AP PSYCH Unit 12.3 Schizophrenia & Personality Disorders

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1 AP PSYCH Unit 12.3 Schizophrenia & Personality Disorders 1. If a criminal claimed that voices in their head told them to commit a murder, should they be found guilty or innocent? Why? 2. Describe interactions you have had with people that exhibit schizophrenia. 3. Why is this picture here on the left?

Schizophrenia A severe and disabling pattern of extremely disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior that seriously impairs the ability to communicate and relate

2 Schizophrenia A severe and disabling pattern of extremely disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior that seriously impairs the ability to communicate and relate to others and disrupts most other aspects of daily functioning One of the most serious disorders Often involves loss of contact with reality Symptoms seen in all parts of world

can give undivided attention to one stimulus

3 Disorganized Thinking Delusions false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Paranoia Breakdown in selective attention We can give undivided attention to one stimulus even though thousands of stimuli exist but schizophrenics can t

4 Disorganized Language Neologisms (new words) only have meaning to themselves EX: "I'm going to the park to ride the wallywhoop. EX: The only problem I have is my frustionating!

5 Disorganized Language Loose associations Tendency for one thought to be unconnected to another EX: He went to the ballpark and bought Frank s beer belly home in a bag of grass seed. EX: "I need to go to the store to buy some band-aids. I read an article about how expensive AIDS drugs are. People take too many street drugs. The streets should be clean from the rain today. Word salad Jumble of words reflecting utterly chaotic thoughts

6 Loose Associations

7 Word Salad

8 Disturbed Perceptions Hallucinations false perceptions Very common often takes form of voices Hostile, violent, manipulative, abusive voices Can also be sights, smells, taste, touch sensations w/o external stimuli

Rubbing an arm Catatonia Other common symptoms: Some are extremely agitated, others move

9 Inappropriate Emotions & Actions Split from reality Flat or inappropriate affect Inappropriate motor behavior: Senseless, compulsive acts EX: Continually rocking EX: Rubbing an arm Catatonia Other common symptoms: Some are extremely agitated, others move very little Lack motivation/social skills Poor personal hygiene Inability to function in everyday situations

Onset & Development of Schizophrenia 1% of population Appears equally in various ethnic groups Equal rates M/F Usually develops in adolescence, early adulthood ~40% improve

10 Onset & Development of Schizophrenia 1% of population Appears equally in various ethnic groups Equal rates M/F Usually develops in adolescence, early adulthood ~40% improve w/ treatment and function reasonably well Rest have continuous or intermittent symptoms that permanently disrupt functioning 10-13% of homeless population have schizophrenia

Onset & Development of Schizophrenia Paranoid Disorganized Catatonic Undifferentiated Residual Some see this classification system as inadequate Not always accurate picture of behavior

11 Onset & Development of Schizophrenia Paranoid Disorganized Catatonic Undifferentiated Residual Some see this classification system as inadequate Not always accurate picture of behavior (symptoms overlap) Some show characteristics of multiple symptoms Instead some suggest describing according to positive and negative symptoms Remember what positive and negative means in Psych!

13 Onset & Development of Schizophrenia Positive symptoms presence of inappropriate behaviors Negative symptoms absence of appropriate behaviors Chronic schizophrenia slow onset and doubtful recovery Display the negative symptom of withdrawal

14 Understanding Schizophrenia 1. What causes schizophrenia? 2. Did people with schizophrenia already struggle with abnormal brain activity before the onset of the disorder? Explain. 3. Do people with schizophrenia experience temporal lobe activity (responsible for hearing) when they hear voices? Explain.

15 Brain Abnormalities Dopamine Overactivity Chemical Imbalance - Excess of receptors for dopamine 6X excess of D4 dopamine receptor This high level intensifies brain signals in schizophrenia Positive symptoms hallucinations & paranoia Drugs that block dopamine receptors lower symptoms Drugs that increase dopamine (cocaine, meth) intensify them Dopamine overactivity causes overreactions to external & internal stimuli But doesn t help with negative symptom of withdrawal Excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate Impaired glutamate activity another source of schizophrenia

Abnormal Brain Activity & Anatomy Abnormal brain activity in multiple areas, any of these: Low or abnormal firing of neurons in frontal lobe (reasoning, planning, & problem solving) During

16 Abnormal Brain Activity & Anatomy Abnormal brain activity in multiple areas, any of these: Low or abnormal firing of neurons in frontal lobe (reasoning, planning, & problem solving) During hallucinations high activity in thalamus (filters incoming sensory input) & high activity in amygdala (fear) Large fluid filled areas and corresponding shrinkage of cerebral tissue Smaller cortex or thalamus Why? Maybe problem during prenatal development or delivery Maybe oxygen deprivation during delivery

Maternal Virus During Pregnancy Increased risk of schizophrenia if, during middle of their fetal development, their country influenced a flu epidemic Born in densely populated areas, where viral

17 Maternal Virus During Pregnancy Increased risk of schizophrenia if, during middle of their fetal development, their country influenced a flu epidemic Born in densely populated areas, where viral disease spreads more readily Born in winter & spring (after flu season) Reversed for Southern Hemisphere Flu during pregnancy Blood samples from pregnant women with schizophrenic offspring have higher than normal antibodies that suggest a viral infection

share a placenta Adopted children not likely if adoptive parent has it Only if biological

18 Genetic Factors 1 in 100 = normal possibility of getting schizophrenia 1 in 10 if sibling or parent has it 1 in 2 in identical twins (even if reared apart) 1 in 10 chances if they don t share a placenta Adopted children not likely if adoptive parent has it Only if biological parents have it We haven t identified a single gene responsible yet Not just a gene anyway, its nature & nurture

19 Psychological Factors Can environmental factors alone cause schizophrenia in people not related to people that also have schizophrenia? Possible warning signs: Mother w/ severe & long-lasting schizophrenia Low birth weight or oxygen problems during birth Separation from parents Short attention span & poor muscle coordination Disruptive or withdrawn behavior Emotional unpredictability Poor peer relations & solo play

20 Personality Disorders Rates of Psychological Disorders 1. Describe where and in what context have you heard the term psychopath or sociopath before you took this class. 2. What has this chapter done to help you understand the challenges that people (that you may know) face if they have a psychological disorder? 3. Describe the relationship between poverty & psychological disorders.

21 Other Types of Disorders Most people get stuck thinking about depression and schizophrenia when they think about psychological disorders. In reality there are far more. Some of the more common, and more studied disorders are: Eating Disorders Drug & Alcohol Addiction Personality Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

22 Personality Disorders Personality disorders conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships or impulse control. Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. Take no social responsibility No depression, delusions, or hallucinations Used to be called psychopath or sociopath Commit crimes with zero empathy or remorse

and intense emotions without clear reasoning.

23 Types of Personality Disorders Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Grandiose sense of self importance and preoccupation with fantasies of success Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): Unstable and extreme impulses and intense emotions without clear reasoning. Problems with relationships and selfimage Intense fears of abandonment Intense anger and irritability High sensitivity to and constant thinking about rejection and abandonment

others Solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, and apathy.

24 Types of Personality Disorders Avoidant Personality Disorder: anxiety, fearful sensitivity to social rejection, so person is withdrawn Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD): eccentric behaviors, emotionless disengagement Can t communicate with others Solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, and apathy. Cold and indifferent Rich, elaborate and exclusively internal fantasy world. SPD is not the same as schizophrenia, but share characteristics of detachment and blunted affect.

25 Types of Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder: Longstanding pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating lack of conscience and responsibility towards others. Can be very intelligent Used to be known as psychopath or sociopath

Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder Common traits: Superficial charm high intelligence rational no anxiety no personal responsibility liar

27 Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder Common traits: Superficial charm high intelligence rational no anxiety no personal responsibility liar insincere, manipulative no shame or regret poor judgment can t learn from experience can t form lasting relationships lack of insight into personal motivations

Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder No gene code found to determine future criminals Biological, social, and psychological Some studies show signs of antisocial as early as 3 to 6 years old

28 Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder No gene code found to determine future criminals Biological, social, and psychological Some studies show signs of antisocial as early as 3 to 6 years old Same people at risk of drug & alcohol addiction Reduced activity in frontal lobes, reduced tissue in frontal lobes Violent crime is surging in the West Childhood abuse and poverty are leading social causes

common OCD & Schizophrenia are least common Poverty is a

29 Rates of Psychological Disorders 26% of American adults suffer or have suffered from a mental illness Mood disorders are most common OCD & Schizophrenia are least common Poverty is a predictor Does poverty cause disorders, or do disorders cause poverty?

30 Rates of Psychological Disorders

31 Rates of Psychological Disorders

Schizoaffective Disorder

Schizoaffective Disorder combination of schizophrenia symptoms (hallucinations or delusions) and mood disorder symptoms (such as mania or depression.) Controversial Requires presence of delusions for 2