An Introduction to Human Anatomy Definitions Anatomy the study of the names of the structures in the human body Physiology the study of the functions of body parts Chapter 1 Variation in Human Structure Anatomy books can only teach you the most common structure No 2 humans are exactly alike Examples Most have 2 kidneys Variation in branches of aorta Fields in Anatomy Microscopic anatomy Gross anatomy Radiologic anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Subatomic particles Atoms Molecules Organelles Levels of Human Structure Cells smallest living unit Tissue Organ Organ System Organism single, complete individual Atom Smallest unit of a specific substance Chemical Level 1-5 1
Molecule 2 or more atoms bonded together Can be extremely complex Chemical Level Chemical Organization Four of the most widely distributed elements on earth are: Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Inorganic compounds Organic compounds Molecular Level - Categories of Organic Compounds Four categories form the basis of living matter Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Molecular Level - Carbohydrates Contain C, H, O Function: structural building blocks, source of energy Sugars and starches Structure of Carbohydrates Molecular Level - Lipids Contain C, H, O Function: food storage, structural component, source of energy Fats and oils 2
Contain C, H, O, N Function: food source, structural component, enzymes, etc. Structure: chains of amino acids Sequence of amino acids determines protein s shape Shape determines how functional a protein is Basis of Life Molecular Level - Proteins http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/02/18_table.shtml Molecular Level - Nucleic Acids Contain C, H, O, N, P Function: energy carriers ATP Function: genetic systems DNA, RNA Determine what proteins are made Structure: nucleotides bonded together to form long chains Nitrogen bases of the nucleotides occur in pairs Hold the 2 strands of DNA together Sequence determines the order of amino acids in a protein Base Pairs Protein Synthesis DNA separates Each chain links itself to RNA nitrogen bases Forms a single strand of RNA Mutations may occur Protein Synthesis Summary of Replication, Transcription, Translation RNA moves out into cytoplasm Binds to a ribosome Binds to specific amino acids Amino acids bond together Form a protein 3
Organization of Molecules, Etc. Molecules are organized into cells Basic unit of a living organism Cells are grouped together into tissues Groups of cells having the same function Organs are groups of different tissues Special functions Organs are grouped into organ systems Groups of organs working together The Nature of Human Life What is Life? Organization Cellular composition Biochemical unity Metabolism Excitability Homeostasis Growth Development Reproduction Evolution The Nature of Human Life What Is a Human? Primate characteristics 4 upper and lower incisors A pair of clavicles Only 2 mammary glands Forward-facing eyes with stereoscopic vision Flat nails Opposable thumbs The Nature of Human Life What is a Human? Hominid Characteristics Large brains Complex speech Tool making Bipedalism http://enrollment.rochester.edu/admissions/academics/medicine.shtm Systems of the Human Body Survey of the Human Body 4
Systems of the Human Body The Language of Anatomy Descriptive Terms Used in Superficial Anatomy Standing Facing forward Palms forward Anatomical Position Cephalic Cervical Thoracic Abdominal Inguinal Lumbar Brachial Femoral Abdominopelvic areas 2 methods Anatomical regions Abdominopelvic Quadrants/Regions Directional Terms 5
Sections and Planes Sections and Planes Body Cavities Body is divided into cavities that contain organs Visceral and Parietal Membranes Body cavities have membranes that line the cavity themselves as well as cover the organs. -Visceral and parietal -The space between the two is filled with fluid. Visceral and Parietal Membranes 6