) 2 μm SEM (false color) 2 μm
13 Cytosol Semifluid gel material inside the cell Peroxisome Destroys cellular toxic waste Centrioles Microtubular structures involved in cell division Animal Cell Nucleus Information center for the cell. Contains DNA Cytoskeleton Structural framework of the cell Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Primary site of macromolecule synthesis other than proteins Rough endoplasmic reticulum Primary site of protein synthesis by ribosomes Golgi apparatus Refines, packages, and ships macromolecular products Secretory vesicle Membrane-bound shipping container Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Plasma membrane Controls movement of materials into and out of cell Mitochondrion Produces energy for the cell Lysosome Digests damaged organelles and cellular debris
14 Endomembrane System
15 Endomembrane System Figure 3.13 Nuclear envelope DNA mrna Ribosome Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Transport vesicle To milk ducts Cell membrane Golgi apparatus Milk protein genes are copied to mrna. mrna exits through nuclear pore. At ribosomes on surface of rough ER, information in mrna is used to produce milk proteins (purple spheres). Enzymes in smooth ER manufacture lipids (yellow spheres). Milk proteins and lipids are packaged into vesicles from both rough and smooth ER for transport to Golgi. In Golgi, proteins and lipids are processed and packaged for export out of cell. Proteins and lipids are released from cell when vesicles fuse with cell membrane.
16 Endomembrane Organelles Nuclear envelope Nucleus Genetic control center DNA synthesis RNA synthesis Nuclear pores Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Nuclear pores Nuclear membrane A transmission electron micrograph (X 6,000) of
17 Nucleus Chromatin DNA + proteins Chromosome(s)
18 Nucleolus Ribosome production Free or bound» Protein synthesis Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Nuclear pores Nuclear membrane A transmission electron micrograph (X 6,000) of
19 Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER Smooth ER Nucleus Rough ER Vesicle Smooth ER
20 Endomembrane Organelles Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Ribosomes Protein synthesis
21 Endomembrane Organelles Figure 3.16 Nucleus Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum TEM (false color) 4 µm Ribosomes Vesicle Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
22 Ribosomes Figure 3.15 Free ribosome Membrane-bound ribosome mrna Cytoplasm mrna Cytoplasm Protein ER membrane Protein Inside ER
23 Endomembrane Organelles Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum No ribosomes Some functions: Carbo metabolism Ca ++ storage Detoxification Phospholipid synthesis
24 Endomembrane Organelles Golgi apparatus warehouse Receives Modifies Stores Ships Smooth ER Golgi apparatus Vesicles Lysosome Secretory vesicle Plasma membrane
25 Endomembrane Organelles Golgi apparatus warehouse Figure 3.17 Transport vesicle Golgi apparatus Transport vesicles entering Receiving side Shipping side Transport vesicles leaving TEM (false color) 0.2 µm
26 Starting with the nucleus and ending with the cell membrane, place the following organelles in the correct endomembrane sequence. A. Nucleus B. Cell membrane C. Golgi body D. Rough ER E. Smooth ER
27 What structure transports the protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi and then the cell membrane? A. Vacuole B. Lysosome C. Vesicles D. Cytoskeleton E. Any of these
28 Types of Vesicles Storage & shipping vesicles Secretory vesicles Endocytic vesicles vacuoles Peroxisome Golgi apparatus Harmless waste Alcohol Figure 3.18 Cell toxic waste Lysosome Bacterium Residual body Plasma membrane
29 Endomembrane Organelles Vacuoles Food Temp. storage of food Contractile Expels waste
30 Endomembrane Organelles Lysomsome Contains digestive enzymes Breaks down stuff Intracellular digestion of nutrients Garbage man dead organelles Programmed cell destruction Tay Sachs Disease
31 Endomembrane Organelles Figure 3.18 Lysosomal enzymes Lysosomes Cytoplasm Damaged mitochondrion Partly digested mitochondrion Lysosomes Partly digeste d debris Debris Golgi apparatus Cell membrane Outside of cell
32 Endomembrane System & Signaling
33 Mitochondrion Mitochondrion one Mitochondria plural Double membrane Inner membrane Cristae Energy production Matrix Energy production DNA 1 chromosome Reproduces like bacteria Both plants & animals Requires Oxygen
34 Mitochondrion Nutrients from foodstuffs Inner membrane Outer membrane a) The structure and overall function of a mitochondrion. b) A photomicrograph of a mitochondrion.
35 Chloroplasts Double membrane Thylakoid Sunlight NRG chemical NRG Chlorophyll photosynthetic pigment Stroma Uses chemical NRG Sugar production Own DNA
36 Photosynthesis Occurs in Two Stages Section 5.3 Figure 5.7
37 Overview of Photosynthesis Light Reaction Location: Thylakoid Sunlight chemical energy Makes ATP & NADPH Calvin Cycle Location: Stroma Uses ATP & NADPH CO 2 sugars (CH 2 O) H 2 O O 2
38 Cytoskeleton Glycoprotein Functions: Cell shape Organelle anchorage & movement Cell movement Plasma membrane Microfilaments Microtubule Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion
39 Flagellum & Cilium Flagellum one Flagella plural Single & long Whip-like motion Cilium one Cilia plural Many & shorter Oar-like motion
40 Semen & Ovum
41 Locomotion Amoeboid movement cyclosis
42 Organelles A Review Manufacturing Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Nucleolus Energy Production Mitochondria Support/movement Cytoskeleton Flagella/cilia Breakdown Lysosomes Peroxisomes Vacuoles
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