Transcription

1 International E Publication

2 M.Sc. (Gold Medalist), Ph.D., F.I.S.C.A., F.S.L.Sc., F.J.O.Z.S., F.B.P.S., F.Z.S.I. A. Professor Department of Zoology Govt. Post Graduate College Saidabad-Allahabad (U.P.) INDIA 2016 International E - Publication ISBN:

3 International E - Publication 427, Palhar Nagar, RAPTC, VIP-Road, Indore (MP) INDIA Phone: , Mobile: contact@isca.co.in, Website: Copyright Reserved 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publica on may be reproduced, stored, in a retrieval system or transmi ed, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, reordering or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN:

4 PREFACE I am feeling immense pleasure to present the book "Fundamentals of Animal Phyla" to meet the needs of students both for academic and compe ve examina ons. This book is an outcome of my vivid experience of about 24 years of teaching and guiding them. As the tle of the book, it is wri en to impart a basic idea and concept about different animal phyla with reference to five kingdom system. The architecture of the book has strategically designed to strengthen the conceptual skill of the subject which in turn helpful to improve the confidence and problem solving skills of the students concerned. It provides systema c, well planned up to mark and to the point approach about animal phyla, necessary not only for students of undergraduate and post graduate classes but also for students preparing for compe ve examina ons. The book "Fundamentals of Animal Phyla" includes introduc on to taxonomy, rules of nomenclature, kingdom systems and different phyla from Porifera o Chordata. Each chapter comprises subject ma er in brief, along with point wise descrip on, supported by suitable diagrams and examples. Text ma er is followed by sufficient number of objec ve type ques ons with answer at the end of the same page. Both the text and ques ons are presented in simple language. I am highly grateful to Dr. U.C. Srivastava, Dr. Jagdamba Singh, Dr. S.M. Prasad (Professors, University of Allahabad), Dr. Rajendra Singh (Professor, University of Gorakhpur), Dr. A.K. Singh (Professor, BHU Varanasi), Dr. V.C. Srivastava (Editor, NASI, India), Dr. S.P. Singh (Principal MLN Medical College, Allahabad), Dr. S.P. Singh (Reader, CMPDC Allahabad), Dr. Shubh Narain and Dr. Shri Prakash (K. A. P.G. College, Allahabad) for their blessing, support and con nuous inspira on. I acknowledge the support and sugges on of my esteemed Principal Prof. Ashish Joshi, colleagues respected and dear Dr. M.D. Ram, Dr. Gyan Prakash Verma, Dr Balkeshwar, Dr J.P. Singh, Dr B.K. Mishra, Dr Santosh, Dr Pragyan and friends Dr H. P. Pandey and Er Birendra Singh. I extend my sincere thanks to Shri Neeraj Bharadwaj ji and his team in order to bring out this book in such a nice form. I really appreciate and admire his efforts. I am obliged to Prof Dipak Sharma and Prof Ashish Sharma of Interna onal Science Community Associa on for publishing this book online. Lastly but not least, I admit that my wife Mrs. Menka Verma showed immense pa ence and endurance during en re period of manuscript prepara on and assisted me in many ways. I express thanks to my loving sons Kshi j, Agrim and lovely daughter Smri as they also help me in various ways to prepare the book. Besides, my special thanks to all visible and invisible powers of the nature that kept me mo vated, when it was needed. Although utmost care has been taken to make the book free from error but a few errors may creep in, for which I would like to extend due apology in advance and invite the readers for advising the author or publisher about any such discrepancies and welcome, your valuable sugges ons and construc ve cri cisms for the up-grada on of the book. With great regards, ALLAHABAD World Environment Day, June 5, 2016 Dr. A.K.Verma akv.gdcz@gmail.com International Science Community Association

5 INDEX Preface 1. Introduc on to animal classifica on 2. Phylum : Porifera 3. Phylum : Coelenterata 4. Phylum : Ctenophora 5. Phylum : Platyhelminthes 6. Phylum : Aschelminthes 7. Phylum : Annelida 8. Phylum : Arthropoda 9. Phylum : Mollusca 10. Phylum : Echinodermata 11. Phylum : Hemichordata 12. Phylum : Chordata About the author International Science Community Association

6 6 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 1 Introduction to Animal Classification Systematics This is a branch of Biology, which deals with the study of identification, naming (= nomenclature) and orderly grouping (= classification) of animals on the basis of their relationships. The term systematics is derived from a Latin word Systema which means systematic arrangement of organisms. The systemetics includes evolutionary relationships among the organisms. Linnaeus gave the term systematics in 1735 while A.P. de Candolle gave the term taxonomy in Taxonomy is basically the process of classification of all living organisms based on different characteristics. New Systematics/Biosystematics:It considers all the known characteristics of organisms.the term 'New Systematics' was given by Sir Julian Huxley in Need of Classification It is nearly impossible to study all the living organisms, hence it is necessary to devise some means to make this possible. This means/process is classification. By studying a given type, a good basic knowledge of the group concerned can be achieved. Besides, phylogenetic relationship can also be understand through classification. Taxonomic Categories: 1. Species (sp.) : John Ray gave the term Species in Smallest, lowest or basic unit (actually real basic unit) of taxonomy. Population of interbreeding individuals. Each species is reproductively isolated from other species. Members of species show variations. Gene flow is possible between populations of a species. Mayr told that species is keystone in evolution. It has a real existence in nature. One species can be differentiated from other closely related species on the basis of distinct morphological differences. The number of known and described species range from million. More than 70% of all the species recorded are animals and among animals, insects have greatest (more than 70%) number of species in nature. 2. Genus: It includes a group of related species and is an aggregation of closely related species. For example, Panthera genus comprises P. leo (lion), P. pardus (leopard) and P. tigris (tiger) species with several common features. The genus Panthera differs from genus Felis which includes cats. 3. Family: It has a group of related genera (sing. genus). The species, genera and families are based on a number of similar characters. For example, Panthera and Felis genera are kept in a common family Felidae while dog is kept in family Canidae. 4. Order: This is a group of families having few similar characters. 5. Class and phylum: Related orders are kept in a class and related classes are kept in a phylum (pl phyla). The phylum, class and order are higher taxonomic categories, identified on the basis of aggregates of characters. 6. Kingdom: All animals belonging to different phyla are assigned to the highest category called kingdom. If any one move from lower to higher

7 Introduction to Animal Classification 7 (species to kingdom) categories, the number of common characters goes on decreasing. Important Terms related with Taxonomy 1. Taxon: Taxa (sing. taxon) are the different groups or categories used in classification. Each taxon represents a category or rank in classification. 2. Species concept: It is the perception, understanding and definitions of species. Some species concepts are : (a) Static/morphological species concept: Linnaeus (b) Genetic species concept : Lotsy (c) Biological species concept : Mayr (emphasis on reproductive isolation). 3. Phenetic classification: This is based on observable characteristics of existing organisms. 4. Cladogram and dendrogram: Graphic representation of evolutionary relationship is called cladogram (family tree). A family tree based on numerical or phenetic taxonomy is called dendrogram. 5. Phylogeny and cladistics: Phylogeny is the evolutionary history while cladistics means phylogenetic classification. 6.,, -Taxonomy (Turril 1938): -Taxonomy : characterization and naming of taxa. -Taxonomy : arrangement of taxa. -Taxonomy : biological aspects of taxa S. No. Important terms Given by 1. Systematics Linnaeus (1735) 2. Tax on omy A.P.de Candolle (1813) 3. Taxon Adolf Mayer 4. Phy log eny Lamarck 5. New Systematics Sir Julian Huxley (1940) 6. Monera and Protista Haeckel 7. Phylo gen etic tree Haeckel 8. Phy lum Cuvier 9. Class and Or der Linnaeus 10. Fam ily, ge nus and spe cies John Ray (1693) 7. Taxonomic hierarchy : first used by Linnaeus. arrangement of taxonomic categories in descending order from higher to lower in biological classification. includes following 7 obligatory categories : Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Linnean hierarchy includes only 5 categories: Class Order Genus Species Variety. Linnaeus Contribution 1. A Swedish Naturalist Carl von Linne/Carolus Linnaeus ( ), for the first time introduced the hierarchic system both in plants and animals. 2. He wrote a book Systema Naturae (1735) in 12 editions. 3. He propagated binomial nomenclature for all species in 10th edition of his book published in This book is therefore known as dictionary of classification and Linnaeus as father of binomial nomenclature and founder of modern taxonomy. 5. Some important rules are as following : According to binomial nomenclature, each organism has 2 words in its name : generic (genus) and specific (species) e.g. Pheretima posthuma. In trinomial nomenclature, 3rd word is also used, which is of subspecies e.g. Homo sapiens sapiens. The generic name always starts with a capital letter while that of subspecies and species with a small letter. The scientific names are always latinized and must be italized when printed or underlined when handwritten to indicate their Latin origin. Name of the author appears after the specific name i.e. at the end of biological name and is written in an abbriviated form. For example Mangifera indica Linn.It indicates that this species was first described by Linnaeus. The scientific names are standarized through International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN, 1961) and International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1964). If several names are proposed by Taxonomists to an organism then according to law of priority, oldest used name will be considered valid.

8 Introduction to Animal Classification 8 Outline of Animal Classification Animal Kingdom Protozoa* protoplasmic grade unicellular/acellular e.g., Protozoa (Level of organization) Metazoa cellular/tissue/organ/organ system grade multicellular Parazoa digestive cavity and mouth absent cellular grade tissue absent diploblastic e.g., Porifera Radiata Radially symmetrical Tissue grade Diploblastic e.g., Coelenterata and Ctenophora (Digestive cavity) (Symmetry) Eumetazoa/Enterozoa Diploblastic/triploblastic tissue/organ/organ system grade digestive cavity and mouth present Bilateria Bilaterally symmetrical Organ/organ system grade Triploblastic Acoelomata Body cavity absent Space is filled with parenchyma/mesenchyme e.g., Platyhelminthes (Coelom/body cavity) Pseudocoelomata Eucoelomata Body cavity is pseudocoel True coelom present This false coelom is derived Coelom is derived from gastrula from embryonic blastocoel. Coelom either schizocoelic or e.g., Aschelminthes (Nematoda) enterocoelic type Protostomia Blastopore forms the mouth Coelom is schizocoelous e.g., Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca (Embryonic development) Deuterostomia Blastopore forms the anus Coelom is enterocoelous e.g., Echinodermata, Hemichordata and Chordata Differences Between Protostomia and Deuterostomia S.No. Characters Protostomia Deuterostomia 1. Meaning Protostome means first mouth Deuterostome means second mouth 2. Blastopore Forms the mouth (as first opening) Deuterostome means second mouth 3. Cleavage Spiral and determinate Radial/bilateral and indeterminate 4. Development Mosaic type Regulative type 5. Coelom formation Schizocoelic; coelom appears by splitting of mesodermal band e.g., Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca Enterocoelic; coelom appears as outpocketing from archenteron e.g., Echinodermata, Hemichordata and Chordata. *According to 5-kingdom system, Protozoa is now not a phylum of kingdom Animalia.It is now kept in kingdom Protista.

9 Introduction to Animal Classification 9 KINGDOMS OF LIFE Carolus Linnaeus laid the foundation of modern biological classification by classifying the organisms into two kingdoms namely Plantae and Animalia. This was now referred as Two Kingdom System. The Two Kingdom System was followed by three, four, five and six kingdom systems respectively. Some important aspects of these kingdom systems are as under: S. No. Kingdom Systems Proposed By Year Name of Kingdoms 1. Two Linnaeus Plantae 2. Animalia 2. Three Haeckel Protista 2. Plantae 3. An i malia 3. Four Cope land Monera 2. Protista 3. Plantae 4. Animalia 4. Five Whittaker (America) 5. Six Carl Woese and others Monera 2. Protista 3. Fungi 4. Plantae 5. Animalia Archaebacteria 2. Eubacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia Five Kingdom System 1. American Ecologist R. H. Whittaker proposed 5 kingdom system of classification in The 5 kingdom system is based on: (a) Mode of nutrition (main) (b) Cell structure and complexity (c) Phylogenetic relationship (d) Body organization (e) Reproduction Note : 1. Monera includes prokaryotes such as bacteria and blue green algae (BGA). 2. Protista includes unicellular eukaryotes such as protozoans. 3. Woese and others adopted the term domain in 1990 and introduced three-domain system in biological classification mainly on the basis of 16 S rrna genes. This system adds domain as a level of classification above the kingdoms. Grades of Organization 1. Protoplasmic or acellular grade : Protozoa 2. Cellular grade : Porifera 3. Tissue grade : Coelenterata and Ctenophora 4. Organ grade : Platyhelminthes 5. Organ system grade : Remaining phyla S. No. Salient Features of Different Phyla in Animal Kingdom Phyla Distinctive features 1. Porifera Aquatic, pore bearer an i mals with sessile body, ca nals in walls with char ac ter is tic choanocytes. 2. Coelenterata (Cnidaria) Diploblastic, radially symmetrical, body with cnidoblasts and gas trovascular cavity 3. Ctenophora Comb plates for lo co mo tion but with out cnidoblasts. 4. Platyhelminthes Dorso-ventrally flat tened triploblastic body hav ing flame cells, suck ers may also be pres ent 5. Aschelminthes True worms with pseudocoelomate and elon gated body; cu ti cle thick with syncytial epidermis 6. Annelida Metamerically seg mented (like rings) boddy, true coelomate with closed type cir cu la tion. 7. Arthropoda Larg est phy lum, exoskeleton of cu - ticle, jointed appendages. 8. Mollusca External skeleton of shell usually present body unsegmented. 9. Echinodermata Exclusively marine animals with radially symmetrical body; water vascular system present. 10. Hemichordata Worm-like with pro bos cis, col lar and trunk. 11. Chordata Notochord,dor sal hol low nerve cord, gill slits with limbs or fins, metamerically seg mented. Note: 1. Various symmetries (mostly asymmetrical) occurs in Porifera, Radial symmetry is found in Coelenterata, Ctenophora and Echinodermata while other phyla have bilateral symmetry. 2. Circulatory system is present from Annelida to Chordata. 3. Respiratory system is present from Arthropoda to Chordata. 4. Digestive system (absent in Porifera) is incomplete in Cnidaria,Ctenophora and Platyhelminthes while complete in other phyla. 5. Coelom is absent upto Platyhelminthes, false coelom (pseudocoelom) occurs in Aschelminthes while true coelom is found from Annelida to Chordata. 6. Segmentation is found only in 3 phyla namely: Annelida, Arthropoda and Chordata

10 10 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Selected Objective Questions Systematics 1. Branch of Biology concerned with the classification, nomenclature and identification of plants/animals is: (a) Systematics (b) Ecology (c) Morphology (d) Physiology 2. Who gave the term Systematics? (a) Linnaeus (b) Candolle (c) Haeckel (d) Cuvier 3. First act in taxonomy is: (a) Description (b) Identification (c) Naming (d) Classification 4. The science of naming the organism is: (a) Classification (b) Identification (c) Nomenclature (d) Taxonomy 5. Systematics is: (a) Identification (b) Nomenclature (c) Classification (d) All of these New Systematics 6. Who introduced the term New Systematics? (a) Adolf Engler (b) Karl Prantl (c) George Bentham (d) Sir Julian Huxley 7. Term New Systematics was given in the year : (a) 1813 (b) 1956 (c) 1940 (d) New systematics differs from the classical systematics in employing : (a) Experimental taxonomy (b) Biochemical taxonomy (c) Numerical taxonomy (d) All biological parameters 9. Studies under karyotaxonomy are based upon: (a) Nature of DNA (b) Shape of the nucleus (c) Structure of chromosomes (d) Nucleus and chromosomes 10. Phylogeny and inter-relationship found between taxa on the basis of number, type and arrangement of chromosomes is : (a) Cytotaxonomy (b) Karyotaxonomy (c) Chemotaxonomy (d) Morphotaxonomy 11. Taxonomy based on determination of genetic relationships is : (a) Cytotaxonomy (b) Numerical taxonomy (c) Biochemical taxonomy (d) Experimental taxonomy 12. Taxonomy based on identification of evolutionary units within the species by determining their genetical inter-relationship is : (a) Chemotaxonomy (b) Numerical taxonomy (c) Biochemical taxonomy (d) Experimental taxonomy Terminology 13. Who gave the term taxonomy? (a) August de Candolle (b) George Gaylord Simpson (c) Earnst Mayr (d) Jean Baptiste de Lamarck 14. Term taxonomy was given by a French Botanist in : (a) 1813 (b) 1735 (c) 1926 (d) Founder of Taxonomy is: (a) Aristotle (b) John Ray (c) Haeckel (d) Linnaeus 16. Father of modern taxonomy is: (a) Hooker (b) Linnaeus (c) Aristotle (d) de Candolle 17. Which one of the following developed the key for identification of animals? (a) John Ray (b) Empedocles (c) George Cuvier (d) Theophrastus 18. Phenetic classification is based on: (a) Dendograms based on DNA features (b) Sexual characteristics (c) Ancestral lineage of existing organisms (d) Observable characteristics of existing organisms 19. The term phylogeny was introduced by: (a) Von Baer (b) Haeckel (c) Lamarck (d) Darwin 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (c)

11 Introduction to Animal Classification Who developed the concept of phylogeny? (a) Linnaeus (b) Lamarck (c) Hippocrates (d) Haeckel 21. Graphic representation of evolutionary relationships of groups is: (a) Dendrogram (b) Cladogram (c) -Taxonomy (d) Hierarchy 22. Evolutionary classification is called: (a) Artificial system (b) Natural system (c) Ontogeny (d) Phylogenetic system 23. In biological classification, term cladistics refers to : (a) Natural classification (b) Phylogenetic classification (c) Artificial classification (d) Phenetic classification 24. Classification of organisms based on evolutionary as well as genetic relationship is called: (a) cladistics (b) biosystematics (c) phenetics (d) numerical taxonomy 25. Three phase of taxonomy alpha, beta and omega were recognised by: (a) Candolle (b) Turril (c) Heywood (d) Huxley 26. In which one of the 3 phases of taxonomy of Turril, identification and naming of organism is exercised: (a) -taxonomy (b) -taxonomy (c) -taxonomy (d) -taxonomy 27. Who told species is keystone in evolution (a) Huxley (b) Hugo de Vries (c) Dobzhansky (d) Mayr Species and species Concepts 28. The term species was given by : (a) John Ray (b) Linnaeus (c) Darwin (d) Aristotle 29. The basic unit of classification or taxonomy is: (a) Genus (b) Species (c) Family (d) Order 30. Species is a group of organisms that : (a) Can interbreed (b) Cannot interbreed (c) Live together (d) Existed in past 31. In animals which is the lowest level of classification? (a) Genus (b) Order (c) Species (d) Varieties 32. Species is : (a) Specific unit of evolution (b) Specific unit in evolutionary history of a race (c) Specific class of evolution (d) Not related to evolution 33. Species are considered as: (a) Real units of classification devised by tasonomists (b) Real basic units of classification (c) The lowest units of classification (d) Artificial concept of human mind which cannot be defined in absolute terms 34. Interbreeding natural population of animals are referred to as belonging to the same: (a) Family (b) Species (c) Genus (d) Variety 35. Inbreeding is possible between two members of a/an: (a) Order (b) Genus (c) Species (d) Family 36. What is true for individual of same species? (a) Inbreeding (b) Live in same habitat (c) Live in same niche (d) Live in different habitats 37. Which one of the following statement is correct for species? (a) The members of species occupy the same habitat (b) They are morphologically, genetically and embryologically similar (c) They can interbreed among themselves and produce ramets (d) They cannot interbreed with the members of other species 38. Which of the following is not true for a species? (a) Members of a species can interbreed (b) Variations occur among members of a species (c) Gene flow does not occur between the populations of a species (d) Each species is reproductively isolated from other species 39. Who gave the genetic species concept? (a) Lotsy (b) Mayr (c) Linnaeus (d) Ray 40. Who gave the morphological species concept? (a) Lotsy (b) Huxley (c)linnaeus (d) Candolle 20. (d) 21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (a) 31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (c)

12 12 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 41. Biological species concept was given by: (a) Lotsy (b) Mayr (c) Linnaeus (d) Candolle 42. Static concept of species was put forward by : (a) de Candolle (b) Linnaeus (c) Theophrastus (d) Darwin 43. Biological species concept is mainly based on : (a) Morphological traits (b) Reproductive isolation (c) Modes of reproduction (d)morphology and reproduction Taxonomic Hierarchy 44. Taxon is a group of : (a) species (b) genera (c) orders (d) taxonomy 45. The term taxon was given by : (a) Mayer (b) Linnaeus (c) Lamarck (d) Aristotle 46. Hierarchy of categories was first introduced by : (a) Linnaeus (b) Ray (c) Haeckel (d) Mayr 47. Taxonomic hierarchy is the sequence of arrangement of categories during classification in: (a) Descending order (b) Random order (c) Ascending order (d) Straight line 48. Descending arrangements of categories in taxonomy is called : (a) Classification (b) Taxonomy (c) Hierarchy (d) Key 49. Taxonomic hierarchy consists of : (a) 7 obligatory categories (b) 8 obligatory categories (c) 9 obligatory categories (d) 10 obligatory categories 50. What is the correct sequence of different taxa in Linnean hierarchy? (a) Class, Family, Species, Genus, Order (b) varieties, Species, Genus, Order, Class (c) Species, Genus, Species, Order, varieties (d) Species, Genus, Family, Order, varieties 51. Which one of the following is incorrect statement? (a) Number of common characters decreases from species to kingdom (b) Phylum,class and order are higher taxonomic categories (c) Linnean hierarchy includes class, order, family, genus, species and variety (d) Species is unit of taxonomy as well as evolution 52. Which of the following taxonomical ranks contain organisms least similar to one another? (a) Class (b) Genus (c) Family (d) Species 53. Genus is a group of similar and related : (a) Orders (b) Genera (c) Families (d) Species 54. Common features of species within a genus are known as : (a) Similar characters (b) Genus characters (c) Co-related characters (d) Common characters 55. Term Phylum in animal classification was coined by : (a) Haeckel (b) John Ray (c) Cuvier (d) Linnaeus 56. Which covers the largest number of organisms? (a) Genus (b) Family (c) Phylum (d) Class 57. In hierarchical system, class is interpolated between : (a) Family and genus (b) Phylum and order (c) Order and family (d) Kingdom and phylum 58. In hierarchial classification, cohort as a taxonomic group is interpolated between : (a) Kingdom and Phylum (b) Phylum and Class (c) Class and Order (d) Order and Family 59. The highest taxonomic group is: (a) Phylum (b) Subkingdom (c) Kingdom (d) Superphylum 60. A non-obligate component of hierarchy of categories used by Linnaeus was: (a) Class (b) Genus (c) Family (d) Variety 61. Which one has a real existence? (a) Phylum (b) Class (c) Genus (d) Species 62. Hierarchy of categories of Carolus Linnaeus had categories except: (a) Genus and species (b) Order and class (c) Kingdom and class (d) Phylum and family 41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (b) 51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (c) 56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (d) 61. (c) 62. (d)

13 Introduction to Animal Classification Which of the following taxonomic categories contains organisms belonging to the same class but not the same family? (a) Species (b) Genus (c) Order (d) Population 64. Find out correct statement: (a) Cat and lion belong to the same family (b) Cat and lion belong to the same genus (c) Cat and dog belong to the same family (d) Cat, lion and dog belong to three families Binomial Nomenclature 65. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) was adopted in: (a) 1964 (b) 1961 (c) 1758 (d) Who propagated the Binomial Nomenclature? (a) Whittaker (b) Mendel (c) Linnaeus (d) Tippo 67. Binomial nomenclature laid the foundation of : (a) Artificial classification (b) Ancient classification (c) Modern classification (d) Natural classification 68. In which book has binomial nomenclature been used by Linnaeus? (a) Historie Naturelle (b) Systema Naturae (c) Historia Naturalis (d) Historia lantarum 69. Systema Naturae is concerned with: (a) Solar system (b) Ecosystem (c) Classification of plants and animals (d) Natural selection 70. Language used in writing the name of animals is: (a) French (b) Latin (c) German (d) English 71. Biological names are separately underlined when handwritten and italized when printed to indicate their: (a) Latin origin (b) ICZN origin (c) Arrangement (d) Linnean hierarchy 72. Carolus Linnaeus was from: (a) Sweden (b) U.K. (c) Holland (d) France 73. In binomial nomenclature: (a) both in genus and species, the first letter is capital (b) both genus and species are printed in italics (c) genus and species must be of same name (d) genus is written after the species 74. The first name in the trinomial nomenclature is: (a) Sub-genus (b) Species (c) Sub-species (d) Genus 75. If typed, the genus and species names should be italicized. If written, they should be: (a) Underlined (b) Highlighted (c) Written in bold ink (d) Written all in capital letters 76. The third name in trinomial nomenclature is: (a) Species (b) Genus (c) Subspecies (d) Subgenus 77. If several names have been assigned to an organism discovered recently then according to the law of priority, which name would be considered valid? (a) Name given by foreigner (b) Name that follows binomial system of nomenclature (c) Oldest used name (d) All the names will be cancelled and a new name is proposed 78. While writing scientific name of an organism which part of the name should not begin with a capital letter? (a) Class (b) Genus (c) Species (d) Phylum 79. Second name in binomial as well as in trinomial nomenclature is: (a) Family (b) Species (c) Genus (d) Variety 80. Common names are : (a) Nonscientific (b) Scientific (c) Morphological (d) Universal 81. Which one is not a part of trinomial nomenclature? (a) Family (b) Species (c) Genus (d) Subspecies 82. An animal with same generic, specific and subspecific names is: (a) Man (b) Gorilla (c) Rabbit (d) Elephant Kingdom System 83. Most primitive organisms are : (a) Monerans (b) Protists (c) Fungi (d) Algae 63. (c) 64. (a) 65. (a) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (b) 69. (c) 70. (b) 71. (a) 72. (a) 73. (b) 74. (d) 75. (a) 76. (c) 77. (c) 78. (c) 79. (b) 80. (a) 81. (a) 82. (b) 83. (a)

14 14 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 84. In 2-kingdom classification prokaryotes are placed in: (a) Protozoa (b) Kingdom Animalia (c) Porifera (d) Kingdom Plantae 85. Two kingdom classification was given by : (a) Linnaeus (b) Haeckel (c) Whittaker (d) Copeland 86. The scientist who created kingdom Protista to include unicellular protozoa and algae is: (a) Copeland (b) Haeckel (c) Whittaker (d) Linnaeus 87. Four kingdom classification was propsed by: (a) Whittaker (b) Copeland (c) Haeckel (d) Linnaeus 88. Protista is not included as a kingdom in: (a) 2 kingdom system (b) 3 kingdom system (c) 4 kingdom system (d) 5 kingdom system 89. Who gave the 5-kingdom system of classification? (a) Linnaeus (b) Simpson (c) Carl Woese (d) Whittaker 90. Robert H. Whittaker is concerned with : (a) America (b) Holland (c) Sweden (d) England 91. The replacement of 2 kingdom grouping by five kingdom classification was proposed in the year : (a) 1859 (b) 1969 (c) 1758 (d) Modern system of classification as given by Whittaker, classified organisms into how many kingdoms? (a) Three (b) Two (c) Four (d) Five 93. What is the main basis of classification in five kingdom system? (a) Nutrition (b) Nucleus structure (c) Cell wall structure (d) Asexual reproduction 94. Different criteria for classification used by R.H. Whittaker in his five kingdom system include : (a) Mode of nutrition and phylogenetic relationship (b) Cell structure and complexity of organism (c) Reproduction and body organization (d) All of the above 95. Which of the following are not the basis of five kingdom system of Whittaker classification? (a) Mode of nutrition and phylogenetic relationship (b) Cell structure and complexity of organism (c) Reproduction and body organization (d) Nucelic acid sequencing and hybridization 96. Bacteria are the sole members of kingdom: (a) Monera (b) Protista (c) Fungi (d) Animalia 97. Non-nucleated unicellular organisms in Whittaker s classification are included in the kingdom: (a) Protista (b) Monera (c) Animalia (d) Plantae 98. In five kingdom classification, which kingdom incorporates prokaryotes? (a) Protista (b) Monera (c) Myxophyteae (d) Myxomycophyta 99. In which kingdom would you classify the archaea and nitrogen-fixing organisms, if the five-kingdom system of classification is used? (a) Protista (b) Monera (c) Plantae (d) Fungi 100. Most of the unicellular organisms are kept in kingdoms: (a) Monera and protista (b) Monera and plantae (c) Protista and plantae (d) Protista and fungi 101. Members of the kingdom Protista differ from members of the kingdom Monera mainly due to the presence of: (a) RNA (b) DNA (c) Cell wall (d) Membrane-bound nucleus 102. Which kingdom of R.H. Whittaker is not a part of four kingdom system of Copeland (1956)? (a) Fungi (b) Protista (c) Monera (d) Animalia 103. In Five Kingdom System of Classification of Whittaker, eukaryotes were assigned to: (a) Only two of the five kingdoms (b) Only three of the five kingdoms (c) Only four of the five kingdoms (d) All the five kingdoms Organisation 104. Protoplasmic grade of organization occurs in: (a) Protozoa (b) Porifera (c) Cnidaria (d) Annelida 105. Cell aggregate body plan is exhibited by : (a) Sponges (b) Cnidarians (c) Flatworms (d) Roundworms 106. The grade of organization in sponges is: (a) Cellular grade (b) Cell-tissue grade (c) Protoplasmic grade (d) Organ-system grade 84. (d) 85. (a) 86. (b) 87. (b) 88. (a) 89. (d) 90. (a) 91. (b) 92. (d) 93. (a) 94. (d) 95. (d) 96. (a) 97. (b) 98. (b) 99. (b) 100. (a) 101. (d) 102. (a) 103. (c) 104. (a) 105. (a) 106. (a)

15 Introduction to Animal Classification Cellular grade of organization is associated with: (a) coelom formation (b) radial symmetry (c) incomplete digestive system (d) animals having pores and canals in walls 108. Metazoans without tissue grade organization are: (a) Protozoa (b) Parazoa (c) Deuterostomia (d) Eumetazoa 109. Cell-tissue grade of organization occurs in: (a) Hydra (b) Sponge (c) Starfish (d) Liver fluke 110. Tissue grade of organization is found in: (a) Cnidaria but not in Ctenophora (b) Ctenophora but not in Cnidaria (c) Both Cnidaria and Ctenophora (d) Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes 111. Which one of the following level of organization is found in majority of animals? (a) Cellular grade (b) Cells-tissue grade (c) Tissue-organ grade (d) Organ-system grade 112. Organ system grade of organization,basically bilaterally symmetrical and unsegmented body occurs in phylum: (a) Annelida (b) Arthropoda (c) Mollusca (d) Chordata Salient Features of Phyla 113. Majority of adult sponges show: (a) Asymmetry (b) Radial symmetry (c) Bilateral symmetry (d) Biradial symmetry 114. Metazoa are characterized by : (a) Unicellular animals (b) Colonial animals (c) Multicellular animals (d) Decomposers 115. Radial symmetry is found in: (a) Coelenterata (b) Ctenophora (c) Echinodermata (d) All of these 116. Ctenophora taxonomically more or less resemble the (a) Porifera (b) Coelenterata (c) Platyhelminthes (d) Nematoda 117. Which of the following is a Bilateria? (a) Sycon (b) Hydra (c) Planaria (d) Comb jellies 118. Segmentation is absent in: (a) Mollusca (b) Echinodermata (c) Hemichordata (d) All of these 119. Segmentation is a salient feature of: (a) Annelida (b) Arthropoda (c) Chordata (d) All of these 120. Segmentation is usually associated with: (a) bilateral symmetry (b) radial symmetry (c) biradial symmetry (d) asymmetry 121. Definite circulatory as well as respiratory systems are not known to occur in phylum: (a) Hemichordata (b) Aschelminthes (c) Arthropoda (d) Mollusca 122. A coelom (body cavity) derived from blastocoel is: (a) Aschizocoel (b) Enterocoel (c) Haemocoel (d) Pseudocoel 123. In pseudocoelomates, mesoderm: (a) is absent (b) lines the coelom (c) occurs as scattered pouches (d) forms the mesenchyme 124. Coelomate animals have: (a) bilateral symmetry (b) radial symmetry (c) both (a) and (b) (d) asymmetrical condition 125. Definite respiratory system is lacking but circulatory system is found well developed in phylum: (a) Annelida (b) Ctenophora (c) Arthropoda (d) Mollusca 126. Which of the following phyla belong to protostomia group? (a) Annelida (b) Mollusca (c) Arthropoda (d) All of these 127. An enterocoelomate invertebrate group is: (a) Mollusca (b) Annelida (c) Arthropoda (d) Echinodermata 128. Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in: (a) Type of cleavage (b) Origin of mouth and anus (c) Mode of coelom formation (d) All of these 129. In rabbit and other mammals, blastopore forms the: (a) Mouth (b) Anus (c) Genitalia (d) Nose 107. (d) 108. (b) 109. (a) 110. (c) 111. (d) 112. (c) 113. (a) 114. (c) 115. (d) 116. (b) 117. (c) 118. (d) 119. (d) 120. (a) 121. (b) 122. (d) 123. (c) 124. (c) 125. (a) 126. (d) 127. (d) 128. (d) 129. (b)

16 16 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 2 Phylum : Porifera 1. Parazoology : study of sponges. 2. Ellias established their animal nature. 3. Robert Grant gave the term porifera. 4. Pore bearer ; aquatic and sessile animals. 5. Multicellular with cellular grade of organization (tissue and organ absent). 6. Asymmetrical or radially symmetrical. 7. Diploblastic: (a) outer pinacoderm. (b) inner choanoderm A non-cellular mesenchyme/mesohyl is present between these two layers. 8. Sponge has numerous mouthlets called ostia and one exit (osculum). If any particle is placed close to osculum then it will be carried away. 9. Sponges have a canal system and there is a need of continuous water flow for nutrition, respiration, excretion and reproduction. Flagellated choanocytes / collar cells, found associated with canal system, occur only in sponges. 10. A cavity common to all sponges is spongocoel or paragastric cavity. 11. The choanocytes capture and digest the food. The partly digested food is received by amoebocytes, where digestion is completed. Digestion is thus intracellular and digestive medium is first acidic then alkaline. 12. Excretion ammonotelic. The excretion and respiration occur through general body surface. 13. Sponges reproduce asexually by fragmentation and sexually by formation of gametes. 14. All sponges are hermaphroditic (sexes not separate) but due to protandry, cross fertilization is the rule. 15. Sponges have great power of regeneration (demonstrated by Wilson 1907). 16. Fertilization: internal; development indirect with a free swimming amphiblastula or parenchymula larva, morphologically different from adult. 17. Basis of classification: skeleton/spicules (secreted by scleroblasts). 18. Olynthus is a hypothetical ancestor of sponges. 19. Canal system (develop due to folding of inner walls) are of following types : (i) Ascon type : e. g., Leucosolenia (simple and colonial) Incoming water spongocoel outside ostia osculum The ostia are intracellular spaces found within a tube like cell called porocyte. The choanocytes line the spongocoel. (ii) Sycon type: e. g., Scypha/ Sycon (mostly colonial). The choanocytes line the radial canals only. Incoming water ostia Incurrent canal prosopyle Radial canal/ flagellated canal apopyle Spongocoel Outside osculum (iii) Leucon type : e. g., Spongilla (fresh water sponge). This is transformed from a stage called rhagon type (found during larval stage).

17 Phylum : Porifera 17 This phylum is divided into following 3 classes: Class 1. Calcarea/Calcispongiae: Shallow sea water. Calcareous spicules. Spicules mono-,tri- or quadriradiate. Radially symmetrical and vase-like body. e.g., (i) Leucosolenia (ii) Scypha/Sycon (urn sponge-larva: amphiblastula) Class 3. Demospongiae: Mostly marine but some fresh water. Siliceous spicules or spongin fibres or both or none. Spicules if present then never 6-rayed. Asymmetrical body, often brightly coloured. e. g., (i) Euspongia (bath sponge: occurs frequently in Mediterranean seas). (ii) Cliona (boring sponge: harmful to pearl industry). (iii) Chalina (finger sponge) (iv) Spongilla (fresh water sponge). Oscula Fig. 1: Sycon Class 2. Hexactinellida/Hyalospongiae: Deep sea water. Siliceous spicules. Spicules typically 6-rayed. Radially symmetrical and vase-like body with root tufts of spicules at the base. e. g., (i) Hyalonema (glass rope sponge). (ii) Euplectella (Venus flower basket: presented as wedding gift in Japan to newly married couple). Root tuft Fig. 2: Euplectella Fig. 3: Spongilla Leucosolenia 1. Leucosolenia is simplest, marine, fixed (sessile), cylindrical and colonial sponge. 2. It is radially symmetrical and found in shallow sea water. 3. Its body cavity is called spongocoel or paragastric cavity, which has single large upper opening called osculum and numerous mouthlets called ostia. 4. Its mesenchyme has numerous irregular amoebocytes which may be of following types: Archaeocytes: undifferentiated totipotent cells that have the potency to develop into other type of cells. Chromocytes: pigment cells. Thesocytes: reserve food storing cells. Trophocytes: nutrient secreting or nurse cells. Myocytes: contractile, spindle-shaped cells found around osculum. Scleroblasts (calcoblast): spicules forming cells. Gland cells: slimy substance secreting cells. Sex cells: gamete forming cells (derived from archaeocytes), only during breeding season. 5. Spicules present in mesenchyme as skeleton, composed of calcium carbonate. 6. Spicules are monoaxon, tri- and quadriradiate. The tri-radiate spicules are most common.

18 18 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Zygote Hollow/coeloblastula Monaxons Triradiates Tetraradiates Fig. 4: Spicules of Leucosolenia 7. It has asconoid type of canal system and path of water current is: ostia spongocoel osculum. Osculum Water current Ostia Spongocoel Water current Fig. 5: Asconoid canal system 8. Nutrition is holozoic and digestion is intracellular. 9. Choanocytes or collar cells or flagellated cells maintain the water current and ingest the food particles. 10. It is monoecious, i. e., male and female gametes are formed in the same individual. 11. It reproduces asexually by external budding and sexually by normal syngamy. 12. Fertilization internal, cleavage holoblastic and equal with indirect development. Stereogastrula Free swimming parenchymula larva 13. Its adult is fixed (sedentary) but larva is free swimming. Gemmulation: Internal budding during unfavourable condition is called gemmulation, formed by fresh water sponges such as Spongilla. Spicules Micropyle Fig. 6: Gemmule Archaeocytes Gemmule is a mass of archaeocytes (totipotent cells) surrounded by protective covering. On return of favourable condition, it develops into new sponge.

19 Phylum : Porifera 19 Selected Objective Questions Introduction and Characters 1. According to 5- kingdom system, first phylum is (a) Protozoa (b) Ctenophora (c) Platyhelminthes (d) Porifera 2. Who gave the name phylum Porifera? (a) Linnaeus (b) Gegenbaur (c) Goldfuss (d) Robert Grant 3. Animal nature of sponge was established by: (a) Wilson (b) Trembley (c) Ellias (d) Goldfuss 4. Which type of organization found in sponges? (a) Protoplasmic grade (b) Cellular grade (c) Tissue grade (d) Organ grade 5. Which of the following are multicellular grade organisms but without tissues? (a) Sponges (b) Coelenterates (c) Vertebrates (d) Prokaryotes 6. A metazoa without tissue organization is called: (a) parazoa (b) protozoa (c) eumetazoa (d) dermatozoa 7. The study of sponges is called : (a) Protozoology (b) Parazoology (c) Nematology (d) Helminthology 8. Animals devoid of respiratory, excretory and circulatory organs are : (a) Liver fluke (b) Tapeworms (c) Threadworms (d) Sponges 9. Sponges have : (a) Radial symmetry (b) Asymmetry (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Biradial symmetry 10. Sponges were classified with plants till the discovery of : (a) Spongocoel (b) Spicules (c) Osculum (d) Water circulation through body 11. Sponges are : (a) Monoblastic (b) Diploblastic (c) Triploblastic (d) Pseudoblastic 12. Sponges are : (a) Pelagic (b) Free-swimming (c) Planktonic (d) Sessile 13. Sponge is a : (a) Surface feeder (b) Bottom feeder (c) Filter feeder (d) Herbivorous 14. The term ostia is associated with : (a) Insecta (b) Porifera (c) Protozoa (d) Coelenterata 15. Which is the inhalent aperture in a sponge? (a) Prosopyle (b) Apopyle (c) Osculum (d) Ostium 16. Which structure in a sponge corresponds to mouth of other animals? (a) Ostia (b) Osculum (c) Incurrent canal (d) Excurrent canal 17. Mesohyl is found in : (a) Parazoa (b) Ctenophora (c) Platyhelminthes (d) Echinodermata 18. Amoebocytes are found in : (a) Parazoa (b) Ctenophora (c) Platyhelminthes (d) Annelida 19. The term Porifera means : (a) Spiny skinned animals (b) Nematocyst bearing animals (c) Pore bearer animals (d) Flat and triploblastic animals 20. Phylum Porifera does not include : (a) diploblastic animals (b) choanocyte bearing sponges (c) animals with tissue grade (d) fixed animals without locomotion 21. Members of phylum Porifera are : (a) exclusively marine animals (b) exclusively freshwater animals (c) mostly freshwater animals but few marine animals (d) mostly marine animals but few freshwater animals 1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (d)

20 20 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 22. Pore bearer animals are kept in phylum Porifera, which? (a) are exclusively marine (b) are mostly radially symmetrical (c) are devoid of skeleton (d) are provided with collar cells 23. Consider the following four characteristics (A-D) and select the correct pair of them as characters of phylum Porifera. (A) Sponges are mostly marine and generally asymmetrical (B) Primitive multicellular with cellular grade of organization (C) Choanocytes always line the spongocoel and ostium (D) Digestion intracellular and sexes separate (a) (B) and (D) (b) (A) and (B) (c) (C) and (D) (d) (A) and (C) 24. Which of the following character is universally present in all sponges? (a) Marine habitat (b) Presence of spicules (c) Spongocoel (d) Presence of spongin fibres 25. Sponges are characterized by : (a) Choanocytes (b) Canal system (c) One exit and numerous mouthlets (d) All of the above 26. The sponges have all of the following features in common except : (a) ostia spongocoel osculum (b) larva free swimming but adult sessile (c) choanocytes and canal system (d) diploblastic and nematocyst 27. Collar cells are characteristic of : (a) Sponges (b) Earthworms (c) Roundworms (d) Acornworms 28. Which is a collared cell? (a) Scleroblast (b) Silicoblast (c) Chromocyte (d) Choanocyte 29. Which of the following cells are found only in sponges? (a) Choanocytes (b) Interstitial cells (c) Sex cells (d) Totipotent cells 30. Most important character of all sponges is : (a) Coelenteron (b) Herbivorous nutrition (c) Choanocytes (d) Sexual reproduction 31. Flagellated cells in sponges are called : (a) Thesocytes (b) Porocytes (c) Choanocytes (d) Pinacocytes 32. Cells which create water current and ingest food in sponges are : (a) Trophocytes (b) Pinacocytes (c) Porocytes (d) Choanocytes 33. Choanocytes are: (a) Ectodermal (b) Mesodermal (c) Endodermal (d) Interstitial cells 34. The epidermis of sponges is composed of : (a) Pinacocytes (b) Archaeocytes (c) Trophocytes (d) Choanocytes 35. Pinacocytes are : (a) Ectodermal (b) Mesodermal (c) Endodermal (d) Interstitial cells 36. Skeleton or spicules producing cells in sponges are? (a) Myocytes (b) Scleroblasts (c) Osteocytes (d) Chondrocytes 37. Which one is not a name for sponge spicules? (a) Axon (b) Monaxon (c)triaxon (d)tetraxon 38. The cells found around osculum in sponge are : (a) Archaeocytes (b) Pinacocytes (c) Choanocytes (d) Myocytes 39. The inter-communicating cavities in the body of a sponge constitute : (a) Canal system (b) Circulating system (c) Mesenchyme (d) Watervascular system 40. Porocytes are special cells for the passage of : (a) Excretory products within body of flatworms (b) Sweat upon surface of mammalian epidermis (c) Incoming water current in the body of sponges (d) Outgoing water current on top of sponges 41. Paragastric cavity of sponges is lined by : (a) Amoebocytes (b) Chromocytes (c) Choanocytes (d) Pinacocytes 42. Find out the evolutionary sequence of canal system in sponges: (a) Sycon, Ascon, Leucon (b) Leucon, Sycon, Ascon (c) Ascon, Sycon, Leucon (d) Sycon, Leucon, Ascon 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c) 31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (c) 41. (c) 42. (c)

21 Phylum : Porifera The simplest type of canal system in Porifera is : (a) Sycon type (b) Ascon type (c) Radial type (d) Leucon type 44. The spongocoel of asconoid sponge is lined with : (a) porocytes (b) choanocytes (c) amoebocytes (d) spicules 45. In ascon type of canal system, choanocytes are present in : (a) Incurrent canals (b) Radial canals (c) Excurrent canals (d) Spongocoel 46. Radial canal in sycon type of canal system is lined by : (a) Pinacocytes (b) Collencytes (c) Choanocytes (d) Porocytes 47. In syconoid sponges, incoming water from incurrent canal to radial canal passes through: (a) Ostia (b) Apopyle (c) Prosopyle (d) Osculum 48. In syconoid sponges, radial canal opens into spongocoel through: (a) Ostia (b) Apopyle (c) Prosopyle (d) Osculum 49. The chief nitrogenous waste of the sponges is : (a) Urea (b) Ammonia (c) Uric acid (d) Carbon dioxide 50. Which of the following cells in sponges is concerned with storage of reserve food material? (a) Pinacocytes (b) Choanocytes (c) Thesocytes (d) Archaeocytes 51. Nurse cells in sponges are : (a) Thesocytes (b) Trophocytes (c)myocytes (d)scleroblasts 52. Ingestion in sponge occurs by : (a) Pinacocytes (b) Archaeocytes (c) Trophocytes (d) Choanocytes 53. Digestion in sponges is : (a) Only intracellular (b) First intracellular, then extracellular (c) Only extracellular (d) First extracellular, then intracellular 54. Which type of cells is capable of giving rise to other types in sponges? (a) Collencytes (b) Pinacocytes (c) Archaeocytes (d) Thesocytes 55. In sponges, sperms and ova arise from : (a) Archaeocytes (b) Choanocytes (c) Collencytes (d) Spongioblasts 56. Totipotent cells of sponges are : (a) Chromocytes (b) Myocytes (c) Thesocytes (d) Archaeocytes 57. Solitary, hypothetical ancestral stage of sponge is: (a) Rhagon (b) Leucon (c) Helianthus (d) Olynthus 58. Larval stage is active, but adult is fixed in: (a) Hydra (b) Snail (c) Honeybee (d) Sponge 59. Flagellated larva of sponges is : (a) Amphiblastula (b) Planaria (c) Planula (d) Hydrula 60. Larval stage of sponge is : (a) morphologically distinct from adult (b) morphologically similar to adult (c) fixed (d) multicoloured 61. Fresh water sponges form internal asexual product during unfavourable condition called: (a) Planula (b) Buds (c) Branches (d) Gemmule 62. The gemmules of sponges contain : (a) Pinacocytes (b) Archaeocytes (c) Choanocytes (d) Thesocytes 63. Gemmule formation in sponges is helpful in : (a) Respiration (b) Sexual reproduction (c) Digestion (d) Asexual reproduction 64. The phenomenon of regeneration in sponges was observed and demonstrated by: (a) Wilson (b) Aristotle (c) Trembley (d) Grant Classification and Examples 65. Classification of phylum Porifera is primarily based on : (a) Canal system (b) Spicules (c) Symmetry (d) Branching 66. Siliceous spicules (a) occur in class Hyalospongiae (b) may found in class Demospongiae (c) cannot occur in class Calcarea (d) all of these 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (d) 46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (c) 51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (a) 54. (c) 55. (a) 56. (d) 57. (d) 58. (d) 59. (a) 60. (a) 61. (d) 62. (b) 63. (d) 64. (a) 65. (b) 66. (d)

22 22 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 67. Siliceous spicules are (a) never 6-rayed in Demospongiae (b)not 6-rayed in Hexactinellida (c) found in Calcarea (d)not found n Porifera 68. Asymmetrical sponges mostly occur in: (a) Scyphozoa (b) Demospongiae (c) Calcarea (d) Anthozoa 69. Spongin fibres are present in : (a) Calcarea (b) Demospongiae (c) Hyalospongiae (d) Cnidaria 70. Fresh water sponges are kept in class : (a) Hydrozoa (b) Hexactinellida (c) Demospongiae (d) Calcarea 71. Which of the following is a freshwater sponge? (a) Spongilla (b) Euplectella (c) Sycon (d) Hyalonema 72. Leucon type of canal system is found in : (a) Sycon (b) Euplectella (c) Spongilla (d) Leucosolenia 73. Scypha belongs to class : (a) Scyphozoa (b) Hexactinellida (c) Calcarea (d) Demospongiae 74. The common name of Scypha is : (a) Leaf sponge (b) Bath sponge (c) Urn sponge (d) Glass rope sponge 75. Sycon belongs to a group of animals, which are best described as? (a) unicellular or acellular (b) multicellular with a gastrovascular system (c) multicellular without any tissue organization (d) multicellular with any tissue organization 76. In Sycon which one is not correct? (a) Choanocytes line the spongocoel (b) Apopyle is present between flagellated canal and spongocoel (c) Spongocoel is present between apopyle and osculum (d) Prosopyle is present between incurrent canal and radial canal 77. Venus Flower Basket is the name of : (a) Leucosolenia (b) Euplectella (c) Sycon (d) Euspongia 78. Which one of the following sponges is famous for the beauty of skeleton? (a) Pheretima (b) Leucosolenia (c) Euspongia (d) Euplectella 79. An example of class Hexactinellida is : (a) Spongilla (b) Euplectella (c) Grantia (d) Leucosolenia 80. Euplectella belongs to class : (a) Calcarea (b) Hexactinellida (c) Scyphozoa (d) Demospongiae 81. Glass rope sponges belong to the class : (a) Hyalospongiae (b) Calcispongiae (c) Demospongiae (d) Sclerospongiae 82. The generic name of glass rope sponge is : (a) Spongilla (b) Hyalonema (c) Sycon (d) Euplectella 83. Which pair of sponges have vase-like body with root tufts of spicules at the base? (a) Scypha and Leucosolenia (b) Euplectella and Hyalonema (c) Hyalonema and Cliona (d) Spongilla and Euspongia 84. Six-rayed spicules are found in : (a) Olynthus (b) Leucosolenia (c) Euplectella (d) Demospongiae 85. Bath sponge is : (a) Hyalonema (b) Cliona (c) Euspongia (d) Spongilla 86. A sponge harmful to oyster industry is : (a) Cliona (b) Euspongia (c) Hyalonema (d) Spongilla 87. Boring sponge is : (a) Chalina (b) Cliona (c) Hyalonema (d) Spongilla 88. Which one of the following is a correct matching with animals and thier common names? (a) Euplectella : fresh water sponge (b) Hyalonema : bath sponge (c) Cliona : glass rope sponge (d) Sycon : urn sponge 89. One of the following is not a sponge : (a) Asterias (b) Scypha (c) Cliona (d) Hyalonema Leucosolenia 90. Which one of these is a calcareous sponge? (a) Leucosolenia (b) Hyalonema (c) Euspongia (d) Euplectella 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (b) 70. (c) 71. (a) 72. (c) 73. (c) 74. (c) 75. (c) 76. (a) 77. (b) 78. (d) 79. (b) 80. (b) 81. (a) 82. (b) 83. (b) 84. (c) 85. (c) 86. (a) 87. (b) 88. (d) 89. (a) 90. (a)

23 Phylum : Porifera To which one of the following classes, Leucosolenia belongs : (a) Calcarea (b) Hexactinellida (c) Demospongiae (d) Scyphozoa 92. A simplest sponge is : (a) Leucosolenia (b) Euspongia (c) Cliona (d)spongilla 93. Leucosolenia is found in : (a) Fresh water (b) Deep sea water (c) Pond water (d) Shallow sea water 94 Leucosolenia is: (a) Free-living, solitary and marine (b) Sessile, solitary and marine (c) Sessile, colonial and marine (d) Sessile, colonial and freshwater 95. Leucosolenia is: (a) Radially symmetrical and cylindrical (b) Radially symmetrical and spherical (c) Asymmetrical and spherical (d) Bilaterally symmetrical and cylindrical 96. Leucosolenia is not : (a) a member of class Calcarea (b) the simplest sponge (c) having free larval stage (d) having spicules of spongin fibres 97. In Leucosolenia, spicules are formed by: (a) Calcoblasts (b) Silicoblasts (c) Spinoblasts (d) Spongioblasts 98. Spicules of Leucosolenia occur : (a) throughout the body (b) in outer pinacoderm (c) in inner choanoderm (d) in middle mesohyl 99. Most abundant spicules in Leucosolenia is : (a) Axon (b) Monaxon (c) Triaxon (d) Tetraxon 100. Exit for water current in Leucosolenia is : (a) Aboral pore (b) Ostium (c) Osculum (d) Cloaca 101. Digestive medium in Leucosolenia is: (a) First acidic then alkaline (b) First alkaline then acidic (c) Only acidic (d) Only alkaline 102. Digestion in Leucosolenia is : (a) Only extracellular (b) First extracellular, then intracellular (c) Only intracellular (d) First intracellular, then extracellular 103. Which is the correct sequence of the path of water current flowing through Leucosolenia? (a) Ostium spongocoel osculum (b) Osculum spongocoel ostium (c) Osculum ostium spongocoel (d) Spongocoel osculum ostium 104. Sponges like Leucosolenia need a continuous current of water flowing through their bodies for : (a) Respiration (b) Respiration and excretion (c) Respiration, excretion and reproduction (d) Respiration, excretion, nutrition and reproduction 105. Locomotion is not known to occur in : (a) Earthworm (b) Leucosolenia (c) Maggot (d) Amoeba 106. Slimy substance secreting cell in Leucosolenia is : (a) Pinacocytes (b) Archaeocytes (c) Trophocytes (d) Gland cells 107. Function of thesocytes in Leucosolenia is : (a) As embryonic reserve (b) As sex cells (c) Food storage (d) Secretion of slime 108. Which of the following cell of Leucosolenia sponge is self replicating and capable of giving rise to all other types of cells? (a) amoebocyte (b) chromocyte (c) choanocyte (d) thesocyte 109. Main process of asexual reproduction in sponge is : (a) Budding (b) Multiple fission (c) Formation of reduction bodies (d) Budding, fragmentation and regeneration 110. Find out incorrect matching : (a) Gland cell: slimy substance secreting cell (b) Sex cells: gamete forming cell (c) Chromocyte: food storing cell (d) Myocyte: contractile cell 111. Leucosolenia differs from Amoeba in having : (a) holozoic nutrition (b) intracellular digestion (c) chemical exchange by diffusion through cell membrane (d) internal and cross fertilization 91. (a) 92. (a) 93. (d) 94. (c) 95. (a) 96. (d) 97. (a) 98. (d) 99. (c) 100. (c) 101. (a) 102. (c) 103. (a) 104. (d) 105. (b) 106. (d) 107. (c) 108. (a) 109. (d) 110. (c) 111. (d)

24 24 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 3 Phylum : Coelenterata 1. Cnidology : Study of coelenterates. 2. Leuckart established the phylum Coelenterata. 3. More better name is Cnidaria (term given by Barnes) due to the presence of cnidoblasts or stinging cells. 4. Radially symmetrical. 5. Tissue grade of body organization. 6. Diploblastic : (a) outer epidermis (b) inner gastrodermis A mesogloea is found between these two layers, which is non- cellular in most of the cases but cellular in advanced forms. 7. Body with a gastrovascular cavity or coelenteron. 8. All aquatic, mostly marine. 9. Nematocysts (occur in epidermis) are concerned with food capture, defence and attachment. 10. Nerve net without brain. 11. Body polymorphic or dimorphic (i. e., polyp and medusa). The asexual polyp alters the sexual medusa (metagenesis). It means polyp produces medusa asexually and medusa produces polyp sexually. 12. Basis of classification : zooids i. e., polyp and medusa. This phylum is divided into following 3 classes:- Class 1. Hydrozoa: Mostly marine but some fresh water. Polyp and medusa both present. Polyp has manubrium. Gonads ectodermal. e. g., (i) Hydra (solitary polyp of fresh water) (ii) Obelia (sea fur) colonial; having statocyst for balance (iii) Physalia (Portuguese man of war) Dactylozooid Class 2. Scyphozoa: Exclusively marine. Medusoid generation prominent. Fig. 1: Physalia Fig. 2: Aurelia Pneumatophore Gonozooid Gastrozooid Reduced polyp has manubrium. Gonads endodermal. e. g., Aurelia medusa (jelly fish / moon fish bioluminescent; larva ephyra).

25 25 Phylum : Coelenterata Class 3. Anthozoa/Actinozoa: Exclusively marine. Polypoid generation prominent. v Manubrium absent. v Gastrovascular cavity is divided into compartments by mesenteries. v Gonads endodermal and develop on mesenteries. e. g., (i) Tubipora (organ pipe coral) (ii) Meandrina (brain coral) (iii) Metridium (sea anemone) (iv) Adamsia / polyp (sea anemone) (v) Pennatula (sea pen) (vi) Gorgonia (sea fan) v v Important points: 1. Siphonophora is an order of class Hydrozoa which shows well marked polymorphism i. e., occurrence of several zooids e. g., Helistemma Physalia, Velella (sail by the wind/ the little sail) and Porpita. 2. Commensalism is an association between two organisms in which one receives benefits without causing harm to other. If both organisms in an association are benefited then it is called mutualism and protocooperation. In mutualism, both organisms are benefited and is obligatory for survival but it is not obligatory in protocooperation. One excellent example of protocooperation is sea anemone (Adamsia) attached to hermit crab (Eupagurus). The sea anemone often grows on gastropod shell inhabited by hemit crab. Mouth Tentacles Anemone Anemone Hermit crab Gastropod shell Fig. 3: Commensalism between sea anemone and hermit crab 3. Coral is a calcareous and hard protective exoskeleton of colonial coelenterates and are formed by Anthozoa e. g., (a) Corallium (red coral) (b) Alcyonium (dead man s finger) (c) Fungia (mushroom coral) 4. Coral reef is a ridge of limestones of calcium carbonate formed by corals. It is of 3 types. (a) Fringing reef : formed at low depth of sea near the shore. (b) Barrier reef : formed away from the sea coast. (c) Atoll reef : formed at higher depth of the sea (lagoon island). Hydra 1. It was discovered by Leeuwenhoek (1703) but fully described by Trembley (1744). 2. Linnaeus (1758) gave the term Hydra. 3. Important Indian species are: (a) Hydra vulgaris : colourless. (b) H. oligactis (Pelmatohydra oligactis) : brown. (c) H. viridis (Chlorohydra viridissima) : green. 4. Chlorohydra viridissima is called green hydra. It is green due to symbiotic association with a green alga Chlorella vulgaris (occurs in nutritive muscular cells). 5. Hydra is a solitary polyp (medusa absent) found in fresh water of ponds, lakes etc. 6. Mouth anterior on manubrium or hypostome (most sensitive and regenerative part). Its cylindrical body has 6-10 hollow tentacles. 7. Its epidermis has numerous cnidoblasts / cnidocytes / nematoblasts / stinging cells found abundantly on tentacles but absent in pedal disc. These are concerned with offence and defence, food capture andlocomotion. It has a sensory bristle called trigger needle or cnidocil and a sac called stinging capsule or nematocyst (part of cell).the nematocyst is filled with a poisonous fluid hypnotoxin (protein + phenol). 8. Unpolarized nerve cells of epidermis in Hydra form the nerve net but there is no brain. 9. Interstitial cells are the undifferented totipotent cells found mainly in epidermis but also in gastrodermis. 10. Hydra is carnivorous and feeds the prey having glutathione such as crustaceans (Cyclops and Daphnia /water flea). 11. Excretion : ammonotelic ; excretion and respiration both occur by diffusion through general body surface. Undigested food is removed by mouth. 12. Hydra has great power of regeneration and potentially immortal (expt. by Trembley). 13. Cleavage is holoblastic and equal and gastrulation occurs by delamination. Young Hydra emerges from encysted gastrula through a process called hatching (no larva and no metamorphosis).

26 26 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Selected Objective Questions Introduction and Characters 1. Study of coelenterates is known as: (a) Arthrology (b) Nidology (c) Cnidology (d) Splanchnology 2. Which type of organization is found in Cnidaria? (a) Protoplasmic grade (b) Cellular grade (c) Tissue grade (d) Organ grade 3. Coelenterates are : (a) Diploblastic (b) Triploblastic (c) Monoblastic (d) Pseudoblastic 4. The term Coelenterata was coined by : (a) Linnaeus (b) Leuckart (c) Gegenbaur (d) Grant 5. Coelenterates are : (a) Unicellular (b) Multicellular (c) Parazoans (d) Acellular 6. Coelenterates are : (a) Aquatic (b) Terrestrial (c) Marine (d) Freshwater 7. Asexual polyp alternates the sexual medusa, occurs in phylum : (a) Parazoa (b) Ctenophora (c) Cnidaria (d) Echinodermata 8. Which one of the following is found only in phylum Coelenterata? (a) Mesogloea (b) Archaeocytes (c) Nematocysts (d) Choanocytes 9. Which one first appeared in phylum Coelenterata? (a) Organ (b) Tissue (c) Cell (d) Coelom 10. Highest degree of polymorphism is found in : (a) Protozoa (b) Cnidaria (c) Arthropoda (d) Platyhelminthes 11. Primitive nervous system is found in : (a) Sponge (b) Annelida (c) Echinodermata (d) Cnidaria 12. Consider the following four characteristics (A-D) and select the correct pair of them as characters of phylum Coelenterata : (A)These are mostly marine and radially symmetrical (B)Triploblastic with tissue grade of organization (C)They show 2 body forms namely polyp and medusa (D)They have a gastrovascular cavity with mouth and anus as its openings (a) (B), (D) (b) (A), (D) (c) (A), (C) (d) (B), (C) 13. Nerve cell of coelenterates is : (a) Apolar (b) Unipolar (c) Bipolar (d) Multipolar 14. Coelenterates are : (a) Ureotelic (b) Uricotelic (c) Ammonotelic (d) Aminotelic 15. Which group does not contain polyp? (a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa (c) Anthozoa (d) Calcarea 16. Cnidarians have : (a) Nematoblasts (b) Coelenteron (c) Tissue organization (d) All of these 17. Characteristic feature of phylum Coelenterata is: (a) All are marine (b) Presence of tentacles around mouth (c) Polyp (d) Gastrovascular cavity 18. Blind sac body plan is shown by : (a) Annelids (b) Arthropods (c) Coelenterates (d) Roundworms 19. Alternation of asexual and sexual phases in the life cycle of certain coelenterates is called : (a) Polymorphism (b) Metagenesis (c) Regeneration (d) Alternation of generation 20. Symmetry in Cnidaria is : (a) radial (b) bilateral (c) spherical (d) pentamerous 21. Mesogloea is seen in between : (a) ectoderm and endoderm (b) ectoderm and mesoderm (c) mesoderm and endoderm (d) just below mesoderm 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (a)

27 Phylum : Coelenterata Which one of the following is a correct statements about Cnidarians? (a) Asexual polyp alters the sexual medusa (b) Asexual medusa alters the sexual polyp (c) Polyp produces medusa sexually (d) Medusa produces polyp asexually Classification and Examples 23. Fresh water coelenterates are kept in class : (a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa (c) Anthozoa (d) Calcarea 24. Which one of the following classes exhibit polymorphism? (a) Calcarea (b) Hydrozoa (c) Polychaete (d) Scyphozoa 25. Most of the members of which one of the following classes have both polypoid and medusoid generation? (a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa (c) Anthozoa (d) Calcarea 26. Gastrovascular cavity is divided into compartments by mesenteries in : (a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa (c) Anthozoa (d) Calcarea 27. A sea anemone was found growing on gastropod shell inhabited by a hermit crab. This type of animal association is : (a) Symbiosis (b) Commensalism (c) Competition (d) Neutralism 28. The association between sea anemone and hermit crab is actually : (a) Commensalism (b) Protocooperation (c) Neutralism (d) Mutualism 29. Which of the following is a probable reason for the association between hermit crab and sea anemone? (a) Sea anemone cannot live without the hermit crab (b) Hermit crab cannot live without the sea anemone (c) Hermit crab gets benefit of protection by sea anemone (d) Both are competing to occupy the empty shell 30. Siphonophora is an order of phylum : (a) Protozoa (b) Cnidaria (c) Porifera (d) Annelida 31. Sea anemone is a member of class : (a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa (c) Anthozoa (d) Calcarea 32. One of the following is a coelenterate : (a) Sea Fan (b) Sea Dollar (c) Sea Cucumber (d) Sea Horse 33. Sea fan is : (a) Pennatula (b) Gorgonia (c) Porpita (d) Velella 34. Pennatula is : (a) Sea Fan (b) Sea Pen (c) Sea Star (d) Sea Flower 35. Sea fur is : (a) Hydra (b) Obelia (c) Adamsia (d) Gorgonia 36. A colonial hydrozoan is : (a) Hydra (b) Metridium (c) Aurelia (d) Obelia 37. Statocysts, concerned with equilibrium occur in : (a) Paramecium (b) Obelia (c) Earthworm (d) Cockroach 38. Metagenesis is found in : (a) Hydra (b) Obelia (c) Aurelia (d) Tubipora 39. Which is a fresh water cnidarian? (a) Hydra (b) Leucosolenia (c) Dugesia (d) Spongilla 40. Polymorphic animal is : (a) Physalia (b) Hydra (c) Tubipora (d) Metridium 41. A polymorphic coelenterate is : (a) Porpita (b) Velella (c) Physalia (d) All of these 42. Which one of the following is known as Portuguese man-of-war? (a) Obelia (b) Aurelia (c) Platypus (d) Physalia 43. Portuguese man-of-war is a : (a) Coral (b) Sea anemone (c) Polymorphic coelenterate (d) Sedentary coelenterate 44. Which of these is a bioluminescent? (a) Cuttlefish (b) Physalia (c) Jelly fish (d) All of these 45. Scyphozoan medusa is commonly known as : (a) Sea Pen (b) Jelly Fish (c) Obelia (d) Sea Urchin 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (a) 41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (b)

28 28 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 46. An example of class Scyphozoa is : (a) cat fish (b) jelly fish (c) silver fish (d) cuttle fish 47. The jelly fish is classified under the phylum : (a) Protozoa (b) Ctenophora (c) Cnidaria (d) Echinodermata 48. In which coelenterate the medusoid form is predominant while polyp form is reduced or absent? (a) Physalia (b) Aurelia (c) Metridium (d) Madrepora 49. Ephyra is young stage of : (a) Obelia (b) Sea Anemone (c) Physalia (d) Aurelia 50. Which one is not a coelenterate? (a) Sea Fan (b) Sea Fur (c) Sea Cucumber (d) Sea pen 51. Polyp (a) and medusa occur in all cnidarians (b) is represented by Aurelia (c) is represented by Physalia (d) is Hydra and medusa is Aurelia 52. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched? (a) Hydra : Actinozoa (b) Sea Anemone : Anthozoa (c) Beroe : Ctenophora (d) Jelly fish : Scyphozoa Coral and Coral Reef 53. Corals belong to phylum : (a) Cnidaria (b) Porifera (c) Mollusca (d) Annelida 54. A coral island with a central shallow lake/lagoon island is known as : (a) Lagoon (b) Atoll (c) Coral reef (d) All of these 55. Coral reef is formed of : (a) Larva (b) Limestone (c) Chitin (d) Siliceous matter 56. A barrier reef develops: (a) Near sea shore (b) Deep in sea (c) At some distance from sea shore (d) Around a lagoon 57. Pennatula and Gorgonia are: (a) Hydrozoans (b) Scyphozoans (c) Corals (d) Ctenophores 58. Organ Pipe Coral is : (a) Tubipora (b) Astraea (c) Heliopora (d) Fungia 59. Common name of Fungia is : (a) Mushroom Coral (b) Red Coral (c) Brain Coral (d) Organ Pipe Coral 60. Which of the following possesses a hard exoskeleton formed by calcium carbonate? (a) Physalia (b) Aurelia (c) Corallium (d) Hydra 61. Which one of the following is correctly matched? (a) Alcyonium : Dead man's finger (b) Meandrina : Sea Anemone (c) Tubipora : Red coral (d) Porpita : Mushroom coral Hydra 62. Hydra is : (a) Monoblastic (b) Diploblastic (c) Triploblastic (d) Tetrablastic 63. Fresh water polyp is : (a) Hydra (b) Aurelia (c) Physalia (d) Obelia 64. The name Hydra was given by : (a) Ellias (b) Aristotle (c) Linnaeus (d) Trembley 65. Hydra : (a) is not found in fresh water (b) is represented by solitary polyp (c) does not have radially symmetrical body (d) is mostly bisexual 66. Undigested food of Hydra is expelled from : (a) Mouth (b) Anus (c) General surface (d) Hypostome 67. An association mutually beneficial to both partners is represented by : (a) Hydra and water fleas (b) Zoochlorella and Hydra (c) Earthworm and farmer (d) Honeybee and man 68. Hydra has how many types of nematoblasts? (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) Larva of Hydra is : (a) Hydrula (b) Planula (c) Ephyra (d) Absent 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (d) 50. (c) 51. (d) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (b) 55. (b) 56. (c) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (c) 61. (a) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (b) 66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (c) 69. (d)

29 Phylum : Ctenophora 29 4 Phylum : Ctenophora 1. This is a minor phylum of marine animals and include sea walnuts or comb jellies. 2. Tissue grade of organization but without nematocysts. 3. Diploblastic and biradially symmetrical (bilateral + radial).these are intermediate between diploblastic and triploblastic in body structures and have more similarities with coelenterates. 4. It has jelly-like mesogloea that contains nerve fibres, muscle cells and amoebocytes. 5. Its most peculiar feature is the presence of ciliated 8-comb like plates for locomotion. 6. In order to capture prey, ctenophores (comb bearer) have sticky cells called called colloblasts. 7. Digestion both extracellular and intracellular. 8. Bioluminescent, hermaphroditic and reproduces only through sexual means. 9. Fertilization external and development : indirect through cydippid larva. e. g., Ctenoplana Beroe Velamen (venus girdle) Pleurobrachia Fig. 1: Pleurobrachia

30 30 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Selected Objective Questions 1. Ctenophore is characterized by the presence of (a) medusa (b) mesogloea (c) nematoblast (d) colloblast 2. Ctenophores are best defined as (a) diploblastic, tissue grade and biradially symmetrical (b) triploblastic, tissue grade and radially symmetrical (c) diploblastic, organ grade and biradially symmetrical (d) comb jellies with nematoblasts and colloblasts 3. Which one is true for Ctenophores? (a) triploblastic (b) nematocyst (c) diploblastic (d) organ grade 4. The members of phylum Ctenophora move about by means of (a) fin flexing (b) muscle contraction (c) comb plates (d) planktonic currents 5. Comb plates of Ctenophores possess : (a) Cilia for locomotion (b) Cilia for filter feeding (c) Teeth for crushing (d) Teeth for filtering 6. Animals of which one of the following phyla have combined bilateral and radial symmetry? (a) Porifera (b) Coelenterata (c) Ctenophora (d) Rotifera 7. Intermediate between diploblastic and triploblastic body structure is found in : (a) Porifers (b) Coelenterates (c) Ctenophores (d) Flatworms 8. Biradial symmetry and lack of cnidoblasts are the characteristics of : (a) Hydra and starfish (b) Ctenoplana and Beroe (c) Aurelia and Paramecium (d) Starfish and sea anemone 9. What is present in mesogloea of Ctenophores which makes it a loose layer of cells? (a) Amoebocytes (b) Elastic cells (c) Nerve cells and muscle cells (d) All of the above 10. Which is absent in Ctenophores? (a) Epidermis (b) Intercellular and intracellular digestion (c) Cnidoblasts (d) Mesogloea 11. Symmetry of Ctenophores is generally : (a) Bilateral (b) Radial (c) Biradial (d) Absent 12. Ctenophores are found in: (a) marine water (b) fresh water (c) aerial habitat (d) terrestrial habitat 13. Ctenophores include : (a) sea walnuts (b) sea cucumbers (c) sea horses (d) all of the above 14. Which of the following is called venus girdle? (a) Physalia (b) Velamen (c) Ctenoplana (d) Beroe 15. Find out the ctenophores: (a) Velamen (b) Beroe (c) Ctenoplana (d) all of these 16. Ctenophores are : (a) hermaphroditic (b) neotenic forms (c) unisexual forms (d) asexual forms 17. In Ctenophores, reproduction occurs only by : (a) sexual means (b) asexual means (c) regeneration (d) all of these 18. Larval stage in Ctenophoran development is : (a) Cydippid (b) Bipinnaria (c) Ephyra (d) Amphiblastula 19. Term applied both to cnidaria and Ctenophora is : (a) Bilateral (b) Radiate (c) Medusa (d) Ephyra 20. Ctenophores differ from coelenterates in having : (a) biradially symmetrical body (b) tissue grade of organisation (c) direct development (d) more similarities with flatworms 21. Ctenophores have similarities with members of : (a) Porifera (b) Coelenterata (c) Arthropoda (d) Annelida 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17 (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (b)

31 Phylum : Platyhelminthes 31 5 Phylum : Platyhelminthes 1. Helminthology : study of helminths. 2. Gegenbaur gave the term Platyhelminthes. 3. These have dorsoventrally flattened body hence called flatworms (without skeleton). 4. Organ grade level of body organization with blind sac body plan. 5. Acoelomate, triploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical; body organs are packed with parenchyma or mesenchyme (mesodermal). The parenchyma acts as transport medium. 6. Mostly endoparasites of animals including human also. 7. Cephalization (differentiation of head) begins. 8. Excretion by flame cells or protonephridia or solenocytes. 9. Mostly hermaphroditic, fertilization internal with indirect development through many larval stages. 10. Basis of classification : habit and habitat. This phylum is divided into following 3 classes: Class 1. Turbellaria: Includes eddyworms. Free living without suckers. Body unsegmented with remarkable power of regeneration. Biflagellated sperms and ectolecithal egg. Development direct without any larval stage. e. g., Dugesia/Planaria Class 2. Trematoda: Includes flukes. Parasitic with suckers. Body unsegmented. Development indirect through one to many larval stages. e. g., (i) Fasciola (liver fluke). (ii) Schistosoma (blood fluke). Class 3. Cestoda: Includes tapeworms. Parasitic with suckers and hooks. Body pseudosegmented and divided into scolex, neck and strobila. Strobila consists of proglottids (immature, mature and gravid). Development indirect through one to many larval stages. e. g., Taenia and Echinococcus (tapeworms). Gravid proglottid Strobila Fig. 1: Tapeworm Scolex Planaria (Dugesia) 1. Aquatic and occurs in fresh water. 2. Gregorious (live in groups). 3. Cephalization starts in planarians. 4. It contains one pair of ocelli / eyes (photoreceptors). 5. Asexual reproduction occurs through transverse binary fission. 6. It is hermaphroditic, fertilization internal, development direct but cocoon formation occurs. 7. Cleavage spiral and determinate type. 8. It shows great power of regeneration and the method is morphallaxis.

32 32 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Eye Auricle however self fertilization may also occur. Fertilization internal. 8. Its larval stages are: miracidium sporocyst redia cercaria metacercaria Secretory gland Apical papilla Penetration gland Mouth Apical gland Nerve mass Pharynx Eyes Flame cell Germ ball Genital pore Excretory pore Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) 1. Digenetic endoparasite. 2. Primary host is sheep while secondary host is snail (Limnaea, Planorbis). 3. It shows both alternation of generation and alternation of host. 4. It has following 2 suckers concerned with attachment : (a) oral /anterior sucker. (b) ventral sucker / acetabulum Oral sucker Genital atrium Common genital pore Fig. 2: Planaria Mouth Acetabulum Cilia Fig. 4: Miracidium larva 9. The primary host gets infection through metacercaria while secondary host through miracidium. 10. Miracidium is free swimming, ciliated having apical papilla,apical gland,one pair pigmented eyes,one pair flame cells, penetration gland, brain and germ balls and is non-feeding stage. Mouth Pharynx Salivary gland Birth pore Collar Gut Cercaria larva Flame cells Excretory pore Fig. 3: Liver fluke 5. A single midventral genital pore is present between these two suckers and an excretory pore is located at posterior body end. 6. It has ootype complex and Laurer s canal as copulatory tube, Mehli s or shell glands but there is no anus. 7. Reproductive system is best developed as a parasitic adaptation. It has two testes and single ovary. It is hermaphroditic but due to protandry cross fertilization mostly occurs Germ ball Fig. 5: Redia larva Excretory pore Lappet 11. The redia has collar, lappets, birth pore, germ ball, cercaria is a tailed larva while metacercaria is encysted stage.

33 Phylum : Platyhelminthes It causes liver rot or cirrhosis /fascioliasis disease in sheep. Mouth Pharynx Oral sucker Flame cells Interstitial limb Tail Acetabulum Germ cell mass Cystogenous gland cells Excretory bladder Excretory pore Fig. 6: Cercaria larva Schistosoma (blood fluke) 1. Digenetic parasite. 2. Primary host is human while secondary host is snail. 3. It shows well marked sexual dimorphism, as the male has a gynaecophoric canal to lodge the female. 4. It causes schistosomiasis/bilharziasis disease. Taenia (tapeworm) 1. The body is opaque, elongated, dorso-ventrally flattened and ribbon-like; hence the name tapeworm. 2. Digenetic endoparasite. 3. Primary host is human (small intestine) while secondary host is pig for pork tapeworm (T.solium) and cattle for beef tapeworm (T.saginata). Former has rostellum and is armed (having hooks) while latter is unarmed and without rostellum. 4. Its pseudosegmented body is divided into scolex, neck and strobila. 5. The scolex is anterior most knob- like part of the size of pin head. It is a four- sided structure and consists of two parts: (a) Rostellar part: Rostellum is the proximal conical part provided with hooks in 2 circles. These hooks are of two different sizes and the smaller one alternates with the larger one. The rostellum is slightly retractile. (b) Distal four-sided part: It lies posterior to the rostellum having four cup-shaped suckers for attahment. One of them is dorsal, one ventral and two are lateral. Rostellum Hooks in two rows Oral sucker Oral sucker Acetabulum Testes Acetabulum Gynaecophoric canal lodging the female Intestine Female Tubercles Male Fig. 7: Male and female blood fluke Hooks Suckers Neck showing strobilation Fig. 8: Scolex 6. Neck is middle part having budding zone or region of proliferation from which new proglottids arise. 7. Strobila is main body consists of following three types of about proglottids: Immature proglottids (without reproductive organs). Mature proglottids (with reproductive organs). Gravid proglottids (with branched uterus having large number of fertilized eggs). 8. It has no digestive system hence alimentary canal is absent.

34 34 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 9. They absorb nutrients from host directly through body surface (integument). 10. The reproductive organs are segmentally repeated and each segment carries a complete set of male and female reproductive organs (i.e., hermaphrodite). Each mature proglottid has about 200 testes and a single bilobed ovary. Fertilization is internal (both self and cross). 11.The zygote passes into ootype where it becomes enclosed within a shell or capsule secreted by yolk shell. It passes to uterus for further development. This passing is assisted by secretion of lubricating material from. Mehlis gland (concerned with reproduction and development). 12. Zygote undergoes cleavage, when capsule is in uterus. After cleavage, zygote develops into morula. The onchoblasts of morula form three pairs of chitinous hooks. This 6-hooked embryo is called hexacanth and is surrounded by 2 hexacanth membranes. The hexacanth together with all surrounding membranes are called onchosphere larva. 13. The development of zygote up to the formation of onchosphere takes place inside the uterus of gravid proglottid. The further development is not possible inside the host body. The gravid proglottids detach from the body of the parasite and come out along with the host faeces. Separation of gravid proglottids from body is called apolysis.these infect the secondary host when pig feeds upon the contaminated faeces. 14. Numerous hexacanths are set free in the stomach, where the embryonic membranes of onchospheres are dissolved. 15. From stomach, it passes to intestine, liver then heart and enters the arterial circulation. It finally reaches the striped (voluntary) muscles of tongue, shoulder, neck, thigh and heart. 16. Hexacanth without hooks absorbs the nutrients from host and develops a bladder. An inverted scolex differentiates through invagination and the embryo at this stage is called bladder worm (cysticercus). 17. Further development of the bladder worm takes place only inside the definitive host. Infection of man occurs when inadequately cooked pork infected with bladder worms is eaten. 18.Its larval stages are: host through onchosphere.it has no free larval stages. 20. Bladderworm causes cysticercosis (more dangerous) while adult causes taeniasis (less dangerous) disease. Echinococcus (dog tapeworm / hydatid worm) 1. Digenetic parasite. 2. Primary host is dog, wolf, fox, cat, etc.while secondary host is cattle/sheep/goat. 4. Its adult has 3 parts : scolex, neck and strobila. 5. Strobila has usually three proglottids : (a) one immature proglottid (b) one mature proglottid (c) one gravid proglottid Scolex Neck Immature proglottid Uterus Ovary Gravid proglottid Branched uterus with eggs Scolex Fig. 9: Cysticercus larva Hooks Suckers Testes Cirrus sac Bladder Mature proglottid onchosphere (hexacanth)- bladderworm 19. The primary host gets infection through bladderworm (cysticercus) while secondary Fig. 10: Echinococcus granulosus

35 Phylum : Platyhelminthes 35 Selected Objective Questions Introduction and Characters 10. Which one of the following kinds of animals are 1. Platyhelminthes include: triploblastic? (a) Roundworms (b) Flatworms (a) Sponges (b) Ctenophores (c) Segmented worms (d) Unisexual worms (c) Corals (d) Flatworms 11. Solenocytes are the main excretory organs in : 2. Who has suggested the name Platyhelminthes? (a) Platyhelminthes (b) Echinodermata (a) Robert Grant (b) Leuckart (c) Mollusca (d) Annelida (c) Gegenbaur (d) Von Seiblod 12. An important character of Platyhelminthes is : 3. Animals belonging to phylum Platyhelminthes are (a) Monoecious (b) Vitelline glands also called flatworms because : (c) Flame cells (d) Flat an i mals (a) Their head is flat 13. What is common amongst tapeworm, liver fluke and (b) They have dorsoventrally compressed body planarian? (c) They creep over the surface (a) They are all segmented (d) The alimentary canal is flattened (b) They are all found in gut 4. Platyhelminthes is considered as a primitive phylum in Bilateria because : (a) a coelom is lacking (b) an anus is lacking (c) They all have flattened bodies (d) They all have a coelom 14. The tissue in Platyhelminthes between viscera and body wall is called : (c) coelom and anus both are lacking (a) Coelom (b) Parenchyma (d) a nervous system is lacking (c) Mesoderm (d) Choanoderm 5. Phylum Platyhelminthes do not include (a) flatworms 15. Flatworms are : (a) Diploblastic (b) Triploblastic (b) triploblastic animals (c) Monoblastic (d) Pseudoblastic (c) organ grade organisms (d) radially symmetrical animals 16. Body plan of a flatworm is (a) cell aggregate (b) blind sac 6. Branch of study of worms causing parasitic (c) tube within a tube (d) tissue grade infestation in humans is : 17. Coelom in flatworms is : (a) Malacology (b) Helminthology (a) Absent (b) Poorly de vel oped (c) Icthyology (d) Herpetology (c) Schizocoel (d) Well developed 7. All flatworms differ from all roundworms in having: 18. Pseudometamerism occurs in : (a) solid mesoderm (a) Turbellaria (b) Trematoda (b) triploblastic body (c) Cestoda (d) Nematoda (c) bilateral symmetry (d) metamorphosis in the life history 19. Which of the following animals does not have a body composed of many segments? 8. The flatworms : (a) Lobster (b) Earthworm (a) are diploblastic (c) Flatworm (d) Grass hop per (b) have tissue grade of organization 20. Flame cells are the characteristic of phylum : (c) show internal fertilization (a) Coelenterata (b) Platyhelminthes (d) have well developed digestive system (c) Annelida (d) Echinodermata 9. Which one of the following is well and best 21. Flame cells are associated with : developed in all worms as parasitic adaptation? (a) Respiration (b) Excretion (a) Respiratory system (b) Digestive system (c) Nutrition (d) Digestion (c) Coelom (d) Reproductive system 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (b) 21. (b)

36 36 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Classification and Examples 22. Digestive system is (a) absent in Porifera but incomplete in Nematoda (b) totally absent from Porifera to Aschelminthes (c) incomplete in Radiata and Acoelomata (d) complete in Bilateria 23. In which one of the following metazoan classes, binary fission occurs? (a) Cestoda (b) Turbellaria (c) Trematoda (d) Nematoda 24. Turbellarians are : (a) Free living nematodes (b) Parasitic nematodes (c) Free living flatworms (d) Parasitic trematodes 25. Gut parasites belong to : (a) Gastropoda (b) Cestoda (c) Turbellaria (d) Both (a) and (b) 26. Cestodes are distinguished from other flatworms by the absence of : (a) nervous system (b) digestive system (c) excretory system (d) reproductive system 27. Dropping of gravid proglottids by cestodes is : (a) Autophagy (b) Autotomy (c) Paedogenesis (d)apolysis 28. Animal in which the space between the gut and the body wall is filled with mesenchyme is? (a) Pila (b) Enterobius (c) Ascaris (d) Echinococcus 29. Which one of the following is not hermaphroditic? (a) Echinococcus (b) Schistosoma (c) Fasciola (d) Taenia 30. Which one is called 'blood fluke'? (a) Fasciola (b) Echinococcus (c) Schistosoma (d) Ascaris 31. In Schistosoma : (a) Male is longer than female (b) Female is broader than male (c) Male has gynaecophoric ca nal for hold ing fe male (d) Female has gynaecophoric canal for male 32. In Schistosoma, gynaecophoral canal occurs in : (a) Male for holding female (b) Male for holding eggs (c) Female for holding eggs (d) Female for holding male 33. Bilharziasis is infection of : (a) Echinococcus (b) Schistosoma (c) Opisthorchis (d) Fasciola 34. Hydatid worm is : (a) Schistosoma indicum (b) Ancylostoma duodenale (c) Enterobius vermicularis (d) Echinococcus granulossus 35. Primary host of Echinococcus granulossus is : (a) Dog (b) Sheep or Goat (c) Pig (d) Human beings 36. Dog tapeworm is : (a) Schistosoma haematobium (b) Ascaris lumbricoides (c) Taenia nana (d) Echinococcus granulossus 37. A cestode with only 3 segments is : (a) Taenia solium (b) Diphyllobothrium latum (c) Echinococcus (d) Hymenolepis nana 38. In which one of the following flatworms, body is divided into scolex, neck and strobila but strobila has only three proglottids : (a) Planaria (b) Taenia (c) Fasciola (d) Echinococcus 39. Alimentary canal is absent in : (a) Taenia and Schistosoma (b) Ascaris and Fasciola (c) Taenia and Echinococcus (d) Tricuris and Fasciola Planaria 40. Which is free living fresh water flatworm? (a) Planaria (b) Schistosoma (c) Fasciola (d) Taenia 41. Which one of the following flatworms has eyes? (a) Fasciola (b) Dugesia (c) Schistosoma (d) Echinococcus 42. Which one of the following is found in Planaria? (a) anus (b) head (c) segmentation (d) suckers 43. Dugesia shows : (a) Transverse binary fission (b) Longitudinal binary fission (c) Oblique binary fission (d) No binary fission 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (c) 31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (a) 41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (a)

37 Phylum : Platyhelminthes In which one of the following spiral cleavage occurs? (a) Planaria (b) Hydra (c) Fish (d) Frog 45. Regeneration power can best be studied in : (a) Planaria (b) Amphioxus (c) Earthworm (d) Ascaris 46. Planarians are : (a) Solitary (b) Gregorious (c) Parasites (d) Colonial 47. Biflagellated sperms and ectolecithal eggs are found in : (a) Planaria (b) Ascaris (c)hydra (d) Taenia Fasciola 48. Liver fluke belongs to the class : (a) Cestoda (b) Nematoda (c) Trematoda (d) Turbellaria 49. Fasciola hepatica is not having : (a) a digenetic life cycle (b) 2 suckers for attachment (c) any anus (d) an excretory pore 50. In Fasciola, eyes are present (a) both in adult and larva (b) in larva but absent in adult (c) in adult but absent in larva (d) during embryonic stages but absent in larval stages 51. Which one of the following is not a feature of the animal represented in diagram : (a) triploblastic (b) bilaterally symmetrical (c) pseudocoelomate (d) dorsoventrally flattened 52. Fasciola hepatica is a/an : (a) Endoparasite (b) Free living (c) Ectoparasite (d) Commensal 53. Fasciola hepatica is : (a) Ectoparasite (b) Monogenetic endoparasite (c) Digenetic endoparasite (d) Incidental parasite 54. Which one of the following acts as an important transport medium in liver fluke? (a) Acetabulum (b) Cytoplasm (c) Muscle (d) Parenchyma 55. Primary host of liver fluke is : (a) Snail (b) Pig (c) Cattle (d) Sheep 56. Both the alternation of generations and alternation of hosts are present in : (a) Wuchereria (b) Fasciola (c) Taenia (d) Ascaris 57. Incomplete alimentary canal occurs in : (a) Fasciola (b) Ascaris (c) Wuchereria (d) Rhabditis 58. Anus is absent in : (a) Fasciola (b) Pheretima (c) Periplaneta (d) Unio 59. Fasciola hepatica is : (a) Hermaphrodite with self fertilization (b) Hermaphrodite with cross fertilization (c) Unisexual (d) Sexually sterile 60. Ootype complex is found in : (a) Hydra (b) Paramecium (c) Fasciola (d) Planaria 61. Laurer s canal is found in : (a) Amoeba (b) Paramecium (c) Fasciola (d) Hydra 62. Fasciola has : (a) paired testes and single ovary (b) many testes and single ovary (c) many testes and many ovaries (d) single testis and single ovary 63. Which is free swimming stage in the life history of Fasciola? (a) Miracidium (b) Sporocyst (c) Redia (d) Cysticercus 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (b) 51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (d) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (c) 61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (a)

38 38 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 64. The infective stage of Fasciola hepatica is : (a) Sporocyst (b) Redia (c) Cercaria (d) Metacercaria 65. Miracidium of liver fluke is : (a) Free swimming stage (b) Encysted stage (c) Non encysted non-motile stage (d) Free floating stage 66. Which one of the following larva of liver fluke is ciliated and non-feeding? (a) Redia (b) Miracidium (c) Sporocyst (d) Metacercaria 67. Apical papilla, apical gland, flame cell, cilia, one pair of pigmented eyes and germ balls are found in which one of the following larval stages of Fasciola? (a) Miracidium (b) Sporocyst (c) Redia (d) Cercaria 68. Miracidium gives rise to : (a) Sporocyst after entering snail (b) Sporocyst in contact with aquatic vegetation (c) Redia after entering snail (d) Redia in contact with aquatic vegetation 69. Metacercaria of liver fluke is : (a) Free swimming stage (b) Encysted stage (c) Non encysted non motile stage (d) Free floating stage 70. Occurrence of lappets is characteristics of which larval stage of Fasciola hepatica? (a) Sporocyst (b) Redia (c) Cercaria (d) Metacercaria 71. Which one of the following larva of liver fluke has collar and birth pore? (a) Redia (b) Miracidium (c) Sporocyst (d) Metacercaria 72. Which one of the following is a tailed larva of liver fluke? (a) Cercaria (b) Miracidium (c) Sporocyst (d) Metacercaria 73. Which larval stage of liver fluke comes in middle? (a) Cercaria (b) Redia (c) Sporocyst (d) Miracidium 74. In the life history of liver fluke one comes across the following states: 1. Cercaria 2. Metacercaria 3. Miracidium 4. Redia 5. Sporocyst Which of the following is the proper sequence in its life history? (a) 3, 5, 4, 2, 1 (b) 3, 5, 1, 2, 4 (c) 3, 5, 4, 1, 2 (d) 3, 4, 5, 1, What is the correct sequence of larvae in liver fluke? (a) Miracidium, sporocyst, cercaria, redia, metacercaria (b) Miracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria, metacercaria (c) Sporocyst, redia, miracidium, cercaria, metacercaria (d) Cercaria, sporocyst, redia, miracidium, metacercaria 76. The disease caused by Fasciola is? (a) Liver rot (b) Cysticercosis (c) Taeniasis (d) Ascariasis Taenia 77. Animal with self fertilization is : (a) Hydra (b) Dugesia (c) Taenia solium (d) Ascaris 78. Scolex occurs in : (a) Hydra (b) Ascaris (c) Taenia (d) Liver fluke 79. Scolex of Taenia solium contains : (a) Rostellum (b) Hooks (c) Suckers (d) All of these 80. Powerful suckers found in tapeworms are meant for: (a) sucking (b) attachment (c) both (a) and (b) (d) reproduction 81. Taenia solium attaches itself to the intestinal wall by means of scolex through its : (a) Suckers (b) Suckers and hooks (c) Hooks (d) Adhesive glands 82. Scolex of tapeworm consists of a rostellum with hooks in 2 circles and (a) 4 suckers for sucking digested food (b) 4 suckers for attachment (c) Numerous suckers for attachment and absorption (d) Region of proliferation to form the immature proglottids 83. Which one of the following is not a parasitic adaptation of tapeworms? (a) suckers with hooks (b) well developed reproductive system (c) incomplete digestive system (d) food absorption through body surface 64. (d) 65. (a) 66. (b) 67. (a) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (b) 71. (a) 72. (a) 73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (b) 76. (a) 77. (c) 78. (c) 79. (d) 80. (b) 81. (b) 82. (b) 83. (c)

39 Phylum : Platyhelminthes Which is not a characteristic of Taenia? (a) Apolysis (b) Proglottids (c) Metamerism (d) Strobila 85. Segments of tapeworm are called : (a) Scolex (b) Cysticercus (c) Proglottids (d) Onchospheres 86. Primary host of Taenia solium and T. saginata is : (a) Humans (b) Pig (c) Sheep (d) Snail 87. The secondary host of Taenia saginata is : (a) Cow (b) Sheep (c) Pig (d) Both (a) and (b) 88. The secondary host of Taenia solium is : (a) Buffalo (b) Sheep (c) Pig (d) Goat 89. Taenia saginata differs from Taenia solium as it lacks : (a) Rostellum (b) Suckers (c) Scolex (d) Larva 90. Beef tapeworm is : (a) Taenia solium (b) Taenia saginata (c) Hymenolepis nana (d) Echinococcus granulossus 91. The disease caused by Taenia is : (a) Cysticercosis (b) Liver rot (c) Ascariasis (d) Loiasis 92. Proglottids of tapeworm proliferate from : (a) Scolex (b) Other proglottids (c) Neck (d) Spe cial re gion in neck 93. In Taenia solium, region of proliferation or budding zone from which segments of strobila arise, is found in: (a) Scolex (b) Neck (c) Proglottid (d) Rostellum 94. Tapeworm respires : (a) Through suckers (b) Through mouth (c) Through lateral stigmata (d) Anaerobically 95. Taenia takes food by : (a) mouth (b) skin (c) sucker (d) all of these 96. Tapeworms obtain their food from the host by: (a) Sucking (b) Scraping (c) Absorption through integument (d) Autotrophic 97. Each mature proglottid of Taenia solium has : (a) paired testes and single ovary (b) many testes and single ovary (c) many testes and many ovaries (d) single testis and single ovary 98. What is correct about Taenia? (a) All proglottids contain both male and female organs (b) Male organs confined to posterior proglottids (c) Ripe proglottids con tain only uterus filled with eggs (d) Anterior proglottids have female organs 99. A proglottid of Taenia is called gravid when it has? (a) both male and female reproductive unit well developed (b) only female reproductive unit well developed (c) only male reproductive unit well developed (d) branched uterus filled with fertilized eggs 100. Apolysis is : (a) Removal of mature proglottids (b) Removal of immature proglottids (c) Removal of gravid segments (d) Production of young ones 101. Mehli's glands of tapeworm are associated with : (a) Reproduction (b) Excretion (c) Respiration (d) Circulation 102. Cysticercus stage of Taenia solium is found in : (a) Man (b) Pig (c) Goat (d) Sheep 103. Bladderworm of Taenia solium is also known as : (a) Cercaria (b) Onchosphere (c) Redia (d) Cysticercus 104. Human infection of Taenia solium occurs by taking pork having : (a) Cysticerci (b) Onchospheres (c) Hexacanths (d) Adult worm 105. Pig gets infection of Taenia solium through food contaminated with : (a) Onchospheres (b) Cysticerci (c) Hexacanths (d) Adult worm 106. The disease caused by bladderworm is called : (a) Schistosomiasis (b) Ascariasis (c) Cysticercosis (d) Liver rot 84. (c) 85. (c) 86. (a) 87. (d) 88. (c) 89. (a) 90. (b) 91. (a) 92. (c) 93. (b) 94. (d) 95. (b) 96. (c) 97. (b) 98. (c) 99. (d) 100. (c) 101. (a) 102. (b) 103. (d) 104. (a) 105. (a) 106. (c)

40 40 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 6 Phylum : Aschelminthes 1. Grobben gave the term Aschelminthes while Gegenbaur gave the term Nemathelminthes. 2. It includes true worms or thread worms. 3. Body is circular in cross-section, hence the name round worms. 4. Triploblastic, cylindrical and bilaterally symmetrical. 5. Pseudocoelomate i. e., false coelom is derived from embryonic blastocoel. 6. Organ system grade of body organization with tube within tube body plan. 7. Body wall with thick cuticle (parasitic adaptation) and syncytial epidermis (multinucleate hypodermis). 8. Alimentary canal is complete with a well developed muscular pharynx. 9. Excretion by protonephridium with excretory canals. 10. Unisexual with well marked sexual dimorphism and development direct or indirect. 11. Cleavage spiral and determinate with mosaic embryo. Ascaris lumbricoides 1. Ascaris is the most common monogenetic endoparasite found in small intestine of human with world wide distribution. 2. It is unisexual i. e., sexes are separate with well marked sexual dimorphism. 3. Its body wall lacks the circular muscle. 4. The epidermis is syncytial i. e., multinucleate and forms the dorsal, ventral and lateral cords. 5. Its body cavity is called pseudocoel or false coelom, derived from embryonic blastocoel. This is not a true coelom and is filled with pseudocoelomic fluid and acts as hydrostatic skeleton. 6. Terminal tri-radiate mouth, bounded by 3-denticulate lips (1 median dorsal and 2 ventrolateral), opens into buccal capsule, which has no salivary glands. 7. Excretory system with H-shaped excretory canals found within a giant renette cell having 4 nuclei. The excretory product is urea and ammonia both. The ventro median excretory pore is located at 2 mm behind the anterior end of body. 8. It has labial papillae and amphids (taste) for chemoreception (found associated with lips). The cervical and anal papillae are tactile receptors while phasmids found in posterior region, are chemoreceptors. 9. Testis single (monodelphic or monorchic), tubular, coiled with a central /median rachis; only its apical part i. e., proximal germinal zone (telogonic) produces tailless and amoeboid sperms. One pair of small needle-like cuticular pineal setae are protruding from cloaca to help in copulation. 10. Ovaries one pair (didelphic),tubular, coiled with a central /median rachis; only its apical part i. e., proximal germinal zone (telogonic) produces large number of eggs. 11. Vas deferens (single) and oviducts (paired) are without any central rachis. 12. Fertilization internal, takes place within the seminal receptacle (a part of uterus) of female. 13. Fertilized egg is surrounded by 3 coverings: (a) inner lipoid layer (b) middle chitinous layer (c) outer protein layer The protein layer is wavy with characteristic warts hence its zygote is called mamillated egg. 14. Cleavage holoblastic, spiral and determinate type.

41 Phylum : Aschelminthes Ascaris shows both eutyly and auxetic growth. In eutyly number of cells is constant both for organism and a particular organ while in auxetic growth, volume of body increases due to growth of cells but not the number. 16. The zygote passes through blastula, gastrula and eventually develops as first stage juvenile or rhabditiform larva (non-infective). 17. Within the protective coverings, first stage juvenile undergoes first moulting and becomes second stage rhabditiform larva, which is infective. The egg with second stage larva is called embryonated egg. The transmission of this infective stage with embryonated egg occurs through contaminated food and water. 18. In the intestine of new host, egg coverings are dissolved/digested and second stage larva hatches out from the embryonated egg. 19. This larva shows two types of migration: (a) Primary migration: Intestine liver heart lung. (b) Secondary migration: lung trachea pharynx oesophagus stomach intestine. Sometimes, larva shows aberrant migration from lungs to Central Nervous System. 20. In lungs, 2nd and 3rd moultings occur with the formation of 3rd and 4th stage larvae. In intestine it completes 4th or final moulting and becomes adult. About 20 days are needed to complete one migration from intestine to intestine. 21.Diseases caused by Ascaris are collectively known as ascariasis. Oil of Chaenopodium has antihelminth property and is used to treat the ascariasis. Filarial worm 1. It is Wuchereria bancrofti and W. malayi. 2. It affects lymphatic system usually lymphatic vessels of lower limb. 3. Elephantiasis or filariasis disease of human is caused by it. Skin becomes thick with an affect on genital organs including very much enlarged scrotum and chronic inflammation of the organs. 4. This pathogen is a digenetic parasite. Human is primary host while female mosquito (mostly Culex) is intermediate host. 5. This is a viviparous nematode and its larva is called microfilariae. During the day, they are present in deep circulation but during night they migrate into peripheral or cutaneous circulation. Minor Phylum : Rotifera 1. This is a minor phylum of mostly fresh water animals and includes wheel animalcules. 2. It has characteristic oral ciliature called corona concerned with locomotion and food collection. 3. Triploblastic and pseudocoelomate. 4. Excretion by protonephridial tubes having flame cells. e. g., Rotaria. Important Nematodes Some important nematodes are as following: I. Plant parasitic nematodes: (a) Meloidogyne (root knot nematode) II. Important monogenetic nematodes: (b) Heterodera (cyst nematode) S.No. Name Common name Occurs in Disease caused Comments 1. Ascaris lumbricoides Round worm Human intestine Ascariasis 2 nd stage larva is infective 2. Ancylostoma duodenale Hookworm Human intestine Ancylostomiasis Male has bursa 3. Enterobius vermicularis Seat worm/pinworm Human intestine (Children) Enterobiasis/oxyuriasis Itching in anal parts of children 4. Trichuris trichiura Whipworm Human intestine Gastro-intestinal trouble Looks like bullwhip III. Important digenetic nematodes: S.No. Name Common name Occurs in Secondary host Disease caused 1. Wuchereria bancrofti Filarial worm Human Female mosquito Elephantiasis 2. Loa loa Eye worm Human (eyes) Chrysops (tabanid fly) Loiasis 3. Dracunculus medinensis Guinea worm/ fiery serpent Human (subcutaneous tissues: arms, legs, shoulders etc.) Cyclops Guinea worm disease

42 42 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Selected Objective Questions Introduction and Characters 1. All worms are : (a) Free-living (b) Parasites (c) Triploblastic (d) Marine 2. Which one of the following groups of animals is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic? (a) Aschelminthes (b) Ctenophores (c) Sponges (d) Coelenterates 3. Study of worms is called : (a) Nematology (b) Cnidology (c) Helminthology (d) Arthrology 4. Who gave the term Aschelminthes? (a) Grobben (b) Linnaeus (c) Leuckart (d) Grant 5. Roundworms possess a symmetry : (a) Radial (b) Bilateral (c) Biradial (d) Spherical 6. Roundworms differ from flatworms in possessing : (a) Flame cells (b) Pseudocoelom (c) Segmented body (d) Production of antienzymes 7. The body cavity of Nemathelminthes is without peritoneal lining, which is? (a) Haemocoel (b) True coelom (c) Pseudocoel (d) Atrium 8. Which one of the following phyla is characterized by the absence of a true coelom? (a) Annelida (b) Mollusca (c) Nematoda (d) Echinodermata 9. Tube witin-a-tube body plan is shown by : (a) Porifera (b) Coelenterata (c) Platyhelminthes (d) Aschelminthes 10. Body of Nemathelminthes is circular in cross section hence nematodes are called : (a) round worms (b) flat worms (c) eddy worms (d) all of these 11. Members of phylum Aschelminthes : (a) do not include true worms (b) have no syncytial epidermis (c) have indeterminate cleavage with mosaic embryo (d) are not the bisexual forms 12. Find out incorrect statements about Aschelminthes (a) Body is circular in cross section hence called roundworms (b) They are not the parasites in plants (c) They may be free living, aquatic and terrestrial or parasitic with muscular pharynx (d) Roundworms have distinct male and female 13. Which of the following require an invertebrate intermediate host? 1. Planaria 2. Schistosoma 3. Echinococcus 4. Ancylostoma 5. Wuchereria (a) 3 and 4 (b) 2 and 5 (c) 3 and 5 (d) 1 and 4 Examples of Nematoda 14. Intestinal parasite that feeds on blood and other tissues is : (a) Wuchereria (b) Ancylostoma (c) Enterobius (d) Ascaris 15. Which one is a pinworm? (a) Ancylostoma (b) Trichinella (c) Wuchereria (d) Enterobius 16. Which one is called cyst plant parasitic nematode? (a) Wuchereria (b) Echinococcus (c) Heterodera (d) Ancylostoma 17. Find out the plant parasitic nematode : (a) Wuchereria (b) Echinococcus (c) Meloidogyne (d) Ancylostoma 18. Which one is not a plant parasitic nematode? (a) Wuchereria bancrofti (b) Root knot nematode (c) Meloidogyne (d) Heterodera 19. Which one of the following is secondary host of guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis)? (a) Cyclops (b) Man (c) Daphnia (d) Antelope 20. The commonest worm in children is : (a) Ascaris lumbricoides (b) Enterobius vermicularis (c) Ancylostoma duodenale (d) Trichinella sprialis 21. Seat worm is the alternate name of : (a) Pin worm (b) Hook worm (c) Intestinal round worm(d) Guinea worm 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b) 21. (a)

43 Phylum : Aschelminthes Anal itching in children is caused by : (a) Ancylostoma (b) Trichinella (c) Enterobius (d) Taenia 23. Whipworm is : (a) Ancylostoma (b) Trichuris (c) Enterobius (d) Trichinella 24. Trichuris trichiura resides in : (a) Duodenum (b) Jejunum (c) Ileum (d) Caecum and colon 25. Guinea worm is : (a) Drancunculus medinensis (b) Ancylostoma duodenale (c) Trichinella spiralis (d) Oxyuris vermicularis 26. Primary host of guinea worm is : (a) Cyclops (b) Man (c) Fish (d) Antelope 27. Eye worm is : (a) Wuchereria bancrofti (b) Echinococcus granulossus (c) Loa loa (d) Ancylostoma duodenale 28. Loa loa is a : (a) nematode and called whipworm (b) ctenophore and called eyeworm (c) plant parasitic nematode (d) nematode and called eyeworm 29. Cyclops is intermediate host of : (a) Planaria (b) Echinococcus (c) Drancunculus (d) Ancylostoma 30. Male of which of the following has a copulatory bursa? (a) Ascaris (b) Wuchereria (c) Enterobius (d) Ancylostoma 31. The posterior end of male Ancylostoma has : (a) Curved tail (b) Anus (c) Caudal spine (d) Bursa 32. Some worms are: 1. Silkworm 2. Flatworm 3. Earthworm 4. Hookworm 5. Filariaworm Of these, true worms are: (a) 1 and 5 (b) 3 and 5 (c) 2 and 4 (d) 4 and 5 Ascaris lumbricoides 33. Male Ascaris differs from female in having : (a) Lips (b) Amphids (c) Pineal setae (d) Tail 34. Male and female round worms cannot be differentiated from each other by : (a) Pineal setae (b) Hind ends (c) Number of gonads (d) Feeding habit 35. Ascaris can be described as : (a) Ectoparasite (b) Endoparasite (c) Symbiont (d) Free-living 36. Sexual dimorphism occurs in : (a) Ascaris (b) Amoeba (c) Pheretima (d) All of these 37. Ascaris is : (a) Diploblastic (b) Triploblastic (c) Monoblastic (d) Ablastic 38. Common name of Ascaris is : (a) Smooth worm (b) Tape worm (c) Flat worm (d) Round worm 39. Which one of the following is a monogenetic parasite? (a) Taenia solium (b) Fasciola hepatica (c) Plasmodium vivax (d) Ascaris lumbricoides 40. Ascaris is monogenetic because it has : (a) one host (b) Two hosts (c) Three hosts (d) Many hosts 41. Ascaris is specialized and not degenerated parasite as it is : (a) With a straight alimentary canal (b) Bisexual (c) Without respiratory organ (d) Covered by cuticle resistant to digestive juices of host 42. An intermediate host is absent in case of which one of the following parasite? (a) Liver fluke (b) Tapeworm (c) Ascaris (d) Plasmodium 43. How many apertures are found on body of male round worms? (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) (c) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (d) 31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (a) 41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (a)

44 44 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 44. How many apertures are found on body of female round worms? (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) Which one of the following is present in Ascaris? (a) Papillae (b) Salivary glands (c) Coelom (d) Circular muscles 46. Which one of the following is not found in a roundworm? (a) Pseudocoel (b) Syncytial epidermis (c) Telogonic ovaries (d) Paired testes 47. Thigmotaxis is not shown by : (a) Hydra (b) Amoeba (c) Ascaris (d) Paramecium 48. Pineal setae arise from : (a) Vulva of female Ascaris (b) Cloaca of male roundworm (c) Gonopore of female roundworm (d) Excretory pore 49. Ascaris is characterized by : (a) Presence of true coelom and metamerism (b) Presence of neither true coelom nor metamerism (c) Absence of true coelom but presence of metamerism (d) Presence of true coelom but absence of metamerism 50. The hind end of male Ascaris is : (a) Straight (b) Thickened (c) Coiled (d) Curved 51. In male round worm, hind or posterior end is : (a) Straight (b) Curved laterally (c) Curved ventralward (d) Curved dorsalward 52. Nutrition in Ascaris is : (a) Saprozoic (b) Parasitic (c) Holozoic (d) Mixotrophic 53. The epidermis of Ascaris is : (a) Multicellular (b) Syncytial (c) Columnar (d) Cuboidal 54. The sequence of layers of body wall in Ascaris is : (a) Cuticle-epidermis-longitudinal muscle layer (b) Cuticle-epidermis-circular muscle layer (c) Cuticle-epidermis-longitudinal muscle layercircular muscle layer (d) Cuticle-epidermis-circular muscle layerlongitudinal muscle layer 55. Alimentary canal of Ascaris is : (a) Complete (b) Incomplete (c) Absent (d) Rudimentary 56. Lips of Ascaris are : (a) Smooth (b) Rough (c) Denticulate (d) Spiny 57. Number of lips in Ascaris is : (a) Four (b) Three (c) Two (d) One 58. Lips in Ascaris are : (a) Two in number and denticulate (b) Three in number and denticulate (c) Two in number and muscular (d) Three in number and cuticular 59. The mouth in Ascaris lumbricoides is bounded by three lips, of which? (a) One is median and dorsal and two are ventro-lateral (b) All are dorsal (c) Two lateral and one ventral (d) Two dorso-lateral and one median ventral 60. Number of excretory pores in Ascaris is : (a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) In Ascaris, excretory pore is located : (a) at one third distance from anterior end (b) in the mid of body (c) at 2 mm behind from anterior end (d) at 2 mm infront from posterior end 62. In male and female Ascaris, excretory pore is located : (a) at different positions midventrally (b) about 2 mm behind the anterior end midventrally (c) at 1/3 distance from anterior end laterally (d) about 2 mm infront from the posterior end dorsally 63. Taste receptors of Ascaris are : (a) Phasmids (b) Amphids (c) Labial papillae (d) Both (b) and (c) 64. Which of the following sense organs are concerned with chemoreception? (a) Pineal setae (b) Amphids (c) Anal papillae (d) Copulatory bursa 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (d) 51. (c) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (d) 61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (d) 64. (b)

45 Phylum : Aschelminthes Which of the following sense organs present in Ascaris are gustatoreceptors and are located in ventrolateral lips? (a) Amphids (b) Pineal setae (c) Pineal spicules (d) Copulatory bursa 66. In male Ascaris : (a) Unpaired vas deferens is present (b) Paired vas deferens are present (c) Paired testes are present (d) Testis is absent 67. Female genital pore in Ascaris is situated at : (a) 1/3 distance from anterior end of body on ventral side (b) 1/3 distance from anterior end of body on dorsal side (c) 2/3 distance from anterior end of body on ventral side (d) cloaca, 2 mm infront from the posterior end 68. In male Ascaris, the anus and genital pore : (a) Open into cloaca (b) Lie side by side (c) Lie at opposite ends (d) Are absent 69. Ascaris has : (a) paired testes and single ovary (b) paired ovaries and single testis (c) single ovary and single testis (d) paired ovaries and paired testes 70. In Ascaris, which one of the following acts as germinal zone for the formation of gametes? (a) Whole gonads (b) Posterior part of gonads (c) Middle part of gonds (d) Proximal part of gonads 71. If an unfertilized egg of Ascaris lumbricoides is kept in distilled water, it : (a) shrinks (b) remains unaffected (c) swells (d) remains viable for years 72. The optimum temperature for the development of egg in Ascaris is : (a) 50 F (b) 70 F (c) 85 F (d) 95 F 73. Embryonated egg of Ascaris is an egg with : (a) gastrula (b) blastula (c) juvenile (d) in an egg 74. Larva of Ascaris is called : (a) Cysticercus (b) Rhabditiform (c) Hexacanth (d) Onchosphere 75. The infective stage of Ascaris to humans is : (a) filariform larva (b) microfilaria larva (c) hexacanth larva (d) rhabditiform larva 76. Infective stage of Ascaris is : (a) Adult worm (b) Second juvenile (c) Fourth juvenile (d) Egg 77. Ascaris lumbricoides infection occurs through : (a) Sole of uncovered feet (b) Contaminated food and water (c) Improperly cooked measly pork (d) From air through inhalation 78. From Ascaris egg, first larva hatches out in the : (a) intestine of host (b) stomach of host (c) outside the body (d) uterus of female Ascaris 79. Second moulting in life cycle of Ascaris takes place in : (a) Soil (b) Lungs (c) Water (d) Intestine 80. Third moulting of Ascaris occurs in : (a) Liver (b) Egg (c) Lung (d) Intestine 81. Last moulting of Ascaris occurs in : (a) Heart (b) Kidney (c) Liver (d) Intestine 82. Second and final moulting in the life cycle of Ascaris occur respectively when the larva is in human : (a) Lung and intestine (b) Liver and intestine (c) Intestine and lung (d) Brain and intestine 83. The total number of moults in Ascaris larva undergoes to become an adult is : (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) Which one of the following is used for treatment of ascariasis? (a) Paludrin (b) Chenopodium oil (c) Terramycin (d) Hibiscus oil Wuchereria (filarial worm) 85. Wuchereria bancrofti belongs to the phylum : (a) Annelida (b) Coelenterata (c) Platyhelminthes (d)nemathelminthes 65. (a) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (d) 71. (c) 72. (c) 73. (c) 74. (b) 75. (d) 76. (b) 77. (b) 78. (c) 79. (b) 80. (c) 81. (d) 82. (a) 83. (b) 84. (b) 85. (d)

46 46 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 86. Wuchereria bancrofti is not : (a) the filarial worm (b) found in human lymphatic system (c) a pseudocoelomate nematode (d) an acoelomate flatworm 87. Wuchereria malayi is not (a) the filarial worm (b) found in human lymphatic system (c) an acoelomate flatworm (d) transmitted by female Culex mosquito 88. Filarial worm is : (a) Wuchereria bancrofti (b) Echinococcus granulossus (c) Loa loa (d) Ancylostoma granulossus 89. Filarial worm is : (a) Oviparous (b) Viviparous (c) Ovoviviparous (d) Parthenogenetic 90. Filarial worm resides in human body in : (a) Subcutaneous tissue (b) Lymph glands and lymph vessels (c) Liver (d) Spleen 91. Which one of the following is found in lymph nodes? (a) Wuchereria (b) Plasmodium (c) Ascaris (d) Entamoeba 92. Causative organism of which of the following disease is studied from peripheral blood during night? (a) Malaria (b) Elephantiasis (c) Ascariasis (d) Amoebiasis 93. All of the following are intestinal parasites of man except : (a) Ascaris (b) Taenia solium (c) Wuchereria (d) Giardia 94. Filariasis is caused by : (a) microfilariae (b) dead adult filariae (c) biting of filarial worm (d) presence of bacteria 95. Microfilaria refers to : (a) male Wuchereria (b) female Wuchereria (c) juvenile Wuchereria (d) adult Wuchereria 96. Elephantiasis is caused by : (a) Trichinella (b) Ancylostoma (c) Wuchereria (d) Rhabditis 97. Wuchereria bancrofti is transmitted by : (a) flies (b) pigs (c) lice (d) mosquitoes 98. Which one of the following does not act as an intermediate host for filarial worm? (a) Culex (b) Aedes (c) Anopheles (d) Housefly 99. Filaria is commonly transmitted to man by female: (a) Culex (b) Aedes (c) Anopheles (d) Housefly 100. Filariasis is caused mainly by the bite of : (a) Culex (b) Sandfly (c) Anopheles (d) Mosquito 101. Intermediate host of Wuchereria bancrofti is mainly: (a) Male Anopheles (b) Female Anopheles (c) Female Culex (d) Male Culex Minor Phylum : Rotifera 102. Phylum Rotifera includes : (a) Sea pens (b) Sea stars (c) Comb jellies (d) Wheel animalcules 103. Term Rotifera means : (a) Pore bearer animals (b) Spiny skinned animals (c) Wheel bearer animals (d) Nematocyst bearing animals 104. Rotifers are mostly found in : (a) Sea water (b) Fresh water (c) Soil (d) Air 105. Rotifers are : (a) Triploblastic (b) Bilaterally symmetrical (c) Pseudocoelomate (d) All of the above 106. Rotaria is a member of phylum : (a) Annelida (b) Platyhelminthes (c) Rotifera (d) Nematoda 107. Wheel animalcules : (a) are kept in phylum Aschelminthes (b) have true coelomate condition (c) are mostly found in marine water (d) have characteristic oral ciliature called corona 86. (d) 87. (c) 88. (a) 89. (b) 90. (b) 91. (a) 92. (b) 93. (c) 94. (a) 95. (c) 96. (c) 97. (d) 98. (d) 99. (a) 100. (a) 101. (c) 102. (d) 103. (c) 104. (b) 105. (d) 106. (c) 107. (d)

47 Phylum : Annelida 47 7 Phylum : Annelida 1. Lamarck established this phylum. 2. Annelida means little rings, refers to ring-like constrictions of body i. e., body surface is marked out into segments or metameres. 3. Vermiform (worm-like) body with tube within tube body plan. 4. Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and metamerically segmented (division of body into similar parts). 5. True coelom (schizocoel) is appeared in this phylum for the first time during course of evolution. This coelom is filled with coelomic fluid, which acts as hydraulic skeleton. 6. The segmental organs i. e., coelomoducts and nephridia present. 7. Nerve cord ventral, large and longitudinal. 8. Circulatory system closed type; Hb present in plasma. 9. Basis of classification : Chitinous and unjointed setae. This phylum is divided into following 3 classes:- Class 1. Polychaeta: Mostly marine. Setae many, present on parapodia. Head with eyes and tentacles. Clitellum absent. Gonads temporary and formed during breeding season; sexes separate. Development indirect through trochophore larva. e. g., (i) Aphrodite (sea mouse) (ii) Chaetopterus (paddle worm) (iii) Sabella (peacock worm) (iv) Arenicola (lug worm: has external gills) (v) Polynoe (scale worm: is bioluminescent) (vi) Nereis (rag/sand/clam worm) Class 2. Oligochaeta: Mostly terrestrial (moist soil) but some fresh water. Parapodia absent but few setae present. Head and tentacles absent. Clitellum present and related with cocoon formation. Hermaphroditic with permanent gonads. Development direct. e. g., (i) Tubifex (blood worm) (ii) Pheretima/Metaphire (earthworm) (iii) Megascolex (South Indian earthworm) (iv) Lumbricus Class 3. Hirudinea: Aquatic or terrestrial. Setae absent. Parapodia, head and tentacles absent. Clitellum temporary. Hermaphroditic with permanent gonads. Development direct. Ectoparasite, sanguivorous (feeding on blood) with two suckers. Coelom is reduced and filled with a type of connective tissue called botryoidal tissue. e. g., (i) Hirudo (medicinal leech) (ii) Hirudinaria (cattle leech): Its salivary gland secretes an anticoagulant called hirudin. Note: 1. Term Chaetopoda means polychaeta and oligochaeta because both these classes have setae. 2. Tubifex (blood worm) is indicator of organic loading of water. 3. Sexual phase of Nereis is called heteronereis. Its anterior part is asexual and called atoke while posterior part is sexual called epitoke. 4. Phlebotomy is a process of painless blood letting with the help of hungry leech. 5. Onychophora is a minor phylum which includes velvet worms/ walking worms e.g., Peripatus. It is a connecting link between Annelida and Arthropoda.

48 48 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Selected Objective Questions Introduction and Characters 1. Who established the phylum Annelida? (a) Barnes (b) K.N. Bahl (c) Lamarck (d) Gegenbaur 2. In evolution, which one of the following evolved for the first time in annelids? (a) true coelom (b) bilateral symmetry (c) cephalization (d) triploblastic nature 3. Annelids : (a) are not metamerically segmented (b) do not have ring-like constrictions on body (c) first developed the true coelom (enterocoel) (d) do not have ventral hollow nerve cords 4. Annelids (a) have ventral solid nerve cords (b) first developed the true coelom (enterocoel) (c) do not have ring-like constrictions on body (d) are not metamerically segmented 5. Annelids have a central nerve cord, which is : (a) Dorsal (b) Ventral (c) Hollow (d)central 6. Annelids are not characterized by (a) double ventral nerve cords (b) closed circulatory system (c) nephridia for excretion and osmoregulation (d) absence of respiratory pigments 7. Body is segmented in : (a) Porifera (b) Coelenterata (c) Annelida (d) Mollusca 8. Body surface is distinctly marked out into segments or metameres in phylum/class (a) Annelida (b) Cestoda (c) Mollusca (d) Cephalopoda 9. Organisms having bilateral symmetry, closed circulatory system and metameric segmentation belongs to phylum : (a) Annelida (b) Mollusca (c) Arthropoda (d) Echinodermata 10. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the phylum Annelida? (a) Segmentation (b) Pseudocoelom (c) Ventral nerve cord (d) Closed circulatory system 11. Vermiform body with tube within tube body plan is characteristic of phylum : (a) Porifera (b) Platyhelminthes (c) Annelida (d) Mollusca 12. The most important character of annelids is : (a) Metamerism (b) Hermaphroditism (c) Presence of nephridium (d) Elongated body Classification and Examples 13. In polychaeta, the setae are : (a) Numerous (b) Singly arranged (c) Arranged in bundles (d) Fused 14. Permanent gonads are not found in : (a) Polychaeta (b) Oligochaeta (c) Calcarea (d) Hirudinea 15. Parapodia are found in : (a) Oligochaeta (b) Polychaeta (c) Arthropoda (d) Hirudinea 16. Which one of the following exhibit concentric tube within tube plan? (a) Hydrozoa (b) Oligochaeta (c) Calcarea (d) Echinodermata 17. Clitellum is not known to occur in : (a) Polychaeta (b) Oligochaeta (c) Hirudinea (d) Annelida 18. Setae absent but suckers are present due to parasitic habit in class : (a) Insecta (b) Hirudinea (c) Polychaeta (d) Oligochaeta 19. Trochophore larval stage occurs during the developmental process of members of class : (a) Polychaeta (b) Oligochaeta (c) Monoplacophora (d) Merostomata 20. Marine annelids are kept in class : (a) Polychaeta (b) Oligochaeta (c) Hirudinea (d) All of these 21. Setae that assist in locomotion occur in : (a) Hirudinea (b) Oligochaeta (c) Chaetopoda (d) Polychaeta 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (a) 21. (c)

49 Phylum : Annelida Development is indirect in class : (a) Chaetopoda (b) Oligochaeta (c) Hirudinea (d) Polychaeta 23. Which one of the following is not a class of Annelida? (a) Siphonopoda (b) Oligochaeta (c) Hirudinea (d) Polychaeta 24. Parapodia, head and tentacles are absent but suckers are present due to parasitic habit in class : (a) Insecta (b) Hirudinea (c) Polychaeta (d) Oligochaeta 25. In Annelida if a larva is present, it is called : (a) Trochophore (b) Nauplius (c) Glochidium (d) Tornaria 26. A bioluminescent annelid is : (a) Nereis (b) Polynoe (c) Aphrodite (d) Leech 27. Aphrodite is commonly known as : (a) Sea fan (b) Sea mouse (c) Lugworm (d) Rag worm 28. The generic name of blood worm is : (a) Hirudo (b) Arenicola (c) Tubifex (d) Chaetopterus 29. Which one has external gills? (a) Hirudo (b) Arenicola (c) Polynoe (d) Chaetopterus 30. The generic name of lugworm is : (a) Hirudo (b) Arenicola (c) Tubifex (d) Chaetopterus 31. The generic name of paddle worm is : (a) Hirudo (b) Arenicola (c) Spongicola (d) Chaetopterus 32. Clitellum is absent in : (a) Nereis (b) Aphrodite (c) Chaetopterus (d) All of these 33. Sea mouse belongs to phylum : (a) Chordata (b) Mollusca (c) Annelida (d) Echinodermata 34. Which one of the following is correctly matched? (a) Hirudinaria : Clam worm (b) Arenicola : Rag worm (c) Chaetopterus : Paddle worm (d) Polynoe : Scale worm 35. Some triploblastic animals are : 1. Nereis 2. Leech 3. Earthworm 4. Hookworm 5. Starfish Of these, monoecious are : (a) 2 and 5 (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3 Leech and Nereis 36. Which of the following belongs to phylum Annelida? (a) Nereis (b) Octopus (c) Crab (d) Ant 37. Nereis is found in (a) rivers (b) seas (c) ponds (d) soil 38. Lateral appendages parapodia to assist in swimming are characteristic feature of (a) Nereis (b) Hirudinaria (c) Pheretima (d) Limulus 39. Atoke and epitoke phases during reproduction occur in : (a) Nereis (b) Arenicola (c) Earthworm (d) Hirudinaria 40. An ectoparasite is : (a) Tapeworm (b) Earthworm (c) Ascaris (d) Leech 41. A suctorial mouth is found in : (a) Ascaris (b) Taenia (c) Earthworm (d) Leech 42. Leech is (a) Vector (b) Free-living (c) Parasite (d) All of these 43. Suckers of leech are located at : (a) Anterior end of the body (b) Posterior end of the body (c) Anterior and posterior ends of the body (d) All over the body 44. Which of the following is present in saliva of leeches? (a) Heparin (b) Haemoglobin (c) Hirudin (d) Histamine 45. In leech, anti-coagulant hirudin is secreted by : (a) Crop (b) Salivary glands (c) Pharynx (d) Haemocoel 46. Botryoidal tissue is found in : (a) Hirudinaria (b) Earthworm (c) Rabbit (d) Ascaris 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (b) 31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (d) 41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (b) 46. (a)

50 50 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 8 Phylum : Arthropoda 1. Von Seibold established this phylum. 2. This is the largest phylum and occupy all the 3 habitats i. e., air, water and land. 3. Arthropoda means animals with jointed locomotory appendages. 4. Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and metamerically segmented (externally). 5. Due to presence of chitinous cuticle, it is the most successful group (Chitin is a polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine). 6. Body cavity is fluid filled haemocoel. 7. Circulatory system open type with dorsal tubular heart, arteries and sinuses. 8. Nervous system with a nerve-ring (brain) and a double ventral solid nerve cords. 9. Body divisible into head, thorax and abdomen. The term Cephalothorax means fused head and thorax. 10. Basis of classification : divisions of body, different appendages and eyes. This phylum is divided into following 3 subphyla: Subphylum 1. Trilobita: Marine and most primitive arthropods. Fossil. Bottom dweller and trilobed body. Existed during Cambrian to Permian periods. Subphylum 2. Chelicerata: Body divisible into prosoma (cephalothorax) and opisthosoma (abdomen). Cephalothorax with 6 pairs of appendages: (a) 1 st pair chelicerae. (b) 2 nd pair pedipalps. (c) 4 pairs walking legs. Antennae absent but telson may be present. Eyes simple. Includes two classes: Merostomata Arachnida Subphylum 3. Mandibulata: Body divisible into head, thorax and abdomen. Head with: (a) 1 or 2 pairs of antennae. (b) 1 pair of mandible (instead of chelicerae). (c) 1 or 2 pairs maxillae. Thorax with 3 or more pairs of walking legs. Eyes compound. Includes following classes: Crustacea Myriapoda Insecta Class 1. Merostomata: Marine. Respiration by gills. Excretion by coxal gland. e. g., Limulus (King crab): living fossil, unchanged since Triassic. Class 2. Arachnida: Aquatic or terrestrial. Respiration by tracheae or booklungs. Excretion by coxal gland and Malpighian tubules. e. g., (i) Scorpion (ii) Tick (Ixodes) (iii) Mite (iv) Spider: web spinning gland (spinnerets) is present in posterior part of abdomen.

51 Phylum : Arthropoda 51 Class 3. Crustacea: Carcinology: study of crustaceans. Mostly aquatic. Antennae two pairs. Biramous appendages. Respiration by gills, respiratory pigment: copper containing haemocyanin. Excretion by green or antennary gland. e. g., (i) Cancer (crab). (ii) Palaemon (prawn). (iii) Daphnia (water flea). (iv) Cyclops. (v) Astacus (cray fish). (vi) Eupagurus (hermit crab): shows commensalism with sea anemone (detail in Chapter 4 'Phylum Coelenterata'). (vii)sacculina (root headed barnacle): parasite of crab and causes degeneration. Class 4. Myriapoda: It is divided into two groups: Chilopoda It includes centipedes or hundred leggers (with pair of legs) Diplopoda It includes millipedes or thousand leggers (with pair of legs) Poisonous Non-poisonous Carnivorous Scolopendra e. g., Herbivorous e. g., Julus Class 5. Insecta: Largest class of animals. Entomology: study of insects. Body divisible into head, thorax and abdomen. Head with one pair of antennae. Head with 6, thorax with 3 and abdomen with upto 11 segments. Thorax with 3 pairs of legs hence the name hexapoda. Respiration by tracheae,respiratory pigment absent. Excretion by Malpighian tubules. This class is divided into following 2 subclasses: Subclass 1. Apterygota/Ametabola: Wingless. No metamorphosis e. g., Lepisma (silver fish) Subclass 2. Pterygota/Metabola: Wings present. Metamorphosis occurs. Divided into 2 groups: (a) Exopterygota (hemimetabola): Wings develop externally. Metamorphosis incomplete with nymphal stage. e. g., (a) louse (b) bedbug (c) grasshopper/ locust (gregorious swarming pest) (d) termite (e) cockroach (b) Endopterygota (holometabola): Wings develop internally. Metamorphosis complete with pupal stage. e. g., (a) flies (b) mosquito (c) beetle (d) honey bee (e) ant (f) rat flea (Xenopsylla) Note: 1. Termite, honey bee and ant are social and colonial insects. 2. Glow worm/fire fly (bioluminescent) is an insect. 3. Coloeoptera is largest order of class Insecta. This order includes beetles. Mouth parts in insects: 1. Biting and chewing type : cockroach, cricket and grasshopper. 2. Piercing and sucking type : mosquito and bedbug. 3. Chewing and lapping type : honey bee. 4. Sponging or licking type : housefly. 5. Siphoning type : butterfly. Order of some insects: Insect name Zoological name Order Cockroach Periplaneta americana Orthoptera Housefly Musca nebulo Diptera Mosquito Anopheles and Culex Diptera Lac insect Tachardia (Laccifer) lacca Hemiptera Silkworm Bombyx mori Lepidoptera Honey bee Apis indica Hymenoptera Cochineal bug Dactylopius coccus Hemiptera Note:1. Lac insect and cochineal bug are the Scale insects. 2. Cochineal bug (Dactylopius coccus) is a hemipteran scale insect that lives upon cacti. Its dead and dried body is used for preparing a dye called cochineal (used by women as mahavar). COCKROACH 1. Four common species of cockroach found in India are: Blatta orientalis (Oriental cockroach) Blatella germanica (German cockroach) Periplaneta australasiae (Australian cockroach)

52 52 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Periplaneta americana (American cockroach or ship cockroach or bombay canary); Burmeister assigned the name'periplaneta'. 2. Cockroach (34-53 mm) is cursorial (running), nocturnal, serious pests and vector of several diseases. It is dioecious and shows well marked sexual dimorphism. Male has one pair of unjointed anal styles (absent in females). Differences between male and female cockroach: S.No. Male Female 1. Body relatively smaller. Body relatively larger. 2. Hindend of abdomen is pointed. Hindend of abdomen is boat shaped. 3. One pair anal styles present. Anal styles absent th sternite undivided. 7 th sternite divided. 5. Wings extend beyond the hindend of body. Wings extend upto the hindend of body. Morphology 3. Body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen. 4. Head is triangular in shape and lies anteriorly at right angle to the longitudinal body axis and shows great mobility in all directions due to flexible neck. The head (fusion of 6 embryonic segments) bears a pair of long antennae, a pair of ocelli or fenestrae and a pair of compound eyes. 5. Thorax consists of 3 segments: prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. The head is connected with thorax by a short extension of prothorax called neck. Each thoracic segment bears a pair of walking legs. First pair of wings or forewings (tegmina or elytra) arise from mesothorax while second pair or hindwings from metathorax. The forewings are opaque, leathery and cover the hindwings when at rest. The hindwings are transparent, membranous and are used in flight. 6. Abdomen in both male and female is the largest part with 10 segments (11 segments in embryo) without appendages th segment bears a pair of jointed filamentous structures called anal cerci in both the sexes. 8. Exoskeleton of each segment consists of four chitinous plates called sclerites: (a) dorsal tergum or tergite (b) ventral sternum or sternite (c) 2 lateral pleura or pleurites The sclerites are joined to each other by a thin and flexible articular or arthrodial membrane. 9. The antenna (tangoreceptor) is made of many segments called podomeres: (a) first segment is scape (b) second segment is pedicel (c) rest many segments form the jointed flagellum 10. Leg of cockroach is five segmented. From base these segments are: (a) coxa (most swollen segment) (b) trochanter (c) femur (d) tibia (e) tarsus. 11. Its body cavity is haemocoel filled with haemolymph. The haemolymph is composed of colourless plasma and haemocytes. Mouthparts 12. Mouthpart of cockroach is mandibulate type i. e., biting and chewing type and consists of: a labrum (upper lip) a labium (lower lip) one pair maxillae (segmented and resemble to a leg) one pair mandibles a median flexible hypopharynx (tongue) Maxillary palp Stipes Labrum Mandible Prostheca Paraglossa Prementum First maxilla Palpiger Mentum Cardo Labial palp Labium Hypopharynx Mandible Glossa Galea Submentum Salivary duct Fig. 1: Mouth parts of cockroach Lacinia Second maxilla Palpifer Digestion 13. The alimentary canal is long and somewhat coiled, divisible into three main parts: foregut (stomodaeum) midgut (mesenteron) hindgut (proctodaeum)

53 Phylum : Arthropoda 53 Salivary reservoir Crop Gizzard Hepatic caeca Midgut Malpighian tubules Salivary gland Ileum Colon Pharynx Rectum Fig. 2: Alimentary canal of cockroach Oesophagus 14. The foregut is internally lined by cuticle and ectodermal epithelium. It is differentiated into 5 parts: buccal chamber (having mouth), pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard. 15. Mouth opens into pharynx, which opens into a tubular passage called oesophagus. The oesophagus opens into a sac-like structure called crop for storing the food. 16. One pair salivary glands, found one on either side of crop, secrete some digestive enzymes including amylase. 17. The crop is followed by a proventriculus (gizzard), which is structurally the most complicated part of alimentary canal, adapted for grinding the food. Its main part is called armarium. Its wall is internally raised into 6 high longitudinal folds alternating with 6 deep longitudinal grooves. It is internally provided with 6 cuticular teeth, which crush the food. 18. Most of food is digested in crop but digestion is completed in anterior part of midgut. 19. A stomodaeal valve is present between gizzard and mesenteron. 20. The mesenteron has 6-8 glandular gastric or hepatic caecae at the junction of foregut and midgut for the secretion of digestive enzymes. The epithelium of midgut is internally not lined by cuticle but is covered by a thin transparent peritrophic membrane (protein chitin).this membrane is secreted by gizzard. It protects the wall of midgut from abrasion due to friction of food particles. 21. The hindgut is broader than midgut and is differentiated into ileum,colon and rectum. 22. Cockroach is omnivorous. Most of the nutrients of food are absorbed in mesenteron and hepatic caecae. Circulation 23. Circulatory system is open or lacunar type; blood (haemolymph) does not function as an oxygen carrier because it has no respiratory pigment. 24. Haemocoel is divided into a dorsal pericardial sinus, a middle perivisceral sinus and a ventral perineural sinus by two perforated diaphragms. 25. The neurogenic heart is situated in pericardial sinus over the dorsal diaphragm. 26. The heart is 13-chambered, perforated by ostia having valves. The blood circulation is maintained by 13 pairs of wing-shaped involuntary alary muscles. Respiration 27. Respiratory system consists of tracheal system, which includes a network of trachea, tracheoles and spiracles. 28. The tracheal system opens outside by ten pairs of spiracles (2 pairs thoracic and 8 pairs abodomial) present on lateral side of body. The opening of spiracle is regulated by sphincters. 29. The trachea is lined with spirally ringed intima which prevents the tracheal tubes from being collapse (functionally comparable to mammalian C-shaped rings).the tracheal tube is divided into tracheoles from where gaseous exchange occurs through diffusion. 30. In cockroach oxygen is carried to every cell without participation of blood and therefore all body tissues receive oxygen directly. Excretion 31. Malpighian tubules ( ) are yellowish blind tubules found at the junction of midgut and hindgut. These are concerned with excretion, osmoregulation and homeostasis. 32. The body cells in cockroach discharge their nitrogenous waste in the haemolymph mainly in the form of potassium urate. The Malpighian tubules extract this urate, salts, amino acids etc. with water from haemolymph and convert them into uric acid, which is excreted out through hindgut. Thus, cockroach is uricotelic. 33. Fat body (having urate cells), nephrocytes and urecose glands also help in excretion.

54 54 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Nervous System 34. It has well developed nervous system with a nerve ring, nerve cords and neuro-endocrine sympathetic system. The nerve ring is found around the pharynx above the oesophagus in head region and is formed of: Dorsal bilobed supra oesophageal ganglion or brain, which is formed by the fusion of three pairs of cephalic ganglia. Ventral suboesophageal ganglion, which is formed by the fusion of rest three pairs of cephalic ganglia. One pair circum oesophageal connectives to unite them. 35. Only a bit of nervous system is found in head and its most parts occur in ventral part of body. This is the reason that if head of cockroach is cut off, it will still live for as long as one week. 36. Two solid ventral nerve cords arise from sub oesophageal ganglion and extend up to posterior part. These double ventral nerve cords and nine ganglia (three thoracic and six abdominal) give a laddar-like appearance. 37. Sympathetic nervous system is neuro- endocrine in function with five ganglia and includes one pair copora cardiaca, one pair corpora allata and a single prothoracic gland. 38. Prothoracic gland secretes a moulting hormone/ ecdysone to stimulate the metamorphosis while corpora allata secretes juvenile hormone(jh) / neotinin to prevent untimely moulting and metamorphosis. 39. The corpora cardiaca regulates the heartbeat and peristalsis. These glands also secrete adipo kinetic hormone (AKH). Both the corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum are neurohaemal organs that store brain neurohormones but each has some endocrine cells as well. 40. Sense organs include simple and compound eyes (photoreceptors) and sensillae (modified hypodermal cells). 41. The sensillae are of three types: (i) tactile (mostly on antennae), (ii) chemo (on maxillary and labial palps) (iii) auditory (on anal cerci). 42. Each compound eye is composed of about 2000 visual hexagonal units called ommatidia. Corneagen cell Iris pigment sheath Retinular cell Rhabdome Retinular pigment sheath Basement membrane Nerve fibres Lens Cone cell Crystalline cone Fig. 3 : V. S. of an ommatidium Each ommatidium consists of a lens, a cornea, a crystalline cone with 4 cone cells, 7 retinular cells and a rhabdome (having 7 rhabdomeres). Iris pigment sheath Cone cell Crystalline cone Fig. 4 : T. S. of an ommatidium through cone cells Retinular cell Rhabdome Retinular pigment sheath Fig. 5 : T. S. of an ommatidium through retinular cells

55 Phylum : Arthropoda With the help of ommatidia, a cockroach receives several images of an object. This kind of vision is called mosaic vision with more sensitivity but less resolution, being common during night (nocturnal vision). Reproduction 44. Male has one pair testes on lateral side in 4th-6th segments. It has single mushroom/ utricular gland, single phallic/conglobate gland and 3 unpaired male gonapophyses / phallomeres. These phallomeres are chitinous asymmetrical structures that surround the male gonopore. 45. Mushroom gland (found in 6th-7th segments) acts like accessory reproductive gland. It is composed of utriculi majores, utriculi breviores and seminal vesicle. In seminal vesicle, sperms are glued together into a large mass called spermatophore. 46. Female has one pair ovaries located laterally in 2nd-6th segments. Each ovary has 8-ovarioles (panoistic type). The female reproductive system also contains one pair spermathecae (6th segment), one pair colleterial/ accessory glands (branched) and 3 pairs of female gonapophyses (ovipositor process). 47. The 7th sternite is boat shaped and together with 8th and 9th sternites forms a genital pouch (chamber) having female gonopore. 48. The egg is polylecithal and centrolecithal type. Development 49. Fertilization is internal, occurs inside the genital pouch of female. 16 eggs, one form each ovariole, are discharged at the same time into the genital pouch, which are arranged in 2 rows of 8 each by gonapophyses. The sperms are also discharged from spermatophore into the genital pouch to fertilize the eggs. Cleavage meroblastic and superficial with periblastula. 50. A common egg case of sclero-protein called ootheca (secreted by colleterial glands) is formed around all the 16 fertilized eggs. The ootheca is a dark reddish to blackish brown capsule of about 8 mm length. S. No. Eggs 51. On an average, a female produces 9-10 oothecae and from each ootheca,16 nymphs emerge out that become adults after about 13 moults with incomplete metamorphosis. Since development occurs through nymphal stage hence it is called paurometaboly. Next to last nymphal stage has wing pads while only adult has wings. Differences between Periplaneta and Blatta Periplaneta Ootheca Blatta 1. Body comparatively large. Body comparatively smaller. 2. Wings developed both in male and female. Wing present in male but vestigial in female. 3. Saliva without invertase. Saliva with invertase. 4. Diploid chromosome no. = 34. Fig. 6 : An ootheca Diploid chromosome no.= 48. Insect Pests Some insect pests are as following: 1. Leptocorisa (Gandhi bug in paddy or rice) 2. Bagrada (Painted bug in oil seed crops) 3. Pyrilla (Sugarcane leaf hopper) 4. Chilo (in paddy, maize, sugarcane etc.) 5. Aphid (in cotton, mango, oil seed crops,legumes ) Lac Culture 1. Lac is produced commercially by a hemipteran scale insect Tachardia (Laccifer) lacca. This is common indian lac insect. 2. It lives on trees of ber, kusum, khair, palas, gular etc. and feeds the sap of its host plant. 3. Lac is resinous secretion produced by lac insect as a protective covering around its body. 4. Lac is actually secretory product from body of an insect and is commercially and largely produced by female.

56 56 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Anus Wing Legs Head Antenna (a) (b) Compound eye Thorax Abdomen Fig. 7 (a) Lac male (b) Lac female Rostrum Spiracle 5. Male is winged, structurally complete and dies after mating while female is degenerated without eyes, legs and wings. 6. Boat shaped coloured larvae have piercing and sucking mouth parts. 7. Adult is incapable of feeding, as it lacks the mouth parts hence suck the sap of its host plant. 8. Lac is used to manufacture of shellac, varnish, polish, sealing wax etc. 9. India is largest producer of lac in the world. Sericulture 1. Rearing of silkworm for the commercial production of silk is called sericulture. 2. The silkworms are the larvae of silkmoth belong to order Lepidoptera. 3. The silkmoth is not found in wild state. 4. The silk is of 4 types: Mulberry Eri Munga Tasar 5. Bombyx mori is the mulberry silkworm (native of China). Its silk is of superior quality due to its shining and creamy white colour. 6. Antheraea roylei and A. pernyi are the oak silkworm. 7. Eri silkworm (Philosamia ricini) is reared on castor leaves. 8. Salivary gland (labial gland) is modified to form the silk gland of larva and the larva has biting and chewing type of mouth parts. 9. The caterpillar larva feeds on mulberry leaves, secretes liquid silk, which becomes solid on coming in contact with air. 10. Fully grown larva stops feeding and starts secreting silk thread to spin the cocoon. The larva completely encloses itself within the cocoon. The enclosed immobile stage in the cocoon is now called pupa (chrysalis). 11. The silk is obtained /extracted from cocoon / pupa, upon boiling. 12. Silk contains nitrogen and two types proteins: fibroin and sericin. 13. Central Sericultural Research and Training Institutes are located in Mysore ( Karnataka) and Berhampore (W.B.). 14. Diseases concerned with silkworms are: Muscardine by a fungus Botrytis bassiana Pebrine by a protozoan Nosema bombycis Grasserie by a virus Flacherie by a bacterium Apiculture 1. Honey bee belongs to order Hymenoptera. 2. Four different species of bees are: Apis dorsata (Rock bee) -largest Apis indica(indian bee)-most common species Apis florea (Little bee) -smallest Apis mellifera (European bee) 3. These are colonial, polymorphic, social insects with division of labour. It has 3 castes: a single queen, a few hundred drones (males) and several thousand workers. Caste Number Nature Ch. no. Queen Single Fertile (2n) 32 Workers Thousands Sterile (2n) 32 Drones/males Hundreds Fertile (n) 16 Pollen Worker basket Queen Drone Fig. 8: Honey bee

57 Phylum : Arthropoda Mouth parts chewing and lapping type. The sting of honey bee worker is modified ovipositor. The bees feed upon nectar and pollen and keep the nectar for sometimes in their crops. 5. The process of leaving off the colony by the queen is termed as swarming. It occurs during spring or early summer to avoid the overcrowding. 6. When the egg laying capacity of old queen is lost or it dies suddenly then a new young queen takes the position of the old queen. It is called supersedure. 7. First swarm is led by the old queen but the second swarm is led by the 7 days old virgin queen which is followed by the drones and is called nuptial or marriage flight. One of the drones starts copulating with the queen in sky and after copulation the male dies. All the bees pass through a complete metamorphosis with the various changes in the life cycle taking place within the comb. The time taken by queen, worker and drone to complete their development is 16, 21 and 24 days respectively. 8. Honey bee shows both sexual and asexual reproduction. Diploid ( 2n 32) fertilized eggs give rise to queen and worker while unfertilized haploid eggs ( n 16 ) produce males or drones.this natural parthenogenesis is called arrhenotoky. The queen bee is diploid female developed from the larva hatched from fertilized egg, which is fed upon royal jelly. The royal jelly is secreted by pharyngeal or maxillary gland of worker and consists of digested honey, pollen and secretion of maxillary gland. All larvae receive it for two days but queen receives it throughout the life. 9. The highest degree of nest construction among insects is found in bees. The hive and comb are formed mainly by workers. A comb is vertical sheet of wax composed of a double layer of hexagonal cells. 10. It was Prof. Karl von Frisch (Austria), who was awarded Nobel Prize in 1973 for decoding the language of bee dances. These dances are of two types: (a) Round dance: is performed to indicate the newly discovered food source, close to hive (less than 75 meters) but there is no indication of direction. (b) Tail wagging dance: is performed to indicate the long distant source of food. It tells also the direction according to the position of the Sun. Tail-wagging dance Fig. 14: Honey bee dance Round dance 11. Queen substance (9-oxodetrans-2-enolic acid ) is secreted by mandibular gland of queen. 12. Bee keeping or apiculture is the maintenance of hives of honeybees for the production of honey. 13. Bee wax is a secretory product of hypodermal or wax glands of abdomen of worker bee. It has high melting point (about 140 F) and utilized in construction of hive. 14. Propolis and balms are the other collections of bee from the plants. These substances are utilized in reparing and fastening the comb. 15. Honey is a truly an insect product of high nutritive value. It is sweet, almost neutral, viscous edible fluid formed by honey bee mainly in honey sac (crop) with the help of nectar, pollen etc of plants. It is stored in the cells of comb. The optimum temperature for storage of honey is 70 F. 16. Chemical composition of honey: Levulose (fructose) - 39% Dextrose - 21% Maltose - 9% Water - 17% Ash - 1% Enzyme - 2% 17. Acarine disease is caused by mite (Acarapis woodi). 18. Merops orientalis (bee-eater) is a bird that preys upon honey bees. 19. Central Bee Research Institute is located in Pune.

58 58 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Selected Objective Questions Introduction and Characters 1. Arthropods : (a) lack the appendages (b) are not metamerically segmented (c) have jointed appendages (d) are characterized by absence of chitinous cuticle 2. Phylum Arthropoda is characterized by : (a) Absence of appendages (b) Presence of flame cells (c) Jointed appendages (d) Uncounted appendages 3. Phylum Arthropoda is most successful group due to the presence of : (a) Jointed locomotory appendages (b) Chitinous cuticle (c) Ventral and solid nerve cord (d) Dorsal tubular heart with open circulatory system 4. Bilateral symmetry, metameric segmentation and open circulatory system with coelom are the characters of : (a) Annelida (b) Arthropoda (c) Mollusca (d) Echinodermata 5. Which one of the following is not an arthropod characteristic? (a) Articulated exoskeleton (b) Unsegmented body (c) Periodic moulting (d) Jointed appendages 6. Arthropods are not characterized by the presence of (a) chitinous cuticle (b) metameric segmentation (c) jointed appendages (d) ventral tubular heart 7. Body cavity of arthropods is : (a) Pseudocoel (b) Enterocoel (c) Haemocoel (d) All of these 8. Which one of the following is common in Annelida and Arthropoda? (a) Basal nerve cord (b) Dorsal nerve cord (c) Ventral nerve cord (d) Anterior nerve cord 9. Arthropoda is (a) similar to that of Annelida as both have basal nerve cord and open circulatory systems (b) different from Annelida as both do not have ventral nerve cord and neurogenic hearts (c) similar to that of Mollusca as both have open circulatory system (d) similar to that of Vertebrata as both have hollow nerve cord and open circulatory system Classification and Examples 10. Trilobites were extinct Arthropodes existed during : (a) Cambrian to Jurassic periods (b) Cambrian to Permian periods (c) Palaeozoic to Mesozoic eras (d) Ordovician to Carboniferous periods 11. Two pairs of antennae are found in : (a) Crustacea (b) Insecta (c) Arachnida (d) Onychophora 12. Green glands are excretory organs in : (a) Insects (b) Crustacea (c) Centipedes (d) Arachnida 13. Crustaceans have which respiratory device? (a) Branchioles (b) Gills (c) Booklungs (d) Tracheae 14. Biramous appendages are present in : (a) Insecta (b) Crustacea (c) Onychophora (d) Cephalopoda 15. Which one of the following crustacean shows extreme degeneration due to parasitic mode of life and causes castration in host? (a) Sacculina (b) Eupagurus (c) Cyclops (d) Squilla 16. Diagnostic feature of Arachnida is : (a) 3 pairs of legs (b) Compound eyes (c) Chitinous body (d) 4 pairs of legs 17. Arachnids have (a) 2 pairs of legs (b) 1 pair of legs (c) 4 pairs of legs (d) 3 pairs of legs 18. Which one of the following is an arachnid? (a) Ixodes (b) Daphnia (c) Glow worm (d) Xenopsylla 19. Chelicerae are found in : (a) Crustacea (b) Arachnida (c) Onychophora (d) Myriapoda 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (b)

59 Phylum : Arthropoda Ticks and mites belong to : (a) Crustacea (b) Insecta (c) Arachnida (d) Myriapoda 21. Which type of respiratory organs are present in spiders and scorpions? (a) Gills (b) Lungs (c) Gill books (d) Book lungs 22. Spinnerets are found in : (a) Tick (b) Fly (c) Spider (d) Earthworm 23. Which of the following arthropods are not mandibulate? (a) Insects (b) Crabs (c) Shrimps (d) Spiders 24. Centipedes and millipedes belong to the class : (a) Insecta (b) Myriapoda (c) Crustacea (d) Arachnida 25. Diplopoda is a : (a) minor phylum of marine animals (b) class of Annelida and includes primitive forms (c) group of Arthropoda and includes millipedes (d) group of Arthropoda and includes centipedes 26. Chilopoda is a (a) minor phylum of marine animals (b) class of Annelida and includes primitive forms (c) group of Arthropoda and includes millipedes (d) group of Arthropoda and includes centipedes 27. Find out wrong matching : (a) Astacus : Cray fish (b) Cyclops : Water flea (c) Ixodes : Tick (d) Xenopsylla: Rat flea Insecta 28. Biggest class in animal kingdom is : (a) Arthropoda (b) Mollusca (c) Pisces (d) Insecta 29. Insects have : (a) 2 pairs of legs (b) 1 pair of leg (c) 4 pairs of legs (d)3 pairs of legs 30. Which one of the following pair of insects have similar nature of metamorphosis (a) Ant and beetle (b) Fly and termite (c) Louse and mosquito (d) Locust and honey bee 31. Which one of the following pair of insects have similar nature of metamorphosis (a) Fly and mosquito (b) Lepisma and termite (c) Ant and cockroach (d) Locust and honey bee 32. Halters are balancing organs found in (a) cockroach (b) housefly (c) mosquito (d) mostly in dipterans 33. The simple eyes of insects are (a) apposition eyes (b) ocelli (c) ommatidia (d) superposition eyes 34. Which of the following is an insect? (a) Ant (b) Prawn (c) Spider (d) Scorpion 35. Honeybee, ant and termite, all are : (a) Parasites (b) Social insects (c) Poisonous insects (d) Beneficial insects 36. Insects excrete nitrogen as : (a) Uric acid (b) Guanine (c) Urea (d) Ammonia 37. An insect without metamorphosis is : (a) Silverfish (b) Crayfish (c) Bedbug (d) Grasshopper 38. Complete metamorphosis occurs in : (a) Grasshopper (b) Moth (c) Bedbug (d) Silverfish 39. Gandhi bug (Leptocorisa) is the pest of : (a) Wheat (b) Sugarcane (c) Paddy (d) Banana 40. Which one is correctly matched? (a) Bed bug : Incomplete metamorphosis (b) Silver fish : Complete metamorphosis (c) Termite : No metamorphosis (d) Mosquito : Incomplete metamorphosis 41. Which one of the following is correctly matched? (a) Lac insect : Hemiptera (b) Silkworm : Diptera (c) Honeybee : Lepidoptera (d) Housefly : Hymenoptera 42. Which one of the following pairs are dipteran insects? (a) Mosquito and housefly (b) Cockroach and housefly (c) Tachardia and silkworm (d) Bombyx and Apis 43. Glow-worm is : (a) a mollusc (b) an insect (c) an annelid (d) a nematode 20. (c) 21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (a) 31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (a) 41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (b)

60 60 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 44. Which one of the following animals does not have a hydrostatic support? (a) Jelly fish (b) Earthworm (c) White ant (d) Snail 45. Swarming occurs in : (a) locust (b) mosquito (c) Pyrilla (d) housefly 46. Which one of the following is categorised as a parasite in true sense? (a) Head louse living on the human scalp as well as laying eggs on human hair (b) The cuckoo (koel) lays its eggs in crow s nest (c) The female Anopheles bites and sucks blood from humans (d) Human foetus developing inside the uterus draws nourishment from the mother Cockroach 47. Periplaneta belongs to : (a) Annelida (b) Platyhelminthes (c) Mollusca (d) Arthropoda 48. Cockroach is (a) a diurnal insect with 2 to 3 cm in length (b) a serious pest and vector of several diseases (c) not a pest but vector of several diseases (d) neihter a pest nor a vector of any disease 49. Periplaneta prefers : (a) Walking (b) Running (c) Flying (d) Gliding 50. Periplaneta differs from Blatta in : (a) taxonomic position (b) mode of excretion (c) wings in males (d) invertase enzyme 51. Bombay canary is the name of : (a) Periplaneta americana (b) Periplaneta orientalis (c) Blatta orientalis (d) Blatella germanica 52. Two common Indian cockroaches are : (a) Periplaneta americana and Blatta indica (b) Periplaneta orientalis and Blatta americana (c) Periplaneta americana and Blatta orientalis (d) Periplaneta indica and Blatta orientalis 53. Anal styles are found in : (a) Male housefly (b) Male cockroach (c) Male mosquito (d) Female cockroach 54. Structures which help in differentiating the male cockroaches from female are : (a) Anal cerci (b) Ocelli (c) Anal styles (d) Longer antennae 55. What will you look for to identify the sex of the following? (a) Male cockroach Anal styles (b) Female shark Claspers borne on pelvic fins (c) Female Ascaris Sharply curved posterior end (d) Female frog A copulatory pad on the first digit 56. Select the correct statement from the ones given below with respect to Periplaneta americana. (a) there are 16 very long malpighian tubules present at the junctions of midgut and hindgut (b) grinding of food is carried out only by the mouth parts (c) nervous systen located dorsally, consists of segmentally arranged ganglia joined by a pair of longitudinal connectives (d) males bear a pair of short thread like anal styles 57. The sclerites are joined to one another by : (a) articular membrane (b) ligaments (c) tendons (d) connective tissue 58. What is the shape of cockroach head? (a) Triangular (b) Rounded (c) Ovoid (d) Rectangular 59. Head of cockroach is formed by the fusion of : (a) 5 segments (b) 6 segments (c) 7 segments (d) 8 segments 60. Head of cockroach shows mobility in : (a) one direction (b) two directions (c) all directions (d) upper and lower directions 61. All direction mobility in head of cockroach is due to : (a) flexible neck (b) fixed neck (c) absence of neck (d) hypopharynx 62. Head of cockroach is connected with thorax by a neck, which is actually a short extension of? (a) abdomen (b) metathorax (c) mesothorax (d) prothorax 63. In cockroach, wings are absent in : (a) Prothorax (b) Mesothorax (c) Metathorax (d) Thorax 64. In cockroach, forewings arise from : (a) Prothorax (b) Mesothorax (c) Metathorax (d) Abdomen 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (d) 51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (a) 56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (c) 61. (a) 62. (d) 63. (a) 64. (b)

61 Phylum : Arthropoda In cockroach, forewings are not : (a) opaque dark (b) leathery (c) membranous (d) mesothoracic 66. Forewings of cockroach (a) arise from metathorax (b) are leathery, transparent called tegmina (c) cover the hindwings when at rest (d) are membranous and are used in flight 67. During rest, hindwings of cockroach : (a) are covered by forewings (b) are not covered by forewings (c) cover the forewings (d) become leathery 68. First antennal segment of cockroach is known as : (a) Frons (b) Pedicel (c) Scape (d) Coxa 69. Antenna of cockroach consists of : (a) One segment (b) Five segments (c) Three segments (d) Many segments 70. Antenna of cockroach (a) is 15- segmented (b) includes scape, pedicel, flagellum and pleurite (c) arises from prothrax (d) helps in monitoring the environment 71. Walking leg of cockroach consists of : (a) tibia, coxa, pedicel and femur (b) tarsus, trochanter and scape (c) coxa, femur, tibia, tarsus and podomere (d) tibia, coxa, tarsus, trochanter and femur 72. Number of segments in a leg of cockroach is : (a) Three (b) Five (c) Six (d) Nine 73. Mouth parts of cockroach are : (a) Piercing and sucking type (b) Biting and sucking type (c) Biting and chewing type (d) Sponging type 74. Metamorphosis in the life history of Periplaneta is : (a) Absent (b) Incomplete (c) Complete (d) Complicated 75. Tongue of cockroach is : (a) Labrum (b) Mandibles (c) Labium (d) Hypopharynx 76. Mandibulate type of mouth parts of cockroach include following structures as unpaired? (a) labrum and labium only (b) hypopharynx and maxilla (c) mandible and maxilla (d) hypopharynx, labium and labrum 77. Biting and chewing type of mouth parts of cockroach include the following paired structures? (a) labrum and labium (b) hypopharynx and maxilla (c) hypopharynx and labrum (d) mandible and maxilla 78. Palpiger is a part of : (a) Labrum (b) Mandibles (c) Labium (d) Hypopharynx 79. Cephalic appendages of cockroach do not include : (a) antennae (b) mandibles (c) maxillae (d) coxa 80. In cockroach, crop is present in between : (a) oesophagus and gizzard (b) ileum and gizzard (c) mesenteron and ileum (d) pharnynx and oesophagus 81. In cockroach, crop is meant for : (a) digestion (b) receiving digestive enzymes (c) storing food (d) all of these 82. Salivary glands of cockroach : (a) are not the paired strutures (b) found around gizzard (c) are not known to secrete any enzymes (d) located on either side of crop 83. Salivary glands of cockroach secretes : (a) amylase (b) trypsin (c) pepsin (d) ptyalin 84. What is the location of gizzard in cockroach? (a) between pharynx and oesophagus (b) between crop and mesenteron (c) between mesenteron and ileum (d) between crop and oesophagus 85. Which one of the following is the most complicated part of alimentary canal of cockroach? (a) Crop (b) Pharynx (c) Gizzard (d) Oesophagus 86. Wall of gizzard of cockroach is internally raised into: (a) 6 longitudinal folds (b) 5 longitudinal folds (c) crop (d) one pair hepatic caeca 65. (c) 66. (c) 67. (a) 68. (c) 69. (d) 70. (d) 71. (d) 72. (b) 73. (c) 74. (b) 75. (d) 76. (d) 77. (d) 78. (c) 79. (d) 80. (a) 81. (d) 82. (d) 83. (a) 84. (b) 85. (c) 86. (a)

62 62 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 87. How many cuticular teeth are present in gizzard of cockroach to crush the food? (a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 7 (d) Cockroach has a stomodaeal valve between : (a) ileum and colon (b) mesenteron and ileum (c) crop and gizzard (d) gizzard and mesenteron 89. How many blind gastric or hepatic caecae are present in alimentary canal of cockroach? (a) 6-8 (b) 8-10 (c) (d) In cockroach, hindgut is : (a) broader than midgut (b) broader than foregut (c) equal to midgut (d) equal to foregut 91. Ecdysone is produced by : (a) Prothoracic gland (b) Corpora cardiaca (c) Corpora allata (d) Abdominal gland 92. Which one of the following regions of the alimentary canal in cockroach is characterized by the presence of peritrophic membrane? (a) Meseteron (b) Gizzard (c) Crop (d) Ileum 93. Peritrophic membrane of cockroach is secreted by (a) crop (b) hapatic caeca (c) gizzard (d) colon 94. In the nymphal stage of cockroach the juvenile hormone (neotinin) is secreted by : (a) corpora allata (b) corpora cardiaca (c) intercerebral cells (d)prothoracic gland: 95. Heart of cockroach is not : (a) multichambered (b) neurogenic (c) related with circulation (d) related with transport of respiratory pigment 96. Number of chambers in the heart of cockroach is : (a) 23 (b)13 (c) 4 (d) Alary muscles in cockroach are related with : (a) Heart (b) Brain (c) Gut (d) Legs 98. Heart of cockroach is : (a) Myogenic (b) Morphogenic (c) Neurogenic (d) Photogenic 99. Heart of cockroach is located in pericardial sinus over the : (a) dorsal diaphragm (b) ventral diaphragm (c) oblique diaphragm (d) lateral diaphragm 100. Oxygen in cockroach is transported by : (a) Blood (b) Lymph (c) Trachea (d) Spiracle 101. In cockroach, air first enters the body for respiration through the (a) ossicles (b) tracheae (c) spiracles (d) tracheoles 102. How many spiracles are found in cockroach? (a) Eight pairs (b) Ten pairs (c) Six pairs (d) Three pairs 103. Spiracles in cockroach are located : (a) dorsally (b) ventrally (c) laterally (d) posteriorly 104. Spiracles found in cockroach are : (a) 2 pairs in thorax and 10 pairs in abdomen (b) 2 pairs in thorax and 6 pairs in abdomen (c) 2 pairs in thorax and 8 pairs in abdomen (d) 2 pairs in thorax and 4 pairs in abdomen 105. Tracheal tubes in cockroach are prevented from being collapse by : (a) C-shaped rings (b) intima (c) exine (d) tracheoles 106. Gaseous exchange occurs through diffusion at : (a) tracheoles (b) intima (c) trachea (d) spiracles 107. Excretory organs of cockroach and other insects : (a) Nephridia (b) Gizzard (c) Flame cells (d) Malpighian tubules 108. Malpighian tubules extract the excretory substances from : (a) trachea (b) haemolymph (c) gizzard (d) rectum 109. Colour of Malpighian tubules is : (a) Brown (b) Black (c) Green (d) Yellow 110. Cockroach is : (a) ureotelic (b) uricotelic (c) ammonotelic (d) aminotelic 111. Which one of the following in cockroach does not help in excretion? (a) Fat body (b) Urecose glands (c) Nephrocytes (d) Phallic glands 112. Brain of cockroach is formed by the fusion of : (a) 2 ganglia (b) 3 ganglia (c) 2 pairs of ganglia (d) 3 pairs of ganglia 113. Number of ganglia present on nerve cord of cockroach : (a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) (a) 88. (d) 89. (a) 90. (a) 91. (a) 92. (a) 93. (c) 94. (a) 95. (d) 96. (b) 97. (a) 98. (c) 99. (a) 100. (c) 101. (c) 102. (b) 103. (c) 104. (c) 105. (b) 106. (a) 107. (d) 108. (b) 109. (d) 110. (b) 111. (d) 112. (d) 113. (b)

63 Phylum : Arthropoda Number of thoracic and abdominal ganglia in cockroach are respectively : (a) 3, 6 (b) 3, 3 (c) 6, 6 (d) 6, Which of the following is more than 8 but less than 10 in number in cockroach? (a) segmental ganglia (b) segmental ganglia and spiracles (c) neurogenic heart chambers (d) glandular hepatic caeca 116. Vision in cockroach is : (a) Mosaic (b) Ultrasonic (c) Binocular (d) Monocular 117. With the help of ommatidia, a cockroach can receive how many images of an object? (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) many 118. In cockroach, (a) sclerite, pleurite and sternite are together called tergites (b) labium, labrum and podomere are unpaired structures (c) mosaic vision is found with more sensitivity but less resolution being common during night (d) incomplete metamorphosis occurs through pupal stage 119. Shape of ommatidium of cockroach is (a) triangular (b) boat shaped (c) tubular (d) hexagonal 120. The mosaic vision with more sensitivity but less resolution, being common during : (a) day (b)night (c) both (a) and (b) (d) morning 121. One rhabdome consists of : (a) 7-rhabdomeres (b) 5-rhabdomeres (c) 1-cornea (d) 2-corneagen cells 122. Ears of cockroaches are situated on : (a) Anal cerci (b) Epicranial plate (c) Antennae (d) Anal styles and labrum 123. Conglobate gland is found in : (a) Female cockroach (b) Male cockroach (c) Anopheles mosquito (d) Culex mosquito 124. Phallic organs in cockroach are related to : (a) Male excretory system (b) Male reproductive system (c) Female excretory system (d) Female reproductive system 125. A male cockroach has : (a) Two phallomeres (b) Three phallomeres (c) Four phallomeres (d) Many phallomeres 126. How many gonapophyses are found in cockroach? (a) 3 in male and 6 in female (b) 6 in male and 3 in female (c) 4 in male and 8 in female (d) 3 in male and 3 in female 127. The chitinous structures found around the genital apertures are : (a) Sternum (b) Anal cerci (c) Anal styles (d) Gonapophyses 128. How many eggs are present in an ootheca of Periplaneta? (a) 4 (b)16 (c) 8 (d) Number of ovarioles in each ovary of cockroach : (a) Thirty-two (b) Sixteen (c) Eight (d) Pour 130. Egg of cockroach is : (a) Centrolecithal (b) Telolecithal (c) Isolecithal (d) Mesolecithal 131. Ootheca in Periplaneta americana is secreted by : (a) Colleterial glands (b) Conglobate glands (c) Mushroom glands (d) Genital pouch of female 132. Number of fertilized eggs in ootheca of cockroach is : (a) 16 pairs, in two rows (b) 16, in two rows (c) 10, in one row (d) 8, in two rows 133. The ootheca of cockroach (a) does not contain fertilized eggs (b) is not secreted by colleterial glands (c) is about 8 mm long (d) is dark brown to blackish red 134. Metamorphosis in cockroach is regulated mainly by: (a) Brain (b) Corpora cardiaca (c) Thyroid (d) Corpora allata 135. Metamorphosis in cockroach is controlled by : (a) corpus luteum (b) corpora cardiaca (c) corpora allata (d) corpus callosum 114. (a) 115. (a) 116. (a) 117. (b) 118. (d) 119. (d) 120. (b) 121. (a) 122. (a) 123. (b) 124. (b) 125. (b) 126. (a) 127. (d) 128. (b) 129. (c) 130. (a) 131. (a) 132. (b) 133. (c) 134. (d) 135. (c)

64 64 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 136. Hormone produced by corpora allata in insects is : (a) Growth hormone (b) Juvenile hormone (c) Inhibiting hormone (d) Moulting hormone 137. In cockroach, larval and nymphal characters are maintained by : (a) Ecdysone (b) parotid glands (c) Juvenile hormone (d) salivary glands Lac Insect 138. Lac insect belongs to order : (a) Diptera (b) Hemiptera (c) Lepidoptera (d) Hymenoptera 139. Lac is produced commercially by : (a) Apis mellifera (b) Bombyx mori (c) Tachardia lacca (d) Attacus ricinii 140. Lac is : (a) epidermal secretion of entire body of insects (b) excretory product (c) plant product (d) a dead insect 141. Lac is produced as : (a) secretions from body (b) excretion from body (c) excess of food oozing out of body (d) faeces of lac insect 142. Which one is a secretion from body of an insect? (a) Honey (b) Pearl (c) Lac (d) Coral 143. Laccifer lacca belongs to the class : (a) Crustacea (b) Hexapoda (c) Arachnida (d) Diplopoda 144. Which of these insects is beneficial to man? (a) Ants (b) Grasshopper (c) Wasps (d) Lac insect 145. Lac is a complex substance having large amount of: (a) Chitin (b) Mucin (c) Resins (d) Sericin 146. Indian Lac Research Institute is located in : (a) Ranchi (b) Banglore (c) Pune (d) Shimla 147. Important trees on which the lac insects breed are? (a) Kusum (b) Palas (c) Ber (d) All of these 148. Lac is used to manufacture the : (a) Shellac (b) Varnish (c) Polish (d) All of these 149. Which one of the following country is largest producer of lac in the world? (a) China (b) Thailand (c) India (d) Bangladesh 150. Lac insect is : (a) structurally complete (b) symbiotic (c) parasitic (d) commensal 151. Tachardia lacca can be classified as (a) social insect (b) scale insect (c) insect vector (d) plant lice 152. Male is structurally complete but female is degenerated and long lived in (a) Lac insect (b) Chilo (c) Apis (d) Silkworm Silk Worm 153. Silkworm belongs to order : (a) Lepidoptera (b) Hymenoptera (c) Diptera (d) Hemiptera 154. Rearing of silkworm is called : (a) Sericulture (b) Apiculture (c) Pisciculture (d) Agronomy 155. Silk is produced by which insect : (a) Bombyx mori (b) Apis mellifera (c) Laccifer lacca (d) Apis dorsata 156. Scientific name of oak silkworm is : (a) Bombyx mori (b) Attacus rechini (c) Antheraea roylei (d) Antheraea assamensis 157. Silk is obtained from which stage of silkworm? (a) Egg (b) Pupa (c) Adult (d) Larva 158. The silk is extracted/ obtained from which part of pupa: (a) Labial glands (b) Salivary glands (c) Mulberry (d) Cocoon 159. In silkworm, silk is the product of : (a) Salivary gland of the larvae (b) Cuticle of the adult (c) Cuticle of the larva (d) Salivary gland of the adult 160. Which one is not a type of silk? (a) Shellac (b) Mulberry (c) Tasar (d) Eri 136. (b) 137. (c) 138. (b) 139. (c) 140. (a) 141. (a) 142. (c) 143. (b) 144. (d) 145. (c) 146. (a) 147. (d) 148. (d) 149. (c) 150. (c) 151. (b) 152. (a) 153. (a) 154. (a) 155. (a) 156. (c) 157. (b) 158. (d) 159. (a) 160. (a)

65 Phylum : Arthropoda Natural silk contains : (a) Nitrogen (b) Potassium (c) Magnesium (d) Phosphorus 162. Which one is the best silk? (a) Eri silk (b) Mulberry silk (c) Tasar silk (d) None of these 163. Chemical nature of silk is : (a) Protein (b) Lipid (c) Carbohydrate (d) Chitin 164. Bombyx mori feeds on the leaves of : (a) Neem (b) Betel (c) Cotton (d) Mulberry 165. Bombyx mori belongs to the class : (a) Diptera (b) Lepidoptera (c) Hymenoptera (d) Insecta 166. The larva of Bombyx mori is : (a) nymph (b) trochophore (c) cocoon (d) caterpillar 167. In silk moth development to adult occurs through : (a) Egg (b) Larva (c) Nymph (d) Metamorphosis 168. Silk glands are modified : (a) Salivary glands (b) Digestive glands (c) Excretory organs (d) Endocrine glands 169. Silkworm is a : (a) helminth (b) fly (c) beetle (d) moth 170. Most commonly reared silkworm in India is : (a) Antheraea pernyi (b) Antheraea roylet (c) Bombyx mori (d) Attacus ricinii 171. Mulberry silk worm, Bombyx mori is the native of : (a) France (b) India (c) Japan (d) China 172. Which one of the following types of silk is being produced extensively in South India? (a) Eri (b) Munga (c) Tasar (d) Mulberry 173. Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute is located in : (a) Mysore (b) Banglore (c) Delhi (d) Pune 174. Which one of the following disease in silkworm is caused by a protozoan? (a) Acarine (b) Flacherie (c) Pebrine (d) Muscadine 175. Pebrine disease in silkworm is caused by : (a) a fungus: Botrytis bassiana (b) a protozoan: Trichomonas (c) a protozoan: Nosema bombycis (d) a mite: Acarapis woodi 176. Water soluble protein associated with silk thread is: (a) Chitin (b) Mucin (c) Reticulin (d) Sericin 177. Protein present in silk fibre is : (a) elastin (b) fibroin (c) resin (d) keratin 178. Silk is produced by Bombyx mori during : (a) pupal stage (b) larval stage (c) nymphal stage (d) imago stage 179. Grasserie disease of silkworm is caused by a : (a) virus (b) bacterium (c) fungus (d) protozoan 180. Which insect is not found in wild state? (a) Lac insect (b) Silk moth (c) Honeybee (d) Cochineal insect 181. The larva of silkworm stops to feed and starts to spin silk around its body : (a) from outside to inside (b) at random (c) from tail to head (d) from inside to outside Honey Bee 182. The caste system is greatly developed in : (a) Cockroaches (b) Honeybees (c) Mosquitoes (d) Houseflies 183. Pollen basket occurs in honeybee on : (a) Prothoracic leg (b) Mesothoracic leg (c) Metathoracic leg (d)union of thorax and abdomen 184. Honey bee larvae are first fed on a secretion, the royal jelly which is produced by? (a) Queen (b) Drones (c) Workers (d) Cockroach 185. The royal jelly of honey bees is the food given to : (a) Queen (b) Drones (c) Workers (d) Larva for fertility 161. (a) 162. (b) 163. (a) 164. (d) 165. (d) 166. (d) 167. (d) 168. (a) 169. (d) 170. (c) 171. (d) 172. (a) 173. (a) 174. (c) 175. (c) 176. (d) 177. (b) 178. (b) 179. (a) 180. (b) 181. (a) 182. (d) 183. (c) 184. (c) 185. (a)

66 66 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 186. In honeybee, royal jelly is secreted by : (a) crop gland (b) wax gland (c) salivary gland (d) pharyngeal gland 187. The scientist, who decoded the language of bees, explained their dances for communication and was awarded the Nobel Prize for it was? (a) Charles Darwin (b) Karl von Frisch (c) William Harvey (d) Carolus Linnaeus 188. In bees, dance is meant for : (a) Reproduction (b) Visiting the source of food (c) Communication (d) Killing foreign bees 189. Which one is the real product of honeybee? (a) Bee wax (b) Honey (c) Propolis (d) Pollen 190. Which of the following products are obtained from honeybee? (a) Wax (b) Honey (c) Propolis (d) Wax and honey 191. In which bee, the wax glands are present? (a) Worker (b) Drone (c) Queen bee (d) Queen and worker bees 192. In honey, which of the following sugars is present? (a) Fructose (b) Glycogen (c) Sucrose (d) Cellulose 193. Which one is found in maximum quantity in honey? (a) Levulose (b) Dextrose (c) Water (d) Maltose 194. Honeybee stores honey in : (a) Stomach (b) Cells of comb (c) Crop (d) Salivary glands 195. Honey is : (a) Alkaline (b) Acidic (c) Neutral (d) Basic after some day 196. Honeybee species reared most widely in India is : (a) Apis mellifera (b) Apis indica (c) Apis dorsata (d) Apis florea 197. Sting apparatus in honeybee is a modified form of : (a) Ovipositor (b) Podical valves (c) Wax glands (d) Alkaline glands 198. Which one of the following disease in honeybee is caused by parasitic mite? (a) Acarine (b) Flacherie (c) Pebrine (d) Typhoid 199. Central Bee Research Institute is located in : (a) Pune (b) Banglore (c) Delhi (d) Shimla 200. European bee is called as : (a) Apis indica (b) Apis florea (c) Apis dorsata (d) Apis mellifera 201. Largest honey bee is : (a) Apis indica (b) Apis florea (c) Apis dorsata (d) Apis mellifera 202. An example for best domesticated honeybee in Europe and America : (a) Apis dorsata (b) Apis florea (c) Apis mellifera (d) Apis indica 203. Mouthparts of honey bee are : (a) Sponging and sucking type (b) Lapping and chewing type (c) Siphoning and cutting type (d) Piercing and chewing type 204. Number of queen in a hive is : (a) 1 (b) 1 pair (c) 5 (d) many 205. A waxy substance produced by honeybee to repair the combs is : (a) honey dew (b) propolis (c) honey (d) nectar 206. Apis indica : (a) does not show complete metamorphosis (b) is a colonial insect but without division of labour (c) produces propolis for comb repair (d) takes 2-3 weeks to complete its development with paurometaboly 207. In honeybees, the drones are produced from : (a) Unfertilized eggs (b) Fertilized eggs (c) Larvae fed with royal jelly (d) Fasting larvae 208. In honey bee colony, drones are : (a) Fertile females (b) Sterile females (c) Fertile males (d) Sterile males 209. Which of the following animals has the capacity to reproduce both with and without fertilization? (a) Housefly (b) Honeybee (c) Silk moth (d) Earthworm 186. (d) 187. (b) 188. (b) 189. (a) 190. (d) 191. (a) 192. (a) 193. (a) 194. (b) 195. (c) 196. (b) 197. (a) 198. (a) 199. (a) 200. (d) 201. (c) 202. (c) 203. (b) 204. (a) 205. (b) 206. (c) 207. (a) 208. (c) 209. (b)

67 Phylum : Mollusca 67 9 Phylum : Mollusca 1. This phylum belongs to the largest and heaviest invertebrates. 2. Johnston gave the term Mollusca. 3. This is the second largest phylum. 4. Malacology is the study of molluscs. 5. Conchology is the study of molluscan shells. 6. Soft bodied animals; divisible into head, mantle, foot and visceral mass or hump. 7. Mantle is muscular fold of body wall that secretes a protective calcareous shell ( CaCO 3 ). 8. The space between hump and mantle is called mantle cavity having feather like gills for respiratory and excretory functions. 9. Body unsegmented, basically bilaterally symmetrical with schizocoelic coelom (tooth shells). 10. Circulatory system open type; respiratory pigment haemocyanin, found dissolved in plasma. 11. Excretion by metanephridia (organ of Bojanus and Keber s organs). 12. Respiration by ctenidia/gills or pulmonary sac or both (gills absent in Scaphopoda). 13. Digestive system complete with a digestive gland or hepatopancreas. File-like food rasping organ radula present in mouth for feeding (radula absent in Pelecypoda). 14. Fertilization external with indirect development through veliger and glochidium larvae. 15. Basis of classification: foot, mantle and shell. This phylum is divided into 6 classes: Class 1. Monoplacophora Marine. Mantle dome shaped (Molluscan character). Internal metameric segmentation (Annelid character) e. g., Neopilina - living fossil. - most primitive mollusc. - connecting link between Annelida and Mollusca. Class 2. Polyplacophora / Amphineura Marine. Head reduced without eyes and tentacles. Shell as 8 calcareous plates. e. g., Chiton(coat of mail shell) sometimes called sea mice. Calcareous shell plates Calcareous spicules Fig. 1: Chiton Mantle edge Class3. Scaphopoda Marine. Head, eyes and tentacles absent. Body within a tubular shell open at both ends. e. g., Dentalium (elephant s tusk shell) Class 4. Pelecypoda / Bivalvia / Lamellibranchia Marine or fresh water. Body enclosed in a bivalve shell. Laterally compressed. Mostly filter feeder. Head, eyes, tentacles and radula absent. e. g., (i) Unio/ Lamellidens (fresh water mussel): larva glochidium with byssus thread. (ii) Mytilus (sea mussel)

68 68 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla (iii) Pecten (scallop) (iv) Pinctada (pearl oyster) (v) Teredo (shipworm) : harmful for wood in sea Class 5. Gastropoda / Univalvia Marine, fresh water or terrestrial. Head with eyes and tentacles. Largest class of Mollusca. Radula as food rasping organ present. Osphradium as organ of taste. Show torsion (coiling into 8 shaped figure). Bisexual snail has ovotestis (with male and female portions). e. g., (i) Pila (apple snail): with direct development. (ii) Aplysia (sea hare) (iii) Doris (sea lemon) (iv) Helix (garden snail) (v) Limnea (pond snail) (vi) Cypraea (cowrie) : used as currency during ancient times. (vii)limax (slug) Body-whorl Lines of growth or varices Umbilicus Sutures Class 6. Cephalopoda / Siphonopoda Marine. Foot is located on head, modified in form of oral arms. Eyes are image forming, similar to vertebrates. Circulatory system closed type. Its 2 subclasses are: Subclass 1. Tetrabranchia: Apex of shell Fig. 2: Pila Peristome Operculum Shell external and divided into compartments. Gills and nephridia four. Ink gland absent e. g., Nautilus (living fossil) Subclass 2. Dibranchia: Shell internal or absent. Gills and nephridia two. Ink gland present as organ of offence and defence. Includes 2 orders: Octapoda and Decapoda Order 1. Octapoda with 8 arms. e. g., Octopus (devil fish) Oral arms Suckers Web Eye Body Funnel Head Fig. 3: Octopus Order 2. Decapoda with 10 arms. e. g., (i) Sepia (cuttle fish) has internal shell (ii) Loligo (squid/sea arrow) (iii) Architeuthis (Giant Atlantic squid): Pearl Formation 1. Molluscan skin is composed of epidermis and dermis. 2. Body is covered by a calcareous shell. The shell is secreted and lined internally by a mantle. 3. Pearl formation is associated with Bivalvia/ Pelecypoda class of this phylum. When a foreign particle or helminth larva or other small parasite etc. comes between shell and mantle, it becomes enclosed by a sac formed by irritated mantle columnar epithelium. The irritated mantle epithelium secretes concentric layers of nacre around the particle. In this way a pearl is formed as a means of protection against foreign body. Foreign body Ciliated epithelium of mantle Nacre secreting cells of mantle Nacreous layer (mother of pearl) Pearl formed by Connective secretion around tissue foreign body Fig. 4: Stages of pearl formation 4. The technique of pearl culture was developed by Kopichi Mikimoto (Japan), who is called father of pearl industry. Indian pearl oyster is Pinctada vulgaris. 5. Dr Ajay Kumar Sonkar (Allahabad) is one of the famous worker associated with pearl formation in India.

69 Phylum : Mollusca 69 Selected Objective Questions Introduction and Characters 1. Second largest phylum in animal kingdom is : (a) Chordata (b) Annelida (c) Arthropoda (d) Mollusca 2. Malacology is the study of : (a) Annelids (b) Molluscs (c) Chordates (d) Echinoderms 3. The phylum name Mollusca means : (a) Shelled animals (b) Aquatic animals (c) Soft bodied animals (d) Mantle bearers 4. Arthropods and molluscs have similar type of : (a) physiology of hearts (b) circulatory systems (c) respiratory systems (d) digestive systems 5. Mantle is a characteristic features of phylum : (a) Nematoda (b) Annelida (c) Arthropoda (d) Mollusca 6. In Mollusca, the shell is secreted by : (a) Ctenidium (b) Pericardium (c) Foot (d) Mantle 7. Ctenidia in molluscs are : (a) Excretory organs (b) Respiratory organs (c) Protective organs (d) Reproductive organs 8. Molluscan organ of Bojanus is concerned with : (a) Excretion (b) Digestion (c) Respiration (d) Circulation 9. Which one of the following is file-like organ in Molluscs? (a) Osphradium (b) Radula (c) Gill (d) Organ of Bojanus 10. Which one is correctly matched about class/phylum and their characteristics : (a) Reptilia : jointed locomotory appendages (b) Mammalia : absence of mammary glands (c) Arthropoda : crawling mode of locomotion (d) Mollusca : head, foot, mantle and visceral mass 11. In which of following group of animals, the trochophore larva becomes the veliger larva? (a) Chordata (b) Mollusca (c) Annelida (d) Arthropoda 12. Veliger is the larval stage in : (a) Annelids (b) Molluscs (c) Arthropodes (d) Echinoderms Classification and Examples 13. Terrestrial molluscs are kept in class : (a) Pelecypoda (b) Cephalopoda (c) Gastropoda (d) Scaphopoda 14. Fresh water molluscs are kept in class : (a) Pelecypoda and Gastropoda (b) Cephalopoda and Monoplacophora (c) Amphineura and Gastropoda (d) Polyplacophora and Cephalopoda 15. Which of the following is not a class of Mollusca? (a) Gastropoda (b) Cephalopoda (c) Amphineura (d) Decapoda 16. Neopilina belongs to the class : (a) Aplacophora (b) Monoplacophora (c) Polyplacophora (d) Gastropoda 17. Which of the following mollusc is a living fossil? (a) Limulus (b) Latimeria (c) Neopilina (d) Chaetopterus 18. Most primitive among following mollusc is : (a) Nautilus (b) Neopilina (c) Chiton (d) Patella 19. Neopilina is a connecting link between : (a) Arthropoda and Mollusca (b) Annelida and Mollusca (c) Mollusca and Echinodermata (d) Mollusca and Helminthes 20. Neopilina is not a : (a) Living fossil (b) Most primitive mollusc (c) Connecting link (d) Cephalopod mollusc 21. Neopilina is not: (a) a living fossil (b) an advanced mollusc (c) a connecting link (d) most primitive mollusc having characters of annelids and ancient features of molluscs 22. Which one belongs to class Amphineura? (a) Dentalium (b) Chiton (c) Oyster (d) Loligo 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (d) 21. (b) 22. (b)

70 70 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 23. Which one has shell as 8-calcareous plates? (a) Unio (b) Neopilina (c) Sepia (d) Chiton 24. Elephant tusk shell belongs to the class : (a) Pelecypoda (b) Cephalopoda (c) Scaphopoda (d) Gastropoda 25. Which one belongs to class Scaphopoda? (a) Oyster (b) Loligo (c) Chiton (d) Dentalium 26. Aplysia belongs to the class : (a) Amphineura (b) Gastropoda (c) Bivalvia (d) Cephalopoda 27. Pila is an example of class : (a) Scaphopoda (b) Pelecypoda (c) Gastropoda (d) Cephalopoda 28. In which one of the following, the genus name, its two characters and its phylum are not correctly matched, whereas the remaining three are correct? Genus name Two characters Phylum (a) Sycon (i) Pore bearing (ii) Canal system (b) Periplaneta (i) Jointed appendages (ii) Chitinous exoskeleton (c) Pila (i) Body segmented (ii) Mouth with radula (d) Asterias (i) Spiny skinned (ii) Water vascular system Porifera Arthropoda Mollusca 29. Visceral mass undergo torsion in : (a) Gastropoda (b) Cephalopoda (c) Pelecypoda (d) Decapoda 30. Asymmetry in Gastropoda is due to : (a) torsion (b) coiling (c) twisting (d) mutation 31. Radula is present in : (a) Lollgo (b) Mytilus (c) Unio (d) Pila 32. Chemoreceptor in Pila is : (a) Osphradium (b) Radula Echinodermata (c) Spiracle (d) Ctenidium 33. Osphradium of Pila is : (a) Photoreceptor (b) Chemoreceptor (c) Thermoreceptor (d) Tangoreceptor 34. An ovotestis is found in : (a) All molluscs (b) Bisexual snail (c) Earthworm (d) Cockroach 35. Sea lemon is : (a) Doris (b) Helix (c) Teredo (d) Limnea 36. A wood boring mollusc is : (a) Teredo (b) Chiton (c) Umax (d) Patella 37. Filter feeding occurs in : (a) Dentalium (b) Pila (c) Unio (d) Amoeba 38. Glochidium larva is characterized by the presence of: (a) external shell (b) tentacles (c) byssus thread (d) 8-cuticular plates 39. The generic name of scallops is : (a) Unio (b) Mytilus (c) Teredo (d) Pecten 40. Which class has maximum economic importance? (a) Myriapoda (b) Gastropoda (c) Pelecypoda (d) Cephalopoda 41. Octopus (devil fish) belongs to the class : (a) Mollusca (b) Pelecypoda (c)pisces (d)cephalopoda 42. In Cephalopoda : (a) Head is fused with thorax (b) Head is fused with foot (c) Foot is located on head (d) Head is located on foot 43. Eye of which one of the following molluscan group resembles the vertebrate eyes? (a) Pelecypoda (b) Cephalopoda (c) Gastropoda (d) Scaphopoda 44. Ink gland is present in : (a) Scorpion (b) Cuttlefish (c) Sea urchin (d) Blue whale 45. Jet propulsion is the mode of locomotion in : (a) Starfish (b) Dogfish (c) Cuttlefish (d) Jellyfish 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (a) 31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (c) 41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (c)

71 Phylum : Mollusca Architeuthis is : (a) also known as Giant Atlantic squid (b) largest and heaviest invertebrate (c) a member of order Decapoda (d) all of the above are correct 47. A devilfish has : (a) Two arms (b) Four arms (c) Eight arms (d) No arms 48. A cuttle fish has : (a) 1 arm (b) 10 arms (c) 8 arms (d) no arms 49. A cephalopod without a shell is : (a) Pila (b) Octopus (c) Sepia (d) Unio 50. Sepia belongs to the class : (a) Gastropoda (b) Cephalopoda (c) Amphineura (d) Monoplacophora 51. Cuttle fish : (a) lacks ink glands (b) has external shell (c) has 8 arms (d) is called Sepia 52. Cephalopods are not having : (a) foot on head (b) image forming eyes (c) ink glands (d) open circulatory system 53. Squid and cuttlefish belong to the class : (a) Decapoda (b) Scaphopoda (c) Cephalopoda (d) Apoda 54. Which one is not correctly matched? (a) Chiton : Amphineura (b) Dentalium : Scaphopoda (c) Teredo : Pelecypoda (d) Aplysia : Monoplacophora 55. Find out correct matching : (a) Glochidium : Unio (b) Pearl : Loligo (c) Torsion : Chiton (d) Squid : Teredo 56. The figure shows four animals (A), (B), (C) and (D). Select the correct answer with respect to a common characteristics of two these animals : (A) (B) (a) (C) and (D) have a true coelom (b) (A) and (D) respire mainly through body wall (c) (B) and (C) show radial symmetry (d) (A) and (B) have cnidoblasts for self-defence Pearl Formation 57. Pearl is obtained from : (a) Oyster (b) Coral (c) Slug (d) Clam 58. Pearl oyster belongs to the class : (a) Gastropoda (b) Scaphopoda (c) Cephalopoda (d) Pelecypoda 59. Pearl producing Indian species is : (a) Pinctada indica (b) Pinctada vulgaris (c) Ostrea indica (d) Ostrea vulgaris 60. Pearl is secreted by : (a) Prismatic layer (b) Connective tissue of mantle (c) Columnar epithelial cells of mantle (d) Pearl forming layer of shell 61. A pearl oyster secretes pearl to : (a) Regenerate its injured parts (b) Protect itself against invading parasite (c) Harden its mantle cavity (d) Isolate damaged tissues of the body 62. Pearl is produced in an oyster around the : (a) Tear of crocodile falling into oyster (b) First drop of rain falling into the oyster (c) Eggs of oyster which fail to leave its body (d) Some foreign particles becoming embedded in the skin of oyster 63. Who is the father of pearl industry? (a) Mikimoto (b) Karl von Frisch (c) Trembley (d) Dujardin 64. Dr. Ajay Kumar Sonkar is associated with : (a) Pearl formation (b) Superbug formation (c) Pollution control unit of India (d) Anti oxidants production in India 65. Famous Indian Scientist associated with pearl culture Dr. Ajay Kumar Sonkar belongs to : (a) Chennai (b) Delhi (c) Allahabad (d) Banglore (C) (D) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (b) 51. (d) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (a) 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (c) 61. (b) 62. (d) 63. (a) 64. (a) 65. (c)

72 72 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 10 Phylum : Echinodermata 1. Jacob Klein gave the term Echinodermata. 2. Leuckart established this phylum. 3. Echinodermata means spiny skinned animals. 4. Exclusively marine, triploblastic, deuterostome and enterocoelomic coelomate. 5. Uncephalized body, without true respiratory, excretory, nervous and circulatory systems. 6. It has Lange s nerve. 7. Radially symmetrical (larva : bilaterally symmetrical) with 2 surfaces : oral and aboral. 8. Circulatory system is represented by haemal and perihaemal system of coelomic origin but without heart. 9. Pentamerous, Body surface with calcareous ossicles supported by spines. 10. Characteristic water vascular or ambulacral system is present, which is usually connected outside through a sieve-like plate called madreporite. This madreporite is connected with ring canal through stone canal. The water vascular system is concerned with locomotion, capture and transport of food, respiration and excretion. Respiration is assisted by dermal branchiae, tube feet, respiratory tree and bursae.(respiratory system as such absent). 11. Locomotion with the help of tube feet (associated with water vascular system). 12. Racemose gonads / Tiedemann s bodies are 9 in number, found associated with water vascular system. 13. Sexes are separate; fertilization external with indirect development and remarkable power of regeneration. 14. Basis of classification: habit, body shape and digestive system. This phylum is divided into 2 subphyla: Subphylum 1. Pelmatozoa: It includes stalked and fixed (sedentary) echinoderms. Madreporite absent. Oral surface is upward. Mouth and anus are present on the oral surface. Ambulacral grooves are open. It includes only one class: Crinoidea Class 1. Crinoidea: Crinoids are pentamerous organisms that differ from other echinoderm classes because of the upward position of their mouth. Grasping organ pedicellariae absent. The main body part is the crown, which is made up of the calyx, the tegmen, and the arms. Body flower-like attached to substratum by calyx. e. g., Antedon (feather star). arms mouth anus ambulacral grooves Fig.1: Antedon Subphylum 2. Eleutherozoa: It includes free moving stalkless echinoderms. Madreporite present. Oral surface is directed towards the substratum. Anus, if present, is on aboral surface.

73 Phylum : Echinodermata 73 Ambulacral grooves are closed, (except in Asteroidea). It includes 4 classes: Asteroidea,Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea. Class 2. Asteroidea: Pedicellariae and ambulacral groove present. Remarkable power of regeneration with autotomy i. e., breaking off its own arm, when injured. e. g., Asterias (star fish). - benthonic (bottom dweller) - nocturnal - carnivorous - harmful to pearl oysters Class 5. Holothuroidea: Arms, spines and pedicellariae absent. Body cylindrical with mouth and cloaca at opposite ends. Body elongated, mouth anterior and surrounded by tentacles. Body surface rough. Cloaca with respiratory tree. Show evisceration i. e., emergence of viscera through anus. e. g., Holothuria (sea cucumber). Crown of 10 dendritic tentacles Introvert Podia of ventral ambulacral Fig 2: Star fish Class 3. Ophiuroidea: Anus and pedicellariae absent. Tubefeet non-locomotory. Simroth appendages present. e. g., Ophiothrix (brittle star). Inter-radiae Anus Fig.4: Sea Cucumber Summary of echinoderm classes: Fig. 3: Brittle star Class 4. Echinoidea: Arms absent but spines present and movable. Pedicellariae present. Masticatory apparatus: Aristotle s lantern present. e. g., Echinus (sea urchin). S. No. Class Includes Larva 1. Crinoidea feather star and sea lilies Doliolaria 2. Asteroidea star fishes and sea stars bipinnaria and brachiolaria 3 Ophiuroidea brittle star and basket star 4. Echinoidea sea urchin and sand dollar ophiopluteus echinopluteus 5. Holothuroidea sea cucumber doliolaria and auricularia

74 74 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Selected Objective Questions Introduction and Characters 1. Phylum of exclusively marine animals is : (a) Mollusca (b) Arthropoda (c) Coelenterata (d) Echinodermata 2. Which phylum has none of freshwater form? (a) Chordata (b) Porifera (c) Echinodermata (d) Mollusca 3. Animals of which group are not found in fresh water? (a) Crustacea (b) Insecta (c) Echinodermata (d) Sponge 4. Who first used the term Echinodermata? (a) Aristotle (b) Seibold (c) Linnaeus (d) Klein 5. Development of blastopore into anus occurs in phylum : (a) Mollusca (b) Echinodermata (c) Arthropoda (d) Annelida 6. Which phylum belongs to Deuterostomia group? (a) Echinodermata (b) Mollusca (c) Arthropoda (d) Annelida 7. In which one of the following phyla, circulatory system is represented by haemal and perihaemal system of coelomic origin but there is no heart? (a) Annelida (b) Arthropoda (c) Mollusca (d) Echinodermata 8. An animal with unsegmented coelom, superficial radial symmetry and bilaterally symmetrical larva belongs to : (a) Arthropoda (b) Mollusca (c) Echinodermata (d) Annelida 9. Triploblastic, organ system grade of body, coelomate and unsegmented animals are of : (a) Coelenterata (b) Echinodermata (c) Mollusca (d) Arthropoda 10. Absence of head, unsegmented body and endoskeleton of dermal calcareous plate are the characters of : (a) Mollusca (b) Arthropoda (c) Coelenterata (d) Echinodermata 11. Absence of excretory organs but with great power of regeneration occur in animals of the phylum : (a) Mollusca (b) Echinodermata (c) Fishes (d) Neopilina 12. An animal phylum having radially symmetrical adults but bilateral symmetrical larvae is : (a) Porifera (b) Coelenterata (c) Echinodermata (d) Annelida 13. Cephalization is absent in : (a) Molluscs (b) Arthropods (c) Chordates (d) Echinoderms 14. Echinodermata is a group of animals which are? (a) Coelomate, horny, marine (b) Coelomate, spiny, marine (c) Acoelomate, spiny, fresh water (d) Joint legged, marine 15. Echinoderms are headless, brainless and heartless, yet they are placed at the top of invertebrates due to the presence of : (a) Enterocoel (b) Exclusive marine forms (c) High power of regeneration (d) Great power of reproduction 16. Enterocoelic type of coelom is present in the : (a) Echinodermata (b) Mollusca (c) Arthropoda (d) Annelida 17. Lange s nerve is found in phylum : (a) Annelida (b) Coelenterata (c) Arthropoda (d) Echinodermata 18. Tiedemann s bodies / Racemose glands and water vascular system are found in phylum : (a) Arthropoda (b) Mollusca (c) Porifera (d) Echinodermata 19. A special feature of evisceration is found in : (a) Chordata (b) Echinodermata (c) Annelida (d) Coelenterata 20. Ambulacral system occurs in phylum : (a) Mollusca (b) Arthropoda (c) Annelida (d) Echinodermata 21. Respiration by dermal gills (branchiae) occurs in : (a) Mollusca (b) Echinodermata (c) Protochordata (d) Arthropoda 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (d) 21. (b)

75 Phylum : Echinodermata In Echinodermata, tube feet are related with : (a) Excretory system (b) Ambulacral system (c) Respiratory system (d) Reproductive system 23. In echinoderms, tube feet and madreporite are found associated with : (a) Excretory system (b) Ambulacral system (c) Reproductive system (d) Respiratory system 24. Which of the following is not a character of echinoderms? (a) Lange s nerve (b) Madreporite (c) Proboscis glands (d) Tube feet 25. Echinoderms differ from molluscs because in former: (a) blastopore forms the anus (b) coelom is schizocoelic (c) mostly marine forms are kept (d) larva is radially symmetrical Classification and Examples 26. Water vascular system is typically found in : (a) Hydra (b) Sponge (c) Earthworm (d) Starfish 27. Water vascular system is found in : (a) sea anemone (b) sea horse (c) sea pen (d) sea star 28. Identify the following animal with special feature : (a) Ophiura (flower-like) (b) Asterias (pentamerous) (c) Antedon (sessile) (d) Tongue worm (burrow dweller) 29. An animal that transforms its body from bilateral to radial symmetry in its life history is : (a) Hydra (b) Obelia (c) Starfish (d) Sponge 30. Starfish belongs to class : (a) Pisces (b) Cephalopoda (c) Ophiuroidea (d) Asteroidea 31. Starfish is not : (a) a benthonic animal (b) a nocturnal animal (c) a herbivorous animal (d) harmful to pearl oyster 32. In starfish, stone canal connectst : (a) ring canal and polian vesicle (b) ring canal and radial canal (c) madreporite and ring canal (d) coelom and anus 33. Tube feet are the characteristic structures of : (a) Jellyfish (b) Cuttlefish (c) Starfish (d) Crayfish 34. Antedon belongs to the class : (a) Crinoidea (b) Asteroidea (c)ophiuroidea (d) Echinoidea 35. Ambulacral grooves are absent in class : (a) Crinoidea (b) Ophiuroidea (c) Asteroidea (d) Echinodermata 36. Aristotle s lantern is a characteristic of : (a) Echinoidea (b) Ophiuroidea (c) Holothuroidea (d) Asteroidea 37. Aristotle s lantern is found in : (a) Jellyfish (b) Sea anemone (c) Sea lily (d) Sea urchin 38. Aristotle s lantern is concerned with : (a) Respiration (b) Mastication (c) Excretion (d) Support 39. Main function of Aristotle s lantern apparatus is: (a) respiratory (b) masticatory (c) excretory (d) reproductive 40. Main function of pedicellariae in Asterias is : (a) Digestion (b) Excretion (c) Respiration (d) Capture of prey and removal of debris 41. Pedicellariae occurs in: (a) Crinoidea (b) Ophuiuroidea (c) Echinoidea (d) Holothuroidea 42. Respiratory tree occurs in : (a) Sea fan (b) Sea lily (c) Sea urchin (d) Sea cucumber 43. In which class of echinoderms, sand dollars are kept? (a) Echinoidea (b) Asteroidea (c) Crinoidea (d) Holothuroidea 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (d) 31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (d) 41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (a)

76 76 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 44. Which of the following classes of Echinodermata is characterized by elongated body, anterior mouth surrounded by tentacles but lack of arms, spines and pedicellariae? (a) Crinoidea (b) Echinoidea (c) Ophiuroidea (d) Holothuroidea 45. Emergence of viscera through anus is the most peculiar feature of sea cucumbers, which is called? (a) Antipatharia (b) Circumfluence (c) Oviposition (d) Evisceration 46. Which one can regenerate the alimentary canal? (a) Sucker fish (b) Pigeon (c) Sea hare (d) Sea cucumber 47. In which class of Echinodermata, stalk is found for attachment with substratum? (a) Asteroidea (b) Echinoidea (c) Ophiuroidea (d) Crinoidea 48. Madreporite is absent in: (a) Crinoidea (b) Asteroidea (c) Echinoidea (d) Holothuroidea 49. Which one of the following is different from others at taxonomic point of view? (a) feather star (b) sea cucumber (c) brittle star (d) sea urchin 50. Sea lilies are the members of : (a) Ophiuroidea (b) Asteroidea (c) Crinoidea (d) Echinoidea 51. Basket star belongs to class : (a) Ophiuroidea (b) Echinoidea (c) Asteroidea (d) Crinoidea 52. Which of the following is sea urchin? (a) Echinus (b) Echeneis (c) Holothuria (d) Antedon 53. Which is unrelated? (a) Sea Cucumber (b) Sea Star (c) Sea Urchin (d) Sea Squid 54. Bipinnaria is the larva of : (a) Pila (b) Lemellidens (c) Sepia (d) Starfish 55. Which one of the followng is correctly matched? (a) Doliolaria : Crinoidea (b) Ophiopluteus : Asteroidea (c) Auricularia : Echinoidea (d) Brachiolaria : Ophiuroidea 56. Development occurs through larval in members of : (a) Echinoidea (b) Asteroidea (c) Crinoidea (d) All of these 57. Pluteus is the larva of : (a) Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea (b) Asteroidea and Holothuroidea (c) Crinoidea and Echinoidea (d) Holothuroidea and Ophiuroidea 58. Correct matching is : (a) Ophiuroidea brittle star ophiopluteus (b) Echinoidea sea cucumber echinopluteus (c) Asteroidea sea star doliolaria (d) Crinoidea sea lily auricularia 44. (d) 45. (d) 46. (d) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (a) 50. (c) 51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (a)

77 Phylum : Hemichordata Phylum : Hemichordata 1. Notochord occurs only in anterior part (proboscis). 2. Notochord found in Hemichordata is not of true nature hence called stomochord. This is the reason why this subphylum is removed from phylum Chordata and now considered as an independent phylum of non-chordata by Hyman. 3. Body is cylindrical and divisible into proboscis, collar and long trunk. 4. It includes worm-like marine animals with organ system grade of organization. 5. Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and entero-coelomate. 6. Circulatory system open type and respiration through gills. 7. Excretion by proboscis gland. 8. Sexes separate, fertilization external and development indirect through tornaria larva. e. g., Saccoglossus Balanoglossus (acorn worm or tongue worm) is a connecting link between non-chordates and chordates. It is ciliary feeder and inhabits in U-shaped burrow. Pharynx Hepatic caeca Anus Collar Abdomen Proboscis Atrium Fig. Balanoglossus

78 78 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Selected Objective Questions 1. Worm-like body with proboscis, collar and trunk are distinctive features of : (a) Chordata (b) Cephalochordata (c) Urochordata (d) Hemichordata 2. Which animal is a non-chordate-protochordate? (a) Herdmania (b) Archaeopteryx (c) Branchiostoma (d) Balanoglossus 3. Balanoglossus belongs to : (a) Hemichordata (b) Cephalochordata (c) Urochordata (d) Cyclostomata 4. Saccoglossus is a member of : (a) Hemichordata (b) Cephalochordata (c) Urochordata (d) Chordata 5. Members of Hemichordata are : (a) Burrowing animals (b) Exclusively marine (c) Fresh water worms (d) Terrestrial 6. Larva of Balanoglossus is : (a) Tornaria (b) Muller s larva (c) Veliger larva (d) Tadpole 7. Balanoglossus is also known as : (a) Tongue worm (b) Hookworm (c) Shipworm (d) Silkworm 8. Stomatochord is found in : (a) Petromyzon (b) Amphioxus (c) Herdmania (d) Balanoglossus 9. Hemichordates are not characterized by : (a) tornaria larva (b) open circulatory system (c) excretion by proboscis gland (d) retrogressive metamorphosis 10. Acorn worm is : (a) Petromyzon (b) Amphioxus (c) Herdmania (d) Balanoglossus 11. Balanoglossus lives in : (a) oblique burrow (b) vertical burrow (c) U-shaped burrow (d) plane burrow 12. Coelom in hemichordates is: (a) schizocoelous (b) enterocoelous (c) acoelous (d) pseudocoelous 13. Balanoglossus is: (a) ciliary feeder (b) predator (c) passive feeder (d) bottom dweller 14. Proboscis gland is excretory organ in: (a) Amphioxus (b) Herdmania (c) Balanoglossus (d) Scoliodon 15. Balanoglossus 1. is also known as tongue or acorn worm 2. body is divided into proboscis, collar and trunk 3. shows indirect development through tornaria larva 4. has stomochord 5. is ciliary feeder with closed circulation Of these, incorrect statement includes: (a) only 5 (b) 3 and 5 (c) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (d) all are correct 16. Identify the following animal : (a) Balanoglossus (hermaphroditic) (b) Balanoglossus (closed circulation) (c) Saccoglossus (chordate) (d) Tongue worm (burrow dweller) 1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (d)

79 Phy lum : Chordata Phylum : Chordata 1. Balfour established this phylum. 2. Bilaterally symmetrical, metamerically segmented and eucoelomate animals. 3. Closed blood vascular/circulatory system and a post anal tail present. 4. Three fundamental chordate characters are : Dorsal tubular/hollow nerve cord. Notochord. Paired pharyngeal gill slits. 5. Divided into following two groups : Pyrosoma emits strongest light among marine organisms. Atrial aperture Body Foot Branchial aperture Tunic Acrania / Protochordata / Lower chordata Exclusively marine. Head, cranium, vertebral column and appendages absent. Endostyle present. Includes two subphyla: Urochordata and Cephalochordata. Craniata /Euchordata / Higher Chordata Aquatic or terrestrial. Head, carnium,vertebral column and appendages present. Endostyle absent. Includes only one subphylum Vertebrata. Subphylum 1: Urochordata 1. Commonly called tunicates. 2. Notochord is present in larva and confined to tail region only. 3. Hermaphroditic but due to protogyny (eggs mature earlier), cross fertilization is the rule, occurs in surrounding sea water. 4. Development indirect through ascidian larva with retrogressive metamorphosis. e. g., Herdmania (sea squirt) It is filter feeder and has single chambered heart without valve. Memoir of Herdmania was written by S.M.Das. Subphylum 2: Cephalochordata 1. Notochord occurs from head to tail and persists throughout life. 2. Excretion by solenocytes. 3. Wheel organ or rotatory organ is found to help in food capture. 4. Hatschek s pit is found to secrete mucus. 5. Heart is lacking hence most blood vessels are muscular and contractile in nature. e. g., Amphioxus (lancelet) now known as Branchiostoma. S. No. Fig. 1: Herdmania (Sea squirt) Difference Between Chordates ans Non-chordates: Chordates Non-chordates 1. Notochord present. Notochord absent. 2. Central nervous system is dorsal, hollow and single. 3. Pharynx perforated by gill slits. Central nervous system is ventral, solid and double. Gill slits are absent. 4. Heart is ventral. Heart is dorsal (if present). 5. A post-anal part (tail) is present. Post-anal tail is absent.

80 80 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Subphylum 3: Vertebrata 1. It has notochord during embryonic life and is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column or back bone in adults. 2. Ventral muscular heart is present with 2,3 or 4 chambers. Subphylum : Vertebrata 3. All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not the vertebrates. 4. It includes following 7 classes of living vertebrates: 1.Cyclostomata 2. Chondrichthyes 3. Osteichthyes 4. Amphibia 5. Reptilia 6. Aves 7. Mammalia Agnatha - primitive - without jaws - paired appendages absent e.g., Class 1. Cyclostomata (division) Gnathostomata - advanced - with jaws - paired appendages present Pisces (super class) - exclusively aquatic - fins present as paired appendages - respiration by gills - auricle : one e.g., Class 2. Chondrichthyes Class 3. Osteichthyes Tetrapoda - aquatic or terrestrial - limbs present as paired appendages - respiration by lungs - auricle : two e.g., Class 4: Amphibia Class 5: Reptilia Class 6: Aves Class 7: Mammalia Class 1. Cyclostomata 1. Body elongated, eel-like and all its living members are ectoparasites on some fishes. 2. Mouth suctorial and circular (hence the name cyclostomata) without jaws. 3. Endoskeleton cartilaginous with closed type of circulation. 4. Body with 6-15 pairs of gills slits. 5. Marine but migrate to fresh water for spawning (die after few days of spawning). e. g., (a) Petromyzon (lamprey) larva: ammocoete. (b) Myxine (hag fish) without larval stage. Caudal fin Tail Dorsal fin Trunk Fig. 2: Petromyzon External gill slits Eye Note: The Ostracoderms were first jawless primitive vertebrates appeared during Ordovician period (now extinct). Class 2. Chondrichthyes 1. Marine and includes cartilaginous fishes (elasmobranchs). 2. Gills 5-7 pairs, naked without operculum. 3. Nostril and mouth ventral. 4. Ampulla of Lorenzini is present as thermoreceptor. 5. Intestine has scroll valve. 6. Air or swim bladder is absent and they have to swim constantly to avoid sinking. 7. Skin is tough with placoid scales. 8. In males pelvic fins bear claspers. 9. Fertilization mostly internal and many of them are viviparous. e. g., Scoliodon (dog fish or shark) viviparous Dorsal fins Trunk Head Eye Lateral line Snout Heterocercal caudal fin Nasal aperture Pectoral Pelvic fin Mouth fin Gill clefts Fig. 3: Scoliodon Stegostoma (tiger fish or zebra shark) Carcharodon (great white shark) Torpedo (electric ray) with electric organs Trygon (sting ray) with poison sting Pristis (saw fish) Chimaera (rat fish) Class 3. Osteichthyes 1. Both fresh water as well as marine and includes bony fishes (teleosts). 2. Gills 4-pairs, covered by operculum, hence single opening on either side.

81 Phylum : Chordata Nostril dorsal but mouth terminal. 4. Ampulla of Lorenzini absent and intestine without scroll valve. 5. Air or swim bladder present as hydrostatic organ to regulate the buoyancy. 6. Skin with or without scales but never placoid. 7. Fertilization mostly external and many of them are oviparous. e. g., Echeneis /Remura (sucker fish) Anabas (climbing fish) Amia (ganoid fish) Synaptura (flat fish) Exocoetus (flying fish) marine Hippocampus (sea horse) marine Anguilla (fresh water eel) Labeo (rohu) fresh water Clarias (magur) fresh water Catla (katla) fresh water Betta (fighting fish) aquarium Pterophyllum (angel fish) aquarium Pisces in General 1 Ichthyology : study of fishes. 2 First arose during Silurian period. 3. Placodermi was a class of extinct fishes. This group was evolved as first jawed vertebrates e. g., Climatius. 4. Devonian : age of fishes. 5. Fishes have streamlined body. 6. Heart 2-chambered (1 auricle and 1 ventricle). It is actually venous heart that pumps only impure blood. 7. Kidney mesonephric. 8. Cranial nerves 10 pairs. 9. Lateral line receptor sense organs present to perceive the movement, current and vibration of water. 10. Petromyzon is considered as a living fossil. 11. Hippocampus (sea horse) has scales and bony plates. It shows parental care as the male has brood pouch. Pectoral fin Operculum Dorsal fin Snout Bony scutes Brood pouch in male Prehensile tail 12. Latimeria is a coelacanth crossopterygian lobe finned fish. It is a living fossil. 13. Cat fishes are those which are provided with sensory barbels. e. g., Clarias, Wallago. 14. Lung fishes (Dipnoi) show discontinuous distribution. They form connecting link between fishes and amphibians. Three living genera are: S.No. Lung fishes Distribution 1. Lepidosiren America 2. Protopterus Africa 3. Neoceratodus Australia 15. Gambusia affinis (mosquito fish) is an exotic fish, imported from Italy. It controls malaria biologically by feeding upon mosquito larvae. 16. In Torpedo (electric ray), electric organs are highly modified mass of muscles. Pelvic fin Tail Caudal fin Fig. 5: Torpedo Eye Pectoral fin Spiracle Dorsal fins 17. Aquaculture is culturing and rearing of fresh water organisms such as fishes, prawns, shrimps, lobsters, molluscs etc. 18. Pisciculture is the culturing of selected types of fishes under controlled conditions of breeding. It includes Catla, Labeo, Mystus, Wallago,Clarius etc. 19. Cod liver oil extracted from liver of fishes, is rich source of vitamin A (D and E also). 20. Isinglass is a product prepared from air bladder of certain fishes, which is used to make clear the wine, jelly etc. 21. Shagreen is prepared from shark skin, which is used in polishing. 22. Certain fishes migrate from one place to another for the purpose of spawning. It may be of two types: Anadromous: from sea to fresh water e. g., Salmon (trout fish) and Hilsa. Catadromous: from fresh water to sea e. g., Anguilla. Fig. 4: Hippocampus

82 82 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Class 4 : Amphibia 1. Live both in water and land hence the name Amphibia. 2. First originated during Devonian period. 3. Carboniferous period : age of amphibians. 4. Cold blooded or poikilothermic or ectothermal i. e., body temperature varies according to environment. 5. Skull dicondylic i. e., provided with 2- occipital condyles. 6. Jaws with small homodont teeth. 7. Heart 3- chambered (2 auricles and 1 ventricle), both renal and hepatic portal systems present; RBC nucleated. 8. Kidney mesonephric; excretion ureotelic. 9. External ears absent; A tympanum represents the ear. 10. Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common chamber called cloaca. 11. Fertilization external; egg mesolecithal and development is indirect (larvae axolotl or tadpole). Order 1. Apoda (Gymnophiona) 1. Commonly called caecilians or blindworms. 2. Limb and tongue absent but scales present. 3. Shows parental care e. g., Ichthyophis. Eggs Fig. 6: Ichthyophis Order 2. Urodela (Caudata) 1. Commonly called newts and salamanders. Tail Fig. 7: Salamander Head 2. Limbs two pairs with almost same size. 3. Tail present e. g., Ambyostoma (tiger salamander), Necturus (mud puppy) and newt. Order 3. Aneura (Salientia) 1. Commonly called frogs and toads. 2. Limbs 2-pairs; forelimbs with four fingers are smaller than hindlimbs with five toes. 3. Tail is absent in adult. e. g., Rana (frog), Rhacophorus (flying frog), Hyla (tree frog). Amphibians in General 1. Males of midwife toad (Alytes) carry eggs and show parental care. 2. Poison gland of toad is modified parotid gland. 3. Axolotl is an amphibian larva (Ambyostoma) which shows: Neoteny: retention of larval characters in adults. Paedogenesis: production of young ones by pre-adult forms. Gills Caudal fin Fig. 8: Axolotl larva Important points on Frog Phylum : Chordata Subphylum : Vertebrata Super class : Tetrapoda Class : Amphibia Genus : Rana 1. Frog lives both on land and in fresh water. 2. Its most common Indian species is Rana tigrina (Indian bull frog). 3. Frog is cold blooded or poikilothermic animal, as it does not have constant body temperature because its body temperature varies with the temperature of the environment. 4. They have the ability to change the colour to hide them from their enemies (camouflage) and this protective colouration is called mimicry. 5. They undergo summer sleep (aestivation) and winter sleep (hibernation) to protect them from peak summer and winter respectively. 6. The skin is smooth and slippery due to the presence of mucus. Its dorsal surface is generally olive green with dark irregular spots while ventral surface is uniformly pale yellow. 7. Frog never drinks water but absorbs it through skin. 8. Body is divided into head and trunk (neck and tail absent).

83 Phylum : Chordata Eyes are bulged and covered by a nictitating membrane that protects them while in water. 10. Hindlimbs end in 5 digits while forelimbs end in 4 digits (thumb absent). Feet have webbed digits that help in swimming. Digits of all limbs are without claws. 11. Frog mostly moves about by hopping and leaping. 12. It shows well marked sexual dimorphism. Male has a copulatory pad on its first digit of forelimbs, which are absent in female. During breeding season, males produce loud croaking (rain music) to call the females for mating. 13. It has short alimentary canal, as it is carnivorous. Food is captured by bilobed or bifid tongue. 14. It performs cutaneous respiration (through skin) in water and during aestivation as well as hibernation. Its respiratory organs on land are buccal cavity, skin and lungs (pulmonary respiration). 15. Frog has lymphatic system and closed blood vascular or circulatory system. Heart is 3 chambered including 2 auricles/ atria (RA and LA) and one ventricle. A triangular structure called sinus venosus opens into right atrium. The sinus venosus receives blood from 3 major veins called vena cavae (left and right precaval and post caval). The conus arteriosus arises from ventricle (ventral side of heart). The circulatory system is provided with special venous connection called portal system. It is called hapatic portal system between liver and intestine while renal portal system between kidney and lower body parts. Its blood is red with nucleated RBCs. The lymph differs from blood as lymph does not contain RBCs and few proteins. 16. Frog has one pair of kidneys. The ureters and oviducts open separately into cloaca in females while in males ureters are called urinogenital ducts, open into cloaca. It shows ureotelic excretion. 17. Well developed nervous system and endocrine glands are involved in control and co-ordination of body. 18. Its sense organs include sensory papillae for touch, taste buds for taste, nasal epithelium for smell, paired eyes for vision and ears for hearing as well as balancing. External ear absent and tympanum is seen externally. Middle ear has columella auris, which is modified hyomandibular (homologous to mammalian stapes) and stapedial plate. 19. Paired testes are found attached with kidneys. The ovaries are situated near kidneys and there is no functional connection with kidneys. 20. Frogs are beneficial to mankind because they eat insects and protect the crops. Frogs maintain ecological balance because these serve as an important link of food chain and food web in ecosystem. Class 5. Reptilia 1. Herpetology: study of reptiles. 2. The class name refers to their creeping or crawling mode of locomotion. 3. Exclusively first terrestrial vertebrates;appeared during Carboniferous period. 4. Mesozoic era: age of dinosaurs /reptiles. 5. Poikilothermic, body is covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales or scutes. 6. Skull monocondylic i. e., provided with only one occipital condyle. 7. Limbs usually 2 pairs, pentadactyle, digits clawed. 8. Jacobson s organ (vomeronasal organ) occurs in lizards and snakes and concerned with smell. The tympanum represents the ear. 9. Heart 3 or incompletely 4 or 4 chambered and kidney metanephric. 10. Eggs are macrolecithal, telolecithal and cleidoic (i. e., covered with shell). Fertilization internal; amnion as extraembryonic membrane present. Subclass 1. Anapsida 1. Skull roof solid without any temporal fossa. 2. It includes only one living order Chelonia e. g., Chelone (turtle) aquatic, Testudo (tortoise) terrestrial and terrapins (edible fresh water). Fig. 9: Tortoise 3. They have unusual appearance and are actually the reptile in box. 4. Body is covered with dorsal carapace and ventral plastron. 5. Giant tortoise has maximum life span. Subclass 2. Diapsida It is characterized by having two temporal fossa and includes three living orders: Order 1. Rhynchocephalia e. g., tuatara Order 2. Squamata e. g., lizards and snakes Order 3. Crocodilia e. g., crocodiles Some Examples of Reptiles 1. Sphenodon (tuatara): It is lizard-like, burrowing and nocturnal with fixed quadrate. It has pineal gland as third eye. It occurs only in

84 84 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla New Zealand and is a living fossil as well as connecting link between Amphibia and Reptilia. Tympanum Mid-dorsal crest of spines 2. Crocodiles: These are aquatic having clawed and webbed limbs. Diaphragm present with completely four chambered heart. They have foramen of Panizzae in heart to join the systemic arches. e. g., Alligator Crocodylus (marine) largest Gavialis (gharial) found only in India 3. Snakes: They have fixed eyelids but devoid of limbs and nictitating membranes. They show moulting or ecdysis i. e., shedding of epidermis of skin. They may be poisonous or non-poisonous. Some non-poisonous snakes are Typhlops (blind snake), Eryx (double headed snake) and Python (azgar) largest snake. Small head Tongue Eye Hood Important poisonous snakes are: Naja (cobra) Bungarus (krait) Vipera (viper) Hydrophis (sea snake) Crotalus (rattle snake) Poison of snake is called venom. The antivenom is its medicine prepared by Haffkine Institute Mumbai and Central Research Institute Kasauli District Solan (H.P.) by horse. 4. Lizards: They have nictitating membrane and movable eyelids.the lizards have well developed limbs and show autotomy i.e., voluntary breaking of tail to confuse enemy. Important examples are: Iguana (herbivorous lizard) Chameleon (tree lizard) Calotes (garden lizard) Ophisaurus (limbless lizard or glass snake) Tail Fig. 10: Sphenodon Scales Spectacle mark Fig. 11: Cobra Tail Heloderma (beaded lizard or gila monster) Phrynosoma (horned toad) viviparous Reptiles in General 1. Snakes and lizards are characterized by movable quadrate. 2. Fangs of snakes are modified maxillary teeth. The poison gland of snake is parotid while that of Heloderma (only poisonous lizard) is sublingual salivary glands. 3. The venom is either neurotoxic (affecting the nervous system) or haemotoxic (affecting the circulatory system). The venom of cobra, krait, sea snake and Heloderma is neurotoxic while that of viper is haemotoxic. 4. Urinary bladder is absent in crocodiles and snakes; excretion ammonotelic in crocodiles, ureotelic in turtle and alligator while uricotelic in snakes and lizards. 5. Dinosaurs mean terrible lizards, first appeared during Triassic period (along with egg laying mammals) and become extinct in Cretaceous period. Mesozoic era is called golden age of dinosaurs [more detail in Evolution ]. 6. Seymouria was stem reptile and represents a connecting link between Amphibia and Reptilia. 7. Rhamphorhynchus (pterosaur) was a flying reptile. 8. Saurology is the study of lizards and Ophidiology (Serpentology) is the study of snakes. Class 6. Aves 1. Warm blooded or homoiotherms with feathers. 2. Jaw bones prolonged into a toothless beak (to serve both as mouth and hand). 3. Limbs two pairs; forelimbs modified as wings for flying while hindlimbs (generally with scales) are modified for walking, swimming or clasping the tree branches. 4. Skin without glands but tail has preen or uropygial gland. 5. Heart completely 4-chambered with nucleated RBCs. 6. Respiration by lungs having a system of air sacs. The larynx without vocal cords; a sound producing box called syrinx is found in them for sound generation. 7. Kidney metanephric, 3- lobed; uricotelic, urinary bladder absent. 8. Eyes with pecten (help in nutrition). 9. The digestive tract with additional chambers as crop and gizzard. The crop secretes pigeon s milk during breeding season. 10. Female has a single functional left overy; fertilization internal with direct development.

85 Phylum : Chordata 85 Some Examples of Birds 1. Archaeopteryx lithographica: These were appeared in Jurassic and became extinct during Cretaceous period.they were toothed having primitive wings with little power of flight. Its fossil was excavated by Andreas Wagner in 1861 from rocks of Bavaria (Germany). It serves as connecting as well as missing link between reptiles and birds. 2. Aptenodytes (penguins): This is an aquatic flightless birds having paddle-like wings and found in Antarctica (Southern Hemisphere). 3. Indian sarus crane (Grus antigone antigone): It is the world s tallest flying water bird and is the only resident breeding crane in India. The sarus crane is well known as an eternal symbol of unconditional love, devotion, good fortune and marital fidelity. Fig. 12: Indian Sarus Crane This threatened bird is now 'State bird' of Uttar pradesh, India 4. Domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus): a) It constitutes the major poultry bird. The term poultry is used for a wide variety of birds which can be reared under domestication such as chicken, ducks, pigeon, turkeys etc. for the purpose of food or eggs. b) The birds reared for meat are called broilers e. g., Plymouth rock. c) The 2 types of fowls are (a) Indigenous: Aseel, Ghagus, Basra etc. (b) Exotic: White leghorn, Plymouth rock, New Hampshire, Rhode Island Red. d) Leghorn is improved breed of chicken. Fig. 13: Leghorn e) Ranikhet /new castle disease is a viral disease, pullorum is a bacterial disease (caused by Salmonella pullorum) while coccidiosis is a protozoan disease (caused by Eimeria). f) Bird flu or avian flu means influenza caused by viruses in birds. All known viruses that cause influenza in birds belong to the species influenza A virus. A subtype of influenza A virus called H5N1 is commonly known as avian influenza or bird flu. The H5N1 is a highly pathogenic bird flu virus that has caused serious outbreaks in domestic poultry in parts of Asia and the Middle East. g) Imperial Veterinary Research Institute and Central Avian Research Institute are located in Izatnagar (U.P.) 5. Flightless and running birds: They have vestigial wings and show discontinuous distribution e. g., Ostrich/Struthio (Africa), Rhea (South America), Cassowary and Emu (Australia), Kiwi (New Zealand) and Dodo (Mauritius). 6. Modern small sized birds (Neognathae): Pavo cristatus (peacock) National bird of India Fig. 14: Kiwi Fig. 15: Peacock Columba livia (pigeon) has 9 air sacs Psittacula (parrot) Corvus (crow) Neophron (vulture) Birds in General 1. Aquatic flightless birds belong to group Impennae while flightless and running birds belong to group Ratitae. 2. Birds are originated from flying reptiles (pterosaurs) during Jurassic period. Toothed bird Archaeopteryx and marsupials both were originated during this period. 3. Dodo became extinct in Largest living bird is Ostrich while smallest is sunbird (humming bird). 5. Skull monocondylic; vertebrae-saddle shaped or heterocoelous and ribs with uncinate process.

86 86 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 6. Birds have synsacrum and pygostyle. 7. Sternum large with a keel for the attachment of larger flight muscles (pectoralis major). 8. Foramen of triosseus occurs in pectoral girdle. 9. Endoskeleton is fully ossified (bony) and the long bones are hollow or pneumatic with cavities. 10. Both clavicles and a single interclavicle are fused to form a V-shaped bone called furcula or wishbone or merry thought bone. 11. Ornithology: study of birds. 12. Oology: study of birds s eggs. 13. Nidology: study of birds s nests. 14. Phenology: study of bird migration. 15. Birdman of India: Dr. Salim Ali. 16. Birds are master of air:young. 17. Huxley told that birds are glorified reptiles. Class 7. Mammalia 1. Most unique characteristic is the presence of milk producing mammary glands. 2. Warm-blooded (homoiothermic) animals with non- nucleated RBCs (except camel). 3. Skull dicondylic; 7-cervical vertebrae (amphiplatyan) 4. Skin (with glands) is unique in having hairs. 5. A muscular transverse diaphragm separates the body into thoracic and abdominal cavity. 6. External ear or ear pinna present. 7. Testis extra abdominal i. e., within scrotal sac except in elephant, aquatic mammals and prototherians. 8. It is divided into 2 subclasses: (a) Prototheria (b)theria Subclass 1. Prototheria 1. Oviparous i. e., egg laying. 2. Ear pinna absent. 3. Mammary glands without nipples. 4. Beak present but without teeth. 5. Includes only one order Monotremata (in Australia) e. g., Echidna or Tachyglossus (spiny ant eater) Ornithorhynchus (duck billed platypus) Fig. 16: Echidna Eye Snout Subclass 2. Theria 1. Viviparous (give birth to young ones). 2. Ear pinna present. 3. Mammary glands with nipples. 4. Beak absent. 5. It includes two infraclasses: (a) Metatheria (Marsupials): It includes pouched/marsupial mammals with double vagina and occur only in Australia e. g., Macropus (kangaroo) and Didelphis (opossum). Pinna Head Forelimb Marsupium Eye Neck Hindlimb Fig. 17: Kangaroo (b) Eutheria: It includes higher viviparous mammals e. g., Pteropus (flying fox/bat) Camelus (camel) Macaca (monkey) Rattus (rat) Canis (dog) Felis (cat) Elephas (elephant) Equus (horse) Delphinus (common dolphin) Balaenoptera (blue dolphin) Panthera tigris (tiger) Panthera leo (lion) Bos indicus (cattle) Bubalus bubalus (buffalo) Sus scrofa(pig ) Mammals in General 1. Mammology: study of mammals. 2. Cetology: study of whales. 3. Tricology: study of hairs. 4. Mammal is originated during Triassic period. 5. Coenozoic era: age of mammals. 6. Prototherian mammals (lack corpus callosum) are living fossils and serve as connecting link between Reptilia and Mammalia. 7. Duck billed platypus is a poisonous mammal.

87 Phylum : Chordata 87 Flattened beak Hairs Fig. 18: Ornithorhynchus 8. Order Lagomorpha includes rabbits and hares. The common rabbit is Oryctolagus cuniculus with world wide distribution. The North Indian hare is Lepus ruficaudatus while South Indian hare is Lepus nigricollis. 9. Bat (Pteropus) is an example of order Chiroptera, which is nocturnal with a radar system (echolocation). 10. Order Cetacea includes aquatic and gregorious mammals and skin with blubber e. g., whale. Largest animal is blue whale. 11. Order Artiodactyla is characterized by occurrence of 4-chambered stomach without incisors and canines in upper jaw. e. g., Hippopotamus (horse of the river) and camel (ship of the desert). 12. Livestock: a. It refers to domestic animals, which are kept for use or profit. Two important livestock in India are cattle (Bos indicus) and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalus). It is estimated that more than 70% of the world livestock population is in India and China. b. Sahiwal cow of Punjab is well known Indian breed while Jersey is improved breed of cattle Fig. 19: Jersey Flattened tail c. They yield milk and help in agricultural practices. Agriculture accounts for approximately 33% of India s GDP and employs nearly 62% of the population. d. They also provide leather, fertilizers, dungs etc. The gobar gas is prepared from dung; after yielding biogas (rich source of energy) the residue retains its fertilizer qualities. e. Important diseases in livestock are rinderpest, foot and mouth diseases, anthrax, haemorrhagic septicemia. f. Stilbesterol tablets are implanted to induce lactation. g. Cesein is main milk protein. The vitamin B 1,C and D are found in very minute quantity while iron and copper are almost absent in milk. 13. Piggery: a. Pig (swine) is one of the most economical meat making machines. b. The care and management of pigs (Sus scrofa) is called piggery. It is of great economic value as it is another important livestock. c.. Following are some important breeds of pigs Domesticated indigenous pig: (a) Desi (b) Ghori Exotic pigs: (a) Berkshire (b) Large white Yorkshire (c) Landrace. 14. Dog, Cat, Sheep, Goat etc,: a. Dogs (Canis familiars) and cats (Felis domesticus) are the closest pets of man. These are carnivorous turned omnivorous. b. Dog was among the earliest animals domesticated by man. c. The huskies are thick coated dogs used by Eskimos to draw their sledges. d. There are many breeds of sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra capra) in our country. The sheep are reared for wool and mutton. e. Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri and Marino rams. f. The goat is also called poor man s cow, as it yields a small quantity of milk also. The fine soft wool pashmina is underfur of Kashmir and Tibet goats. 15 Highly developed order is Primates in which first digit (thumb) is opposable and all digits with nail e. g., Monkey, ape and human.

88 88 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla Selected Objective Questions Introduction 1. Besides the phyla Arthropoda and Annelida, metameric segmentation is also present in : (a) Cestoda (b) Chordata (c) Mollusca (d) Acanthocephala 2. The greatest evolutionary change enabling the land vertebrates to be completely free from water was the development of : (a) Four legs (b) Lungs (c) Cleidoic eggs and internal fertilization (d) Four chambered heart 3. Which structure is present in all adult vertebrates? (a) Notochord (b) Dorsal tubular nerve cord (c) Pharyngeal gill slits (d) Renal portal system 4. Which of the following is a chordate feature, not shared by the non-choradates? (a) Triploblastic body (b) True coelom (c) Bilateral symmetry (d) Pharyngeal gill slits 5. Temperature changes in the environment affect most of the animals which are? (a) Aquatic (b) Desert living (c) Poikilothermic (d) Homoiothermic 6. One of the primary character of chordates is : (a) Solid ventral nerve cord (b) Dorsal tubular nerve cord (c) Paired nerve cord (d) Ganglionated nerve cord 7. The echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates had which of the following larva as common ancestral form? (a) Tornaria (b) Trochophore (c) Dipleurula (d) Bipinnaria 8. Which is correct matching set? (a) Annelida, insecta, mammalia are classes (b) Arthropoda, mollusca, pisces are phyla (c) Protozoa, rhizopoda, chordata are phyla (d) Calcarea, oligochaeta, aves are classes 9. Which one of the following show relationship of echinoderms and chordates? (a) Balanoglossus (b) Archaeopteryx (c) Peripatus (d) Petromyzon 10. Vertebral column is derived from : (a) Notochord (b) Dorsal nerve cord (c) Ventral nerve cord (d) Outgrowth of cranium 11. What is the common characteristic of all vertebrates without exception? (a) Exoskeleton (b) Presence of well developed skull (c) Two pairs of functional appendages (d) Division of body into head, neck, trunk and tail 12. Which of the following is the smallest taxonomic group of animals having a cranium, vertebral column, ventral heart, pulmonary respiration and two pairs of limbs? (a) Gnathostomata (b) Tetrapoda (c) Vertebrata (d) Chordata 13. Birds and mammals have : (a) Three chambered heart (b) Four chambered heart (c) Six chambered heart (d) Two chambered heart 14. Homoiothermic animal is : (a) Toad (b) Lizard (c) Rabbit (d) Frog 15. Which of the following are Anamniotes? (a) Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia (b) Reptilia, Aves, Amphibia (c) Amphibia, Aves, Mammals (d) Reptilia, Mammals, Aves 16. Which of the following statements is true? (a) All chordates are vertebrates (b) All vertebrates are chordates (c) Non-chordates have a vertebral column (d) Invertebrates possess a tubular nerve cord 17. What is the basis of classification of Protochordata? (a) Gut (b) Brain (c) Gills (d) Notochord 18. The wheel organ is found in : (a) Ascidian (b) Lancelet (c) Starfish (d) Acorn worm 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (b)

89 Phylum : Chordata The animal having notochord throughout life is : (a) Fish (b) Amphioxus (c) Bird (d) Snake 20. Branchiostoma belongs to : (a) Urochordata (b) Hemichordata (c) Cephalochordata (d) Protochordata 21. In Urochordata, notochord is found in : (a) Head of adult (b) Tail of adult (c) Tail of larva (d) Test of adult 22. Herdmania belongs to which subphyla? (a) Cephalochordata (b) Protochordata (c) Urochordata (d) Hemichordata 23. All Protochordates are : (a) Freshwater (b) Marine (c) Aquatic (d) Terrestrial 24. Adult is degenerated in : (a) Petromyzon (b) Amphioxus (c) Herdmania (d) Hagfish Cyclostomata 25. Agnatha includes : (a) Hag fishes (b) Fishes (c) Jelly fishes (d) Flying fishes 26. Which of the following sets of animals are jawless fishes and belong to class Cyclostomata? (a) Herdmania and Petromyzon (b) Petromyzon and Myxine (c) Amphioxus and Balanoglossus (d) Herdmania and Myxine 27. Ammocoete larva occurs in the life histsry of : (a) Lamprey (b) Sea urchin (c) Balanoglossus (d) Ascidian 28. Lampreys are : (a) Jawless fishes (b) Jawless primitive vertebrates (c) Jawed fishes (d) Fishes with a spherical mouth 29. Which one of the following pairs of animals comprises, jawless fishes? (a) Mackerals and Rohu (b) Lampreys and hag fishes (c) Guppies and hag fishes (d) Lampreys and eels 30. Agnatha are the animals without : (a) Teeth (b) Kidney (c) Heart (d) Jaws 31. Petromyzon is not a true fish because of : (a) absence of median fins (b) presence of gills (c) absence of paired fins and true jaws (d) absence of operculum 32. How many pairs of gills slits are present in a lamprey? (a) Single (b) Double (c) Five (d) Seven 33. Find out wrong statements : (a) Ammocoete is the larva of lamprey (b) Lamprey is the common name of Petromyzon (c) Petromyzon is a member of class -Cyclostomata (d) Cyclostomata is a class of Gnathostomata 34. Marine animals with elongated eel-like body and cartilaginous endoskeleton but devoid of scales and paired fins are kept in class : (a) Cyclostomata (b) Osteichthyes (c) Pisces (d) Chondrichthyes Pisces 35. Ichthyology is the study of : (a) Birds (b) Fishes (c) Insects (d) Amphibians 36. Weberian ossicles are found in : (a) All fishes (b) Cat fishes (c) Reptiles (d) Mammals 37. Lateral line sense organs occur in : (a) Certain fishes (b) Frog (c) Reptiles (d) Man 38. Which one of the following is a cartilaginous fish? (a) Silver fish (b) Dogfish (c) Crayfish (d) Starfish 39. Which one of the following has a cartilaginous endoskeleton? (a) Elasmobranch (b) Dipnoi (c) Mollusca (d) Bony fishes 40. Electric organs are found in : (a) Sharks (b) Porpoises (c) Goldfish (d) Torpedo 41. A fish is characterized by the presence of : (a) Dermal scales (b) Paired fins (c) Pharyngeal gills (d) All of these 42. Which of the following is an example of a lung fish? (a) Scoliodon (b) Latimeria (c) Labeo (d) Protopterus 19. (b) 20. (c) 21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (d) 31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (d) 41. (d) 42. (d)

90 90 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 43. Which one of following is a true fish? (a) Dog fish (b) Silver fish (c) Star fish (d) Whale 44. Sea horse is a : (a) Fish (b) Reptile (c) Mammal (d) Bird 45. Which of the following are first Gnathostomes? (a) Fishes (b) Amphibians (c) Aves (d) Mammalians 46. Heart pumps impure blood in case of : (a) Shark (b) Whale (c) Frog (d) Lizard 47. Neoceratodus is found in : (a) England (b) America (c) Australia (d) Africa 48. The fish famous for parental care is : (a) Hippocampus (b) Gambusia (c) Labeo (d) Scoliodon 49. Protopterus is found in : (a) Asia (b) America (c) Australia (d) Africa 50. Which of the following is a mosquito fish? (a) Scoliodon (b) Latimeria (c) Gambusia (d) Protopterus 51. Ampulla of Lorenzini in fishes is a : (a) Thermoreceptor (b) Rheoreceptor (c) Phonoreceptor (d) Photoreceptor 52. Catadromous fish migrates from : (a) Sea to river (b) River to sea (c) River to estuary (d) Deep sea to surface water 53. Anadromous migration means fish migration from : (a) Sea to river (b) River to sea (c) River to estuary (d) Deep sea to surface water 54. Pristis belongs to the class : (a) Dipnoi (b) Amphibia (c) Elasmobranchii (d) Aquatic mammals 55. The mosquito fish Gambusia affinis is an exotic fish imported from : (a) America (b) Italy (c) Australia (d) Japan 56. In fishes, the kidney is : (a) Pronephros (b) Mesonephros (c) Metanephros (d) Holonephros 57. In one of the following fishes, the dorsal fin is modified into suckers : (a) Torpedo (b) Echeneis (c) Hippocampus (d) Neoceratodus 58. Which of the following is known as living fossil? (a) Lepidosiren (b) Lepidosteus (c) Latimeria (d) Neoceratodus 59. Cartilaginous fishes belong to the class : (a) Chondrichthyes (b) Osteichthyes (c) Agnatha (d) Pisces 60. Which fish gives birth to young ones? (a) Scoliodon (b) Anabas (c) Catla (d) Heteropneustes 61. In which of the following jaws are found? (a) Herdmania (b) Fish (c) Petromyzon (d) Amphioxus 62. Electric organs of fishes are highly modified mass of: (a) Nerve cells (b) Muscle cells (c) Elastic fibres (d) White fibres 63. Two-chambered heart is a feature of : (a) amphibians (b) fishes (c) reptiles (d) birds 64. Placoid scales are found in : (a) Scoliodon (b) Hippocampus (c) Carps (d) Cuttlefish 65. Scoliodon is commonly called dogfish due to one of its following characteristics? (a) Gait (b) Mouth (c) Carnivorous (d) Power of smell 66. The generic name of the flying fish is : (a) Hippocampus (b) Exocoetus (c) Echeneis (d) Remora 67. Salmon belongs to the group of : (a) Cat fishes (b) Cartilaginous fishes (c) Cod fishes (d) Trout fishes 68. The number of gills present in Osteichthyes is : (a) 2 pairs (b) 3 pairs (c) 4 pairs (d) 5 pairs 69. Isinglass is obtained from certain : (a) Fishes (b) Amphibians (c) Corals (d) Reptiles 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (c) 51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (a) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (a) 60. (a) 61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (d) 66. (b) 67. (d) 68. (c) 69. (a)

91 Phylum : Chordata In Chondrichthyes,: (a) scroll valve is absent (b) air bladder is present (c) fishes have 4-pairs of gills covered by operculum (d) fishes have 5-6 pairs of naked gills 71. Scroll valve is found in the intestine of : (a) Amphibians (b) Teleost fishes (c) Prototherians (d) Elasmobranch fishes 72. In Osteichthyes, : (a) fishes have ampulla of Lorenzini (b) cartilaginous fishes are kept (c) fishes have 4-pairs of gills covered by operculum (d) fishes have 5-6 pairs of naked gills 73. Which one of the following groups of animals is correctly matched with its one characteristic feature without even a single exception? (a) Chondrichthyes: possess cartilaginous endoskeleton (b) Mammalia: give birth to young ones. (c) Reptilia : possess 3- chambered heart with one incompletely divided ventricle. (d) Chordata: possess a mouth provided with an upper and a lower jaw 74. Term pregnant male is often used for : (a) Petromyzon (b) Amphioxus (c) Gambusia (d) Hippocampus 75. Streamlined body with terminal or ventral mouth occur in : (a) Echinoderms (b) Cyclostomes (c) Pisces (d) Reptiles 76. Which one of the following categories of animals, is correctly described with no single exception in it? (a) All mammals are viviparous and possess diaphragm for breathing (b) All reptiles possess scales, have a three chambered heart and are cold blooded (poikilothermal) (c) All bony fishes have four pairs of gills and an operculum on each side (d) All sponges are marine and have collared cells 77. Which one of the following pairs of animals are similar to each other pertaining to the feature stated against them? (a) Sea horse and flying fish Cold blooded (poikilothermal) (b) Pteropus and Ornithorhyncus Viviparity (c) Garden lizard and Crocodile Three chambered heart (d) Ascaris and Ancylostoma Metameric segmentation Amphibia 78. A gymnophion amphibian without limbs and tongue is : (a) Alytes (b) Rhacophorus (c) Necturus (d) Ichthyophis 79. Animals of which order have tail in their larval forms? (a) Apoda (b) Urodela (c) Anura (d) Dipnoi 80. Tail less amphibians are the members of the group : (a) Salientia (Anura) (b) Gymnophiona (Apoda) (c) Urodela (Caudata) (d) Cycbstomata 81. Which one of the following is not an amphibian? (a) Frog (b) Tortoise (c) Salamander (d) Toad 82. Salamander belongs to the class : (a) Reptilia (b) Amphibia (c) Aves (d) Mammalia 83. Midwife toad is another name for : (a) Alytes (b) Hyla (c) Rhacophorus (d) Pipa 84. Amphibians breed : (a) In crevices (b) In water (c) On trees (d) In soil 85. An animal having pentadactyl limbs without claws belongs to the class : (a) Amphibia (b) Reptilia (c) Aves (d) Mammalia 86. Neck is absent in frog, which helps the frog for? (a) Catching prey (b) Respiration (c) Swimming in water (d) Jumping on ground 87. The venous system of frog differ from that of rabbit in the presence of? (a) Hepatic portal system (b) Renal portal system (c) Three vena cavae (d) Hepatic vein 70. (d) 71. (d) 72. (c) 73. (a) 74. (d) 75. (c) 76. (c) 77. (a) 78. (d) 79. (c) 80. (b) 81. (b) 82. (b) 83. (a) 84. (b) 85. (a) 86. (d) 87. (b)

92 92 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 88. Limbless amphibians belong to the order : (a) Anura (b) Urodela (c) Gymnophiona (d) Squamata 89. Amphibians were the first tetrapods that evolved during : (a) Ordovician (b) Silurian (c) Devonian (d) Carboniferous 90. Which of the following is a limbless amphibian? (a) Salamander (b) Ichthyophis (c) Amphioxus (d) Balanoglossus 91. The skull of frog is : (a) Tricondylic (b) Monocondylic (c) Dicondylic (d) Polycondylic 92. Lateral line sense organ is present in : (a) All fishes (b) Frog (c) Reptiles (d) Tadpole 93. Frog is called amphibian because : (a) It has no tail (b) It has got lungs (c) Its young one, tadpole is aquatic in its habitat (d) It lives both on land and water 94. Necturus is : (a) Hell bender (b) Congo eel (c) Mud puppy (d) Blind worm 95. Frog has : (a) five fingers and four toes (b) four fingers and five toes (c) five fingers and five toes (d) four fingers and four toes 96. Retention of larval characters even after sexual maturity is called : (a) Ontogenesis (b) Parthenogenesis (c) Neoteny (d) Phylogenesis 97. Neoteny is found in : (a) Tadpole (b) Salamander (c) Frog (d) Axolotl 98. Newt is a/an : (a) Amphibian (b) Fish (c) Snake (d) Bird 99. Which of the following evolved first? (a) Reptiles (b) Amphibians (c) Birds (d) Mammals 100. The cloaca in frog is a common chamber for the urinary tract, reproductive tract and : (a) digestive tract (b) portal system (c) neural tract (d) hepatic portal tract 101. Consider the following four statements (A-D) related to the common frog Rana tigrina, and select the correct option stating which ones are true (T) and which ones are false (F). Statements (A)On dry land it would die due to lack of O 2 if its mouth is forcibly kept closed for a few days (B)It has four-chambered heart (C)On dry land it turns uricotelic from ureotelic (D)Its life-history is carried out in pond water (A) (B) (C) (D) (a) F T T F (b) T F F T (c) T T F F (d) F F T T 102. What will you look for to identify the sex of the following? (a) Female cockroach Anal cerci (b) Male shark Claspers borne on pectoral fins (c) Female Ascaris Sharply curved posterior end (d) Male frog copulatory pad on first digit of forelimbs 103. In which one of the following the genus name, its two characters and its class / Phylum are correctly matched? Name Two characters Class / Phylum (a) Pteropus (b) Aurelia (c) Ascaris (d) Salamandra i skin possess hair ii Oviparous i cnidobalsts ii Organ level of organization i Body segmented ii Males and females distinct i A tympanum represents ear ii Fertilization is external Reptilia 104. Study of reptiles is called : (a) Ichthyology (b) Ornithology (c) Herpetology (d) Ophiology Mammalia Coelenterata Annelida Amphibia 88. (c) 89. (c) 90. (b) 91. (c) 92. (d) 93. (d) 94. (c) 95. (b) 96. (c) 97. (d) 98. (a) 99. (b) 100. (a) 101. (b) 102. (d) 103. (d) 104. (c)

93 Phylum : Chordata Glass snake is a/an : (a) a snake (b) a limbless amphibian (c) a fish (d) a limbless lizard 106. Only poisonous lizard of the world is : (a) Draco (b) Heloderma (c) Sphenodon (d) Varanus 107. Which one of the following is a limbless lizard? (a) Hemidactylus (b) Chamelion (c) Ophisaurus (d) Phrynosoma 108. Members of class Reptilia are : (a) Homoiothermic and amniotic (b) Homoiothermic and anamniotic (c) Poikilothermic and amniotic (d) Poikilothermic and anamniotic 109. Cloacal respiration is found in certain : (a) Turtles (b) Lizards (c) Snakes (d) Birds 110. Carapace is present in : (a) Toad (b) Bird (c) Frog (d) Tortoise 111. The important character of Cobra is : (a) Presence of hood (b) Small scales on head (c) Rounded tail (d) Non poisonous 112. Poison glands of snake are modified : (a) Sebaceous glands (b) Ceruminous glands (c) Salivary glands (d) Endocrine glands 113. Monocondylic skull, dry skin and procoelus vertebrae are present in : (a) Amphibia (b) Reptilia (c) Birds (d) Mammals 114. Which one of the following is a true terrestrial animal? (a) Frog (b) Tortoise (c) Toad (d) Salamander 115. Study of snakes is called : (a) Ichthyology (b) Serpentology (c) Enterology (d) Entomology 116. Some reptiles show autotomy which means : (a) Voluntary breaking tail to confuse enemy (b) Signal for charging (c) Signal for courtship (d) State of starvation prior to death 117. What is the common trait amongst fishes, amphibians and reptiles? (a) Laying of eggs (b) Shelled eggs (c) Gills (d) Scales 118. The most poisonous snake is : (a) Krait (b) Tree snake (c) Python (d) Rat snake 119. Injection of serum of horse which has been repeatedly injected by cobra venom into a person bitten by cobra results in : (a) No immunity (b) Natural immunity (c) Active immunity (d) Passive immunity 120. Teeth conducting poison in a snake are called : (a) Incisors (b) Canines (c) Fangs (d) Molars 121. The reptile which glides in the air is : (a) Draco (b) Phrynosoma (c) Anguis (d) Calotes 122. Poisonous fangs of a snake are modified : (a) Mandible (b) Maxillary teeth (c) Canines (d) Nasals 123. Order Squamata consists of : (a) Bats (b) Crocodiles (c) Turtles (d) Lizards and snakes 124. Besides mammals, diaphragm also occurs in : (a) Birds (b) Crocodiles (c) Fishes (d) Toads 125. Heart is 3 or 4 chambered in which vertebrate group? (a) Fishes (b) Amphibia (c) Reptilia (d) Aves 126. Cleidoic eggs are found in : (a) Fishes (b) Reptiles (c) Amphibia (d) Mammals 127. Even ventricles of reptiles are partitioned but there is mixing of blood : (a) Due to common ejection and entrance of blood in lungs (b) Auricles are non-partitioned (c) Heart is partially four-chambered (d) Respiration is not pulmonary 128. Calotes versicolor is a : (a) House lizard (b) Garden lizard (c) Flying lizard (d) Rock lizard 105. (d) 106. (b) 107. (c) 108. (c) 109. (a) 110. (d) 111. (a) 112. (c) 113. (b) 114. (b) 115. (b) 116. (a) 117. (a) 118. (a) 119. (d) 120. (c) 121. (a) 122. (b) 123. (d) 124. (b) 125. (c) 126. (b) 127. (c) 128. (b)

94 94 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 129. Animal which can move the upper jaw : (a) Elephant (b) Crocodile (c) Clarias (d) Frog 130. Most dinosaurs became extinct during : (a) Late Triassic (b) Late Jurassic (c) Cretaceous (d) Early Tertiary 131. Typhlops is : (a) Sea snake (b) Blind snake (c) Glass snake (d) Grass snake 132. Snake has : (a) Movable eyelids (b) No eyelids (c) Immovable eyelids (d) Eyelids placed in pouches 133. Antivenin injections used for snake bite are prepared at : (a) IVRI, Bareilly (b) NDRI, Kolkata (c) Haffkine Institute Mumbai (d) IARI, New Delhi 134. Which of the following systems in man is affected by the bite of cobra? (a) Digestive (b) Nervous (c) Excretory (d) Circulatory 135. Turtles are : (a) Pisces (b) Reptiles (c) Molluscans (d) Arthropods 136. Foramen of Panizzae is found in the heart of : (a) Rabbit (b) Crocodile (c) Pigeon (d) Frog 137. To which of the following category dinosaurs belong: (a) Reptiles (b) Amphibians (c) Mammals (d) Birds 138. Horned toad belongs to class : (a) Aves (b) Reptilia (c) Amphibia (d) Protochordata 139. Sphenodon (tuatara) is not : (a) a living fossil (b) a connecting link (c) an anapsid reptile (d) having pineal gland as 3rd eye 140. Animals which belongs to Chelonia are : (a) Lizards (b) Bats (c) Tuatara (d) Turtles 141. A non-poisonous snake is : (a) Bungarus (b) Viper (c) Python (d) Sea snake 142. Golden age of reptiles is : (a) Palaeozoic (b) Mesozoic (c) Coenozoic (d) Proterozoic 143. Jacobson s organ is related to : (a) Taste (b) Sight (c) Touch (d) Smell 144. Whcih of the following has only one lung? (a) Pigeon (b) Frog (c) Snake (d) Rabbit 145. Find out stem reptile : (a) Calotes (b) Viper (c) Seymouria (d) Sea snake 146. Nervous system affecting venom is produced by : (a) Heloderma and cobra (b) Viper and cobra (c) Python and sea snake (d) Krait and Typhlops 147. Consider the following four conditions (A-D) and select the correct pair of them as adaptation to environment in desert lizard (A)burrowing in soil to escape high temperature (B)losing heat rapidly from the body during high temperature (C)bask in sun when temperature is low (D)insulating body due to thick fatty dermis (a) (B) and (D) (b) (A) and (B) (c) (C) and (D) (d) (A), and (C) Aves (Birds) 148. Reptiles and birds are differentiated from each other by : (a) monocondylic skull (b) metanephric kidney (c) cleidoic eggs (d) thermo-regulatory mechanism 149. Who of the following is regarded as bird man of India? (a) Huxley (b) Young (c) Salim Ali (d) Lalji Singh 150. All of the following are avian characters except : (a) pecten (b) amphiplatyan vertebrae (c) pneumatic bones (d) uncinate process in ribs 151. Branch of Biology dealing with the study of birds is : (a) Herpetology (b) Ornithology (c) Oncology (d) Anthropology 129. (b) 130. (c) 131. (b) 132. (c) 133. (c) 134. (b) 135. (b) 136. (b) 137. (a) 138. (b) 139. (c) 140. (d) 141. (c) 142. (b) 143. (d) 144. (c) 145. (c) 146. (a) 147. (d) 148. (d) 149. (c) 150. (b) 151. (b)

95 Phylum : Chordata The pelvic girdle of birds is attached to a complex structure formed by the fusion of last thoracic, all lumbar and first five caudal vertebra. This structure is called : (a) Synsacrum (b) Symphysis (c) Synkaryon (d) Sympelvis 153. Archaeopteryx is called a connecting link as it carried the characters of : (a) Reptile and bird (b) Reptile and mammal (c) Fish and amphibian (d) Amphibian and reptile 154. Flightless bird, cassowary is found in : (a) India (b) America (c) Africa (d) Australia 155. Which animals have a beak with jaws but no teeth? (a) Aves (b) Snakes (c) Mammals (d) All of these 156. Characteristic feature of aves is : (a) Presence of beak and features (b) Ability to lay eggs (c) Air spaces in Lungs (d) All of the above 157. Which of the following group of animals maintain high and constant body temperature such as mammals? (a) Reptiles (b) Amphibians (c) Birds (d) Fishes 158. Pneumatic bones of birds : (a) Increase the respiratory rate (b) Increase the heart beat rate (c) Increase the CO 2 output (d) Increase the buoyancy 159. Which one is characteristic of birds? (a) They are flying animals (b) They are warm blooded (c) They are bipedal and have feathers (d) They are quadruped and have scales 160. The beak in birds is toothed in : (a) Ostrich (b) Kiwi (c) Archaeopteryx (d) Pigeon 161. Pneumatic bones are found in : (a) Pigeon (b) Tadpole of frog (c) Flying lizard (d) Domestic lizard 162. The vertebrae of birds are characteristically : (a) Heterocoelous (b) Acoelous (c) Opisthocoelous (d) Amphicoelous 163. Which of the following birds cannot fly? (a) Peacock (b) Duck (c) Emu (d) Owl 164. Warm blooded animals with air sacs are present in : (a) Reptilia (b) Birds (c) Amphibia (d) Mammalia 165. The development of optic lobes is maximum in: (a) Birds (b) Reptilia (c) Mammals (d) Amphibia 166. Which one is an oviparous animal? (a) Pigeon (b) Whale (c) Bat (d) Amoeba 167. Urinary bladder in birds is absent because : (a) It disturbs equilibrium of birds (b) Urine is absent (c) Solid excretory product (d) All of them 168. Both male and female pigeons secrete milk through: (a) Mammary glands (b) Crop glands (c) Salivary glands (d) Gizzard glands 169. Birds differ from bats in the absence of : (a) Tracheae (b) Homoiothermy (c) Diaphragm (d) 4-chambered heart 170. Birds have bipedal locomotion as it : (a) Reduces body weight (b) Increases rate of locomotion (c) Provides more support to the body (d) Spares forelimbs for flight 171. The largest egg belongs to : (a) Elephant (b) Whale (c) Dinosaur (d) Ostrich 172. Preen gland occurs in : (a) Pisces (b) Amphibians (c) Reptilia (d) Aves 173. Without exception, all birds : (a) are omnivorous (b) have feathers and fly (c) form nests and care them (d) have calcareous shelled egg 174. Which of the following is merrythought bone? (a) Coracoid (b) Clavicle (c) Scapula (d) Supra scapula 152. (a) 153. (a) 154. (d) 155. (a) 156. (d) 157. (c) 158. (d) 159. (c) 160. (c) 161. (a) 162. (a) 163. (c) 164. (b) 165. (a) 166. (a) 167. (a) 168. (b) 169. (c) 170. (d) 171. (d) 172. (d) 173. (d) 174. (b)

96 96 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 175. Penguin is found in : (a) Africa (b) Antarctica (c) Indonesia (d) Mauritius 176. Flight muscles of bird are attached to : (a) Clavicle (b) Coracoid (c) Keel (d) Scapula 177. The presence of feathers and power of flight are characteristic feature of : (a) Aves (b) Reptilia (c) Mammals (d) Amphibians 178. Which is not an aerial adaptation of Birds? (a) Single ovary (b) Pneumatic bone (c) Gizzard (d) Keeled sternum 179. Who called birds are glorified reptiles? (a) Huxley (b) Ali (c) Mendel (d) Young 180. The special sound producing organ in birds is : (a) Syrinx (b) Glottis (c) Larynx (d) Oesophagus 181. Which of the following is flightless bird? (a) Emu (b) Kiwi (c) Ostrich (d) All of these 182. Apart from mammals, other group of animals maintaining a high and constant body temperature is : (a) Insects (b) Fishes (c) Worms (d) Birds 183. Characteristic features such as four-chambered heart, feather and pneumatic bone is applicable to the class of vertebrate : (a) Aves (b) Cyclostomata (c) Reptilia (d) Mammalia 184. Which one of the following in birds, indicates their reptilian ancestry? (a) Two special chambers crop and gizzard in their digestive tract (b) Eggs with a calcareous shell (c) Scales on their hind limbs (d) Four-chambered heart 185. Which of these defines the bird best? (a) Flying (b) Warm-blooded (c) Feathered quadrupeds (d) Feathered bipeds 186. Which is the national bird of India? (a) Peacock (b) Hen (c) Parrot (d) Pigeon 187. Females have only left functional ovary in : (a) Salamander (b) Pigeon (c) Rabbit (d) Lizard 188. All of the following occur in Austalia except : (a) Emu (b) Casswary (c) Ostrich (d) Duck bill platypus 189. Both Dinosaur as well as Archaeopteryx became extinct in which period of Mesozoic era? (a) Cambrian (b) Permian (c) Jurassic (d) Cretaceous 190. Flightless birds belong to group : (a) Ratitae and Impennae (b) Ratitae only (c) Impennae only (d) Neognathae only 191. Which of the following pair of animal groups, exhibit discontinuous variations? (a) Prototheria and Osteichthyes (b) Ratitae and Urodela (c) Dipnoi and Ratitae (d) Reptilia and Mammalia 192. During geological time scale, first bird was originated : (a) before the origin of first mammal (b) before the origin of dinosaur (c) after the origin of first mammal (d) alongwith the origin of first mammal 193.Which one of the following is an improved variety of chicken? (a) Leghorn (b) Jersey (c) Himgiri (d) Ghori 194. Bird flu is caused by a: (a) bacterium (b) helminth (c) fungus (d) virus 195. A virus called H5N1 is commonly known as: (a) pullorum (b) swine flu (c) bird flu (d) millets 196. Newcastle disease occurs in fowls, is caused by a : (a) virus (b) fungus (c) bacterium (d) helminth 197. Identify the name of improved breed shown in following figure: (a) Surti (c) Basra (b) Sirohi (d) Leghorn 175. (b) 176. (c) 177. (a) 178. (c) 179. (a) 180. (a) 181. (d) 182. (d) 183. (a) 184. (c) 185. (d) 186. (a) 187. (b) 188. (c) 189. (d) 190. (a) 191. (c) 192. (c) 193. (a) 194. (b) 195. (c) 196. (a) 197. (d)

97 Phylum : Chordata 97 Mammalia 198. Birds and mammals have similar number of : (a) cervical vertebrae (b) cranial nerves (c) occipital condyles (d) gonads 199. Mammals have : (a) Dorsal heart (b) Ventral brain (c) Ventral heart (d) Ventral spinal cord 200. Members of which one of the following groups have three ossicles in their internal ear? (a) Amphibia (b) Reptilia (c) Aves (d) Mammalia 201. Egg laying mammals are grouped as : (a) Eutheria (b) Prototheria (c) Rodentia (d) Metatheria 202. Bat is classified as a mammal because : (a) It has hairs (b) It can fly (c) It has pinna (d) It has testes 203. Why do mammals lack mucus glands in their skin : (a) The skin is not slippery (b) The skin is tough (c) The epidermis has many layers of cells (d) The skin is not respiratory 204. Double circulatory heart is present in : (a) Birds only (b) Mammals only (c) Reptilia only (d) Both (a) and (b) 205. Cerebellum of one of the following animals is provided with lateral lobes and arbor vitae : (a) Reptilia (b) Mammals (c) Birds (d) Amphibia 206. To which of the taxonomic group does whale belong? (a) Fishes (b) Reptilia (c) Mammalia (d) Arthropods 207. The mammals which have both the characters of reptiles and mammals are : (a) Marsupials (b) Monotremes (c) Equus (d) Oryctolagus 208. Kangaroo is a member of which order? (a) Monotremata (b) Marsupialia (c) Prototheria (d) Insectivora 209. Kangaroo is a native of : (a) Africa (b) Australia (c) Austria (d) Mexico 210. Chief distinguishing features of the mammals are : (a) Hairy skin and oviparity (b) Hairy skin and mammary glands (c) Mammary glands and teeth (d) Pinna and teeth 211. Which of following group of mammals, the placenta is absent? (a) Prototheria (b) Metatheria (c) Eutheria (d) Theria 212. Which one of the following is a metatherian mammal? (a) Echidna (b) Kangaroo (c) Shrew (d) Pangolin 213. Which pair of the animal groups, has oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart separately? (a) Amphibians and reptiles (b) Birds and Mammals (c) Reptiles and Birds (d) Reptiles and Mammals 214. Bats are included in the same taxonomial group as: (a) Birds (b) Butterflies (c) Flying lizards (d) Whales 215. The class of phylum Chordata to which bat belongs: (a) Mammalia (b) Reptilia (c) Aves (d) Amphibia 216. Double vagina occur in : (a) Monotremata (b) Eutheria (c) Marsupials (d) All of these 217. Which of the following is not viviparous? (a) Mole (b) Platypus (c) Kangaroo (d) Shrew 218. When embryo develops in the body of female but it does not obtain nutrients from the mother? (a) Ovo-viviparous (b) Viviparous (c) Oviparous (d) All of these 219. Dolphins are : (a) Fishes (b) Amphibians (c) Reptiles (d) Mammals 220. Which animal eats its own faeces? (a) Pig (b) Goat (c) Rabbit (d) Elephant 221. Sweat glands in mammals are primarily concerned with : (a) Regulation of water content (b) Regulation of body heat (c) Killing of skin bacteria (d) Removal of excess of salts 222. Ornithorhynchus is called : (a) A fossil bird (b) Duckbill platypus (c) Marsupial mammal (d) Spiny ant eater 198. (b) 199. (c) 200. (b) 201. (b) 202. (a) 203. (d) 204. (d) 205. (b) 206. (c) 207. (b) 208. (b) 209. (b) 210. (a) 211. (b) 212. (b) 213. (d) 214. (a) 215. (c) 216. (b) 217. (a) 218. (d) 219. (c) 220. (b) 221. (b) 222. (b)

98 98 Fundamentals of Animal Phyla 223. The mammals evolved from the reptile in the : (a) Cretaceous (b) Triassic (c) Devonian (d) Carboniferous 224. Hairs occur in all mammals except those of : (a) Chiroptera (b) Rodentia (c) Cetacea (d) Primates 225. Which one of following is a poisonous mammal? (a) Kangaroo (b) Echidna (c) Guinea pig (d) Ornithorhynchus 226. Most primitive living mammals which provide an evidence of organic evolution from geographical distribution are found in? (a) Africa (b) Australia (c) China (d) India 227. The zoological name of lion is : (a) Equus asinus (b) Panthera tigris (c) Panthera pardus (d) Panthera leo persica 228. Which mammals lacks corpus callosum? (a) Macaca (b) Macropus (c) Balaenoptera (d) Ornithorhynchus 229. Which of the following is largest mammals? (a) Blue whale (b) Elephant (c) Camel (d) Dinosaur 230. Without teats, mammary glands are found in : (a) Prototheria (b) Metatheria (c) Eutheria (d) Theria 231. Bats belong to which order? (a) Carnivora (b) Chiroptera (c) Dermaptera (d) Cetacea 232. A group of animals having marsupium : (a) Eutheria (b) Prototheria (c) Mammalia (d) Metatheria 233. Egg laying mammals are found in : (a) India (b) South Africa (c) Africa (d) Australia 234. Echolocation is found in : (a) Bat (b) Birds (c) Insects (d) Rats 235. Bat can travel with : (a) Eyes open (b) Eyes plugged and ears open (c) Ears plugged and eyes open (d) Ears closed and eyes plugged 236. Whale is included among mammals because it has: (a) Pair of lungs (b) Pair of nostrils (c) Four chambered heart (d) Diaphragm between thorax and abdomen 237. A living connecting link which provides evidence for organic evolution is : (a) Sphenodon between reptile and bird (b) Lung fishes between pisces and reptile (c) Archaeopteryx between reptile and bird (d) Duck bill platypus between reptiles and mammals 238. Eutherian mammals are characterized by : (a) Ovoviviparity (b) Hairy skin (c) True placentation (d) Glandular skin 239. The primitive mammals which have both the characters of reptiles and mammals are : (a) Marsupials (b) Monotremes (c) Livestocks (d) Metatherians 240. Which one of the following is called ship of the desert? (a) Pig (b) Camel (c) Rabbit (d) Elephant 241. Order Primates contains : (a) bats and vampire (b) horses and zebra (c) monkeys and man (d) shrew and hedgehog 242. In which order human is placed? (a) Carnivora (b) Rodentia (c) Primates (d) Mammalia 243. Which one of the following animals is correctly matched with its particular named taxonomic category? (a) Humans : Primata, the family (b) Housefly : Musca, an order (c) Tiger : tigris, the species (d) Cuttlefish : Mollusca, a class 244. Which of the following is not a mammalian feature? (a) Presence of external ears (b) Presence of milk producing glands (c) Unique skin in having hair (d) Homodont dentition 245. Livestock refers to : (a) Pet animals (b) Poultry and pet animals (c) Domestic animals which are kept for use of profit (d) Storage of many animals 224. (b) 225. (c) 226. (d) 227. (b) 228. (d) 229. (a) 230. (a) 231. (b) 232. (d) 233. (d) 234. (a) 235. (b) 236. (d) 237. (d) 238. (c) 239. (b) 240. (b) 241. (c) 242. (c) 243. (c) 244. (d) 245. (c)

99 Phylum : Chordata The most important livestocks of India are : (a) Cattle and buffaloes (b) Cattle and dog (c) Dog and cat (d) Elephant and cattle 247. The closest pets of human beings are : (a) Elephant and sheep (b) Dog and sheep (c) Cattle and buffaloes (d) Dog and cat 248. Earliest animal domesticated by primitive man was: (a) Goat (b) Dog (c) Horse (d) Cat 249. Foot and mouth disease attacks the : (a) Cattle (b) Camels (c) Sheep and goats (d) Horse 250. Rinderpest is the disease of : (a) Buffaloes (b) Cattle (c) Pigs (d) Horses 251. To increase milk yield, cow is given : (a) Sorbitol (b) Stilbesterol (c) LH (d) Gonadotrophin 252. Which of the following is known as poor man s cow? (a) Goat (b) Sheep (c) Desi cow (d) Buffalo 253. Lohi is a breed of : (a) sheep (b) goat (c) domestic fowl (d) rabbit 254. Landrace is a breed of : (a) Horse (b) Pig (c) Camel (d) Donkey 255. Ghori is a breed of : (a) Cow (b) Horse (c) Pig (d) Camels 256. Murrah is the productive breed of : (a) Chick (b) Goat (c) Cow (d) Buffalo 257. Hisardale is new breed of sheep developed in: (a) Haryana (b) Punjab (c) U.P. (d) M.P Jersey is improved variety of: (a) Buffalo (b) Sheep (c) Cattle (d) dog 259. More than 70 per cent of livestock population is in: (a) Denmark (b) China (c) India (d) India and China 260. The agriculture sector of India employs: (a) 60 per cent of the population (b) 70 per cent of the population (c) 62 per cent of the population (d) 30 per cent of the population 261. Thirty three per cent of India s Gross Domestic Product comes from: (a) Agriculture (b) Fishery (c) Export (d) Industry 262. Super-ovulation and embryo transplantation are meant for improving : (a) Human race (b) Livestock (c) Poultry (d) Plants 263. Artificial breeding of cattle is brought about by : (a) Artificial insemination (b) Superovulation and embryo transplantation (c) Homozygotic twinning (d) All the above 264. Which one of the following has been recently used for increasing productivity of super milch cow? (a) Artificial insemination by a pedigreed bull only (b) Superovulation of a high production cow only (c) Embryo transplantation only (d) A combination of super-ovulation, artificial insemination and embryo transplantation into a carrier cow 265. Which one of the following is developed by crossing of Bikaneri and Marino rams : (a) Murrah (b) Jersy (c) Leghorn (d) Hisardale 246. (a) 247. (d) 248. (b) 249. (a) 250. (b) 251. (b) 252. (a) 253. (a) 254. (b) 255. (c) 256. (d) 257. (b) 258. (c) 259. (d) 260. (c) 261. (a) 262. (b) 263. (b) 264. (d) 265. (d) I Never Lose. I Either Win Or Learn

100 ABOUT THE AUTHOR DR A.K. VERMA M.Sc. (Gold Medalist), Ph.D., F.I.S.C.A., F.S.L.Sc., F.J.O.Z.S., F.B.P.S., F.Z.S.I. Dr. A. K. Verma completed his schooling from Govt. Inter College Faizabad. He is first divisioner graduate (B.Sc.) from University of Lucknow of 1989 batch. He did M.Sc. in Zoology from KNIPSS Sultanpur in 1992 and received Chancellor's Gold Medal, as he secured first posi on. He was awarded Doctorate degree (Ph.D.) by Dr. RML Avadh University, Faizabad under the supervision of Dr. A.K. Singh (Professor, Department of Zoology, BHU-Varanasi). Dr. Verma is young, dynamic, most popular and energe c faculty of the field. Due to his keen interest in teaching, he opted his career in teaching and guiding the students preparing for medical entrance examina ons at Allahabad since and con nued ll He is highly dedicated and devoted to this field and under his able guidance, generous encouragement and mo va onal behaviour, thousands of students have fulfilled their dreams of becoming a Doctor. He is ac vely involved in providing nonstop personal affec onate guidance, immense co-opera on, mo va onal, sympathe c and moral support to students of state of U ar Pradesh based at Allahabad, for last 24 years. Dr. Verma taught Zoology to undergraduate classes of B.Sc. I, II and III at CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad for many years to the absolute sa sfac on of students. Now he is A. Professor (class one gaze ed) in the Department of Higher Educa on Govt. of U ar Pradesh and is deeply and ac vely involved in teaching Zoology to students of both undergraduate (B.Sc. I, II and III) as well as post graduate classes (M.Sc. I and II). He has published 24 Research papers/ar cles in reputed Interna onal, refereed/peer reviewed & indexed journals and 2 in Na onal level proceedings. He also a ended / presented several research papers in a number of Na onal as well as Interna onal conferences/ seminars/ workshops/orienta on programme/ Refresher course. Dr A.K. Verma is honoured/awarded fellowship of five pres gious Interna onal professional socie es and is life member of more than one dozen professional socie es. He has already wri en "A HANDBOOK OF ZOOLOGY" of 644 pages, which has been popularized throughout the country since His second book 'Concepts of Gene cs' has also been published in last month. He is editor-in- chief of Interna onal Journal of Zoology Studies (ISSN: ) and execu ve editors of Bioherald : An Interna onal Journal of Biodiversity & Environment (ISSN: ) as well as Interna onal Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology (ISSN: ). Moreover, he is editorial board members of more than one dozen of Interna onal journals. ISBN International E Publication