Olive Fruit Fly Management R. Van Steenwyk, K. Zolbrod, F. Zalom, H. Burrack, M. Johnson, H. Nadel and B. Bisabri Dept. E.S.P.M. University of California Berkeley, CA. 94720
IR-4 Insecticide Evaluation (Lab.)
Fruit Fly Insecticide Evaluation-Methods Treatments replicated 4 times 25 fruit fly per replicate 10 olive leaves sprayed in potter spray tower with 3 ml of finished spray solution Mortality was determined at 1/2 and 1 day of exposure
OP and Carbamate Insecticides-OLFF Rate/ Mean % Corr. Mortality Treatment* 100 gal 1/2 DOE 1 DOE Sevin 9.4 lbs 1.9 a 8.6 a Supracide 32.0 oz 6.8 a 19.7 a Malathion 48.0 oz 80.2 b 88.2 b * All treatments contained 3 pints NuLure/100 gal.
Naturalyte and Neonicotinoid Insecticides-OLFF Rate/ Mean % Corr. Mortality Treatment* 100 gal 1/2 DOE 1 DOE Calypso 8.0 oz 1.0 a 1.0 a Provado 8.0 oz 4.1 a 7.3 a Assail 2.3 oz 4.8 a 8.7 a Actara Low 2.0 oz 11.5 a 27.9 b Actara High 5.5 oz 37.1 b 51.7 c Success 1.0 oz 58.8 c 73.2 d GF-120 ** 1:4 83.1 d 93.1 e GF-120 ** 1:5 82.1 d 93.2 e * Treatments contained 3 pints NuLure/100 gal. ** 1-20 ul drop per leaf/5 leaves per replicate
Avermectin and Oxadiazine Insecticides-OLFF Rate/ Mean % Corr. Mortality Treatment* 100 gal 1/2 DOE 1 DOE Avaunt Low 2.5 oz 0.0 a 0.0 a Avaunt High 6.0 oz 1.0 a 1.9 a Mesa 24.6 oz 0.0 a 0.0 a Proclaim 4.8 oz 47.9 c 61.0 b Agri-Mek Low 10.0 oz 35.1 b 63.1 b Agri-Mek High 20.0 oz 43.9 c 72.6 b * All treatments contained 3 pints NuLure/100 gal.
Pyrethroid Insecticides-OLFF Rate/ Mean % Corr. Mortality Treatment* 100 gal 1/2 DOE 1 DOE Baythroid Low 1.6 oz 16.4 a 48.4 a Baythroid High 3.2 oz 55.4 cd 74.9 cd Warrior Low 1.9 oz 21.0 a 53.1 a Warrior High 3.8 oz 33.1 b 75.4 cd Danitol Low 10.6 oz 47.4 c 60.4 ab Danitol High 21.3 oz 54.1 cd 78.9 cd Asana Low 2.9 oz 54.5 cd 68.5 bc Asana High 9.6 oz 66.2 e 80.6 cd Brigade Low 3.0 oz 63.4 de 76.9 cd Brigade High 16.0 oz 81.3 f 89.0 d * All treatments contained 3 pints NuLure/100 gal.
Laboratory Evaluations - Conclusions Malathion provided good control GF-120 and Success provided good control Pyrethroids provided good control Other reduced risk pesticides provided little control Danitol selected for IR-4
IR-4 Insecticide Evaluation (Field)
IR-4 Field Efficacy Trial - Methods Six treatments replicated 4 times Treatments applied on 28 Oct. Danitol, Success and NuLure applied using hand-held orchard sprayer at 250 psi & 70 gal/ac
IR-4 Field Efficacy Trial 2004 - Methods GF-120 and blank bait applied on 10 leaves with 10ul droplets per replicate 25 OLFF per replicate exposed in cages for 24 hours at 0, 3, and 7 DAT
IR-4 Field Efficacy Trial 2004 - Results Rate/ Mean % Corrected Mortality Treatment 70 gal 0 DAT 3 DAT 7 DAT Success* 3.2 oz 19.1 a 7.0 a 0.0 a Danitol* 10.7 oz 34.5 a 58.2 b 19.0 b Danitol* 21.3 oz 80.9 b 66.2 b 38.6 c GF-120 1:4 43.9 a 43.7 b 4.1 ab *Treatments contained 2 pt NuLure /70 gal
Field Evaluations - Conclusions The high rate of Danitol provided good control for 0 DAT GF-120 and Success provided marginal control Study terminated because of inclement weather
Field Efficacy Trial of GF-120 (2002)
Field Efficacy of Two Timings of GF- 120 - Methods Three treatments replicated 4 times GF-120 (1:4) at 20 oz/ac applied weekly and every other week from 26 June to 30 Oct. Treatments applied with super soaker squirt gun
Field Efficacy of Two Timings of GF- 120 - Methods Adults monitored weekly with ChamP+ Traps 50 fruit/rep monitored every other week and 250 fruit/rep at harvest for infestation
OLFF Infested Fruit-Mission San Jose- 2002 Mean Percent Infested Fruit Date Weekly Bimonthly Control 12-Aug 0.0 a 0.4 a 2.0 b 26- Aug 0.4 a 3.6 a 2.5 a 9-Sept 0.4 a 1.2 a 4.0 b 23- Sept 0.8 a 2.8 a 9.5 b 7-Oct 2.8 a 4.8 a 28.0 b 21-Oct 7.2 a 12.4 a 42.5 b 4-Nov 6.8 a 8.0 a 30.5 b 18-Nov* 6.0 a 12.3 ab 24.3 b Means followed by the same letter within a row are not significantly different (Fisher s protected LSD, P < 0.05) *1000 fruit per treatment counted at harvest
OLFF Seasonal Captures at Mission San Jose-2002 9 Bimonthly Weekly Control Flies / Trap / Day 6 3 0 7/1 7/21 8/10 8/30 9/19 10/9 10/29 11/18 Date
Field Efficacy of two timings of GF-120 - Conclusions Weekly and every other week applications captured fewer flies and had lower infestation than untreated control Weekly applications were superior to every other week applications
Field Efficacy Trial of GF-120 (2003)
Field Efficacy of Various Dilutions of GF-120 - Methods Four treatments replicated 4 times GF-120 at 1:9, 1:4, 1:1.5 and untreated control Weekly applications from 7 July to 10 Nov.
Field Efficacy of Various Dilutions of GF-120 - Methods Adults monitored weekly with ChamP+ traps 50 fruit/rep monitored monthly and 250 fruit/rep inspected for infestation at harvest
OLFF Infested Fruit-Mission San Jose- 2003 Mean Percent Infested Fruit Date 1:9 1:4 1:1.5 Control* 12-Aug 7.0 a 11.5 a 12.0 a 87.0 b 8-Sep 33.5 a 47.5 ab 66.5 bc 82.0 c 66.0 a 64.0 a 71.0 a 95.5 a 67.5 a 80.5 ab 76.0 ab 98.0 b 43.5 a 50.9 ab 56.4 ab 90.6 b Means followed by the same letter within a row are not significantly different (FisherÕs protected LSD, P < 0.05) *Control was an untreated control
OLFF Seasonal Captures at Mission San Jose-2003 OLFF/Trap/Day 20 15 10 1:9 1:4 1:1.5 Control 5 0 7/7 8/5 9/3 10/2 10/31 11/29 Date
Field Efficacy of Various Dilutions of GF-120 - Conclusions All dilutions captured fewer flies and had lower infestation than untreated control 1:9 dilution had lower infestation than the 1:1.5 dilution
Overall Conclusions for GF-120 Repeated applications of GF-120 suppressed large OLFF populations Weekly applications are better than application every other week A 1:9 dilution more effective than a 1:4 that is more effective than a 1:1.5
WHF Density Effects with GF-120 % Corrected Mortality 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 1/2 DOE 1 DOE 0.05 0.00 25 50 75 # of Flies
Control of the Overwintering Population by Fruit Removal and Insecticides
Spring Olive Fruit Retention and Infestation OLFF overwinter as pupae or adults In spring, adults attack the remaining bridge fruit on the tree Need to eliminate bridge fruit and kill OLFF during the spring to reduce infestation
Spring Efficacy Trials (2004)
Spring GF-120 Efficacy Trial- Methods Treatments replicated 3 times GF-120 diluted 1:2 GF-120 sprayed Bimonthly GF-120 blank bait sprayed Bimonthly
Spring GF-120 Efficacy Trial- Methods Treatment blocks are 4 acres in size OLFF population monitored weekly
Spring GF-120 OLFF Trap Captures Flies/Trap/Day Date Bimonthly Control 3/22/04 11.0 6.1 3/29/04 2.5 5.6 4/05/04 6.9 12.5 4/12/04 4.5 7.0 4/22/04 2.0 3.0
Spring GF-120 OLFF % Larvae % Larval Infestation Date Bimonthly Control 3/22/04 6.0 12.0 3/29/04 10.7 11.3 4/05/04 6.0 10.0 4/12/04 10.0 28.7 4/22/04 14.7 28.0
Spring OLFF Trap Comparison Flies/Trap/Day ChamP Trap AM Trap McPhail Trap Pheromone Pheromone Date Bait +Bait +Bait 9 % NuLure Yeast Tablets 3/22/04 1.6 2.0 6.1 0.7 0.3 3/29/04 0.3 1.0 5.6 0.3 0.0 4/05/04 0.6 1.9 12.5 4.8 12.2 4/12/04 0.2 1.3 7.0 1.5 9.1 4/22/04 0.3 1.1 3.0 1.3 3.4
Olive Fruit Retention and Ethephon Efficacy Trial
Olive Fruit Retention-Sacramento Valley-2003 Mean Fruit/Tree Mean Fruit/AC Orchard February April In April 1 90.1 6.9 412.3 2 14.4 3.2 606.0 3 28.9 0.5 45.0 4 68.9 17.2 2058.3 5 233.4 98.0 4743.2 6 715.4 248.4 15457.9 Mean 191.9 62.4 3887.1
Olive Fruit Retention-San Joaquin Valley-2003 Mean Fruit/Tree Mean Fruit/AC Orchard February April In April 1 91.8 16.5 2217.6 2 236.9 29.9 2584.3 3 57.2 5.1 685.6 4 158.7 24.7 3842.6 5 475.0 107.9 11989.9 6 182.9 17.9 487.3 Mean 200.4 33.7 3634.6
Ethephon Rate Trial-Methods 2003/2004 Single tree treatments replicated 4 times Applied on 10/21/03 in San Joaquin valley and 10/29/03 in Sacramento valley Applied using hand-held orchard sprayer at 250 psi & 250 gal/ac 25 fruit and 100 leaves marked and evaluated/rep
Ethephon Green Olive Fruit Drop-San Joaquin Valley % Fruit Drop 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Control 300 PPM 300 + BUF 600 PPM 600 + BUF 11/4/2003 11/25/2003 12/16/2003 1/6/2004 1/27/2004 2/17/2004 3/9/2004 3/30/2004 Date
Ethephon Olive Leaf Drop-San Joaquin Valley 12 % Leaf Drop 9 6 Control 300 PPM 300 + BUF 600 PPM 600 + BUF 3 0 11/4/2003 11/25/2003 12/16/2003 1/6/2004 Date 1/27/2004 2/17/2004 3/9/2004 3/30/2004
Conclusions Ethephon increased early fruit drop Buffering reduced leaf drop Remaining fruit appears to have little fruit retention force
Ethephon Trial-Methods 2005 Single tree treatments replicated 5 times Applied on 1/17/05 in Lindsay, CA Applied using hand-held orchard sprayer at 250 psi & 200 gal/ac Fruit and 250 leaves evaluated
Ethephon Trial-Methods 2005 Shaking Trial Trees were shaken on 2/19/05 with almond shaker Treatments evaluated before and after shaking Air-Blast Trial Trees were sprayed with air-blast sprayer on 3/14/05 Treatments evaluated before and after air-blast sprayer
Ethephon Shaking Trial - Fruit Drop % Fruit Drop 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 300 600 ppm Pre Shake Post Shake
Ethephon Air-Blast Trial - Fruit Drop 100 95 % Fruit Drop 90 85 80 75 70 0 300 600 ppm Pre Blast Post Blast
Conclusions Winter shaking with or without Ethrel reduced unharvest fruit Shaking difficult on many olive trees Winter blowing with or without Ethrel reduced unharvest fruit.