-Living things are highly ORGANIZED -Living things are made up of one or more CELLS -Living things use ENERGY -Living things GROW and develop -Living things RESPOND to changes in the environment -Living things have a LIMITED LIFE SPAN -Living things have a definite FORM and limited SIZE -Living things REPRODUCE ***Non-living things may show one or more of these Characteristics, but NEVER ALL of them
-Biologists group living things by a system of CLASSIFICATION (Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, Genus, species) -Kingdom is the LARGEST and the most GENERAL -Nutrition -Transport -Respiration -Synthesis -Growth -Excretion -Metabolism -Homeostasis -Regulation -Reproduction
-All living things made of 4 main elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen ORGANIC MOLECULES- Contain BOTH Carbon and Hydrogen -includes all of the major molecules of LIFE Ex: Cell walls, cell membranes, enzymes, DNA, protein, Lipids (fats), carbohydrates INORGANIC MOLECULES- Do NOT contain both Carbon And Hydrogen Ex: Salts, minerals, acids, bases, oxygen, carbon-dioxide, And water
-Organisms (living thing) share a similar building plan Organ Systems Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Organism
Organelles: (Cell parts/structures) Cytoplasm- Jelly-like material that transports materials Nucleus- Controls all cell activities; Stores DNA Vacuole- Storage sacs Ribosomes- Site of protein synthesis Mitochondria- Site of cellular respiration (makes ATP) (Contains enzymes) Chloroplasts- Site of photosynthesis (plant cells ONLY) Cell Membrane- Thin, living membrane that surrounds the cell. Controls what enters and leaves the cell
(plasma membrane) Phospho-Lipid Bilayer -Living barrier that separates inside of cell from outside -Controls the transport of materials into and out of the cell -Materials move from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration -Requires NO ENERGY -Materials move from LOW Concentration to HIGH concentration -Requires ENERGY (ATP)
Osmosis- The diffusion of WATER ONLY -The cell membrane contains certain protein molecules that Can receive chemical messages (hormones) from other cells Receptor molecules (work by shape) (Cell to Cell communication) -Carries out the process of DIGESTION (process of Breaking down food) Carbohydrates Simple Sugars (glucose) Proteins Amino Acids
Lipids Fatty acids & Glycerol -digestive system is a ONE-WAY passageway from mouth to anus Peristalsis- muscular contractions of digestive tract Mechanical Digestion- Physical breakdown (teeth,stomach) Chemical Digestion- Enzymes -food must be digested so it is SMALL enough to pass Through the cell membrane -Exchanges gases between the circulatory system and the outside environment (O2 in/co2 out) -Main organ is the lungs (alveoli where gas exchange occurs)
How do the digestive system and respiratory system Work together to carry out RESPIRATION? Respiration- Process in which oxygen and glucose Combine to produce ATP -Digestive system supplies glucose -Respiratory system supplies the oxygen and removes The carbon-dioxide (waste product of respiration) -Transports materials throughout the body (O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes) -Includes heart, blood vessels, and blood
-Carries out process of EXCRETION (removal of metabolic/cellular waste) -Includes kidneys, lungs, and skin -Together control the coordination of most body activities (nervous=nerve control, endocrine=chemical control (hormones))
-Fights disease (WBC produce antibodies/engulf & destroy/ recognize and remember) -Releases sex cells and controls development ***Remember Body systems are INTERDEPENDENT!!!
-Both carry out life processes Function Single-Celled Multicellular Gas Exchange Cell membrane Respiratory system Transport Cytoplasm Circulatory System Nutrition Vacuoles Digestive System Excretion Cell membrane Excretory System