30 Years with AIDS: Where it Came From and Why It s Still With Us. Kevin McCarthy Ben Morris Jamie Schafer

Transcription

1 30 Years with AIDS: Where it Came From and Why It s Still With Us Kevin McCarthy Ben Morris Jamie Schafer

2 30 Years with AIDS: Where it Came From and Why It s Still With Us Kevin McCarthy Part I: The Origins of HIV and the AIDS Epidemic Ben Morris Part II: HIV: The Retrovirus Jamie Schafer Part III: An HIV Vaccine: What's the hold up?

3 Part I: The Origins of HIV and the AIDS Epidemic Brief Timeline The HIV-1 Outbreak Where HIV-1 came from

4 The Beginning: June 5 th 1981

5 Discovery of the HIV-1 Virus May 20 th 1983 Zanetti et al., 2006 doi: /journal.ppat g001

6 The First anti-hiv Drug March 20 th 1987

7 NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt March 20 th 1987 Flickr: lisaallen

8 Earvin Magic Johnson November 7 th 1991 Flickr: cliff1066

9 A New Class of Anti-HIV Drugs December 6 th 1995

10 Two Major Vaccine Failures

11 A Third Class of Anti-HIV Drug September 7 th 2007

12 Thai Trial December 3 rd 2009

13 Where do We Stand? 33.3 Million People ( million) Living with HIV in 2009 November 16 th 2011 No Data <0.1% 0.1% - <0.5% 0.5% - <1.0% 1.0% - <5.0% 5.0% - <15.0% 15.0% % UNAIDS: Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic

14 The Beginning? June 5 th 1981

15 Was Los Angeles the Epicenter? Flicker: Fabio Ikezaki,aturkus basykes, apdk, waitscm, Jérôme, kevgibbo,wit, rlonpine

16 The last Great Pandemic: 1918 Flu US Census Bureau

17 What Changed in the Last 100 Years?

18 Flickr: Poorna Kedar, Salim Shadid, prind1m, BlatantWorld.com, Sarah G..., Geograph:Ben Brooksbank

19 HIV Was Not the Only Virus Spreading Doctors Sent to Africa for Study of A Disease that Has killed 150 NYT: October 6, 1976 W.H.O. Team to Study Fatal African Disease NYT: October 16, 1976 African Virus to be Studied in U.S. NYT: October 29, 1976 Green Monkey Fever NYT: November 3, 1976 Virus in Zaire Epidemic Named for the Ebola River NYT: December 1, 1976

20 HIV vs. Ebola HIV Ebola Fear Factor: Scary Scary Transmission: Fluid Exchange Fluids, Aerosol ect. Untreated Mortality rate Very High Time to first Symptoms 2-4 weeks Very High 2-21 days Initial Symptoms: Non-specific Flu-like Final stage Symptoms: Opportunistic infections Hemorrhagic Fever Disease Progression: Very slow Very rapid Asymptomatic Phase: Months-Years None Chronic Disease AIDS None

21 Where HIV Came From

22 Reconstructing Past Events

23 Family Tree (Phylogenetic Tree) Grandmother Grandfather Grandma Grandpa Mom Dad Me Sister

24 The First Confirmed HIV Case Kinshasa 1896 Kinshasa 1955 Sharp and Hahn, Nature 2008

25 HIV Was Spreading in 1960! Pandemic HIV 1960 C J H A G F B D 1959

26 Where did HIV Come From?

27 We Are Not Alone Red-Capped Mangabey Patas monkey Olive Baboon Greater Spot-Nosed Monkey Diana Monkey Angolan Talapoin Mandrill Allen s Swampmonkey Tantalus Monkey Green Monkey Yellow Baboon Olive Colobus Mona Monkey Blue Monkey Mustached Guenon Sooty Mangabey Wolf s Mona Chimpanzee Red-Tailed Monkey Crested Mona Sun-Tailed Monkey Drill Mantled Guereza Vervet Monkey Owl-Faced Monkey Chacma Baboon Western Red Colobus Grivet de Brazza s Monkey Syke s Monkey Gabon Talapoin Gray-Cheeked Managabey L Hoest Monkey Humans

28 Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Family Tree SIV Mantled Guereza SIV Olive Colobus Monkey SIV l Hoest Monkey SIV Mandrill SIV Sun-Tailed Monkey SIV de Brazza s Monkey SIV Sooty Mangabey SIV Red-Capped Mangabey SIV Sabaeus SIV Grivet SIV Chimpanzee HIV-1 SIV drill SIV Mandrill

29 Flickr: Afrika Expeditionary Force, mararie A Common Ancestor

30 A History of Cross Species Jumps SIV Chimpanzee 1 HIV Group O SIV Chimpanzee 2 HIV Group N SIV Chimpanzee 3 HIV Group M Sharp and Hahn, Nature 2008

31 Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Family Tree SIV Mantled Guereza SIV Olive Colobus Monkey SIV l Hoest Monkey SIV Mandrill SIV Sun-Tailed Monkey SIV de Brazza s Monkey SIV Sooty Mangabey HIV-2 SIV Sabaeus SIV Grivet SIV Red-Capped Mangabey SIV Chimpanzee HIV-1 SIV drill SIV Mandrill

32 Flickr: Eric Kilby, mararie A Common Ancestor

33 HIV-2 From Sooty Mangabeys SIV Sooty Mangabey1 HIV-2 Group D SIV Sooty Mangabey2 HIV-2 Group A HIV-2 Group B HIV-2 Group C HIV-2 Group F SIV Sooty Mangabey1 HIV-2 Group E Flickr: Eric Kilby

34 The Global Pandemic Was Not the Only Time HIV-1 Group M HIV-1 Group N HIV-1 Group O Pandemic HIV-2 Groups A, B, C HIV-2 Group D HIV-2 Group E HIV-2 Group F Flickr: Afrika Expeditionary Force, Eric Kilby

35 Is this the End?