Proceedings Book 6 TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ON KINESIOLOGY. INTEGRATIVE POWER OF KINESIOLOGY. Editors: Dragan Milanović and Goran Sporiš

Transcription

1

2 6 TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ON KINESIOLOGY. INTEGRATIVE POWER OF KINESIOLOGY Zagreb, Croata, September 08-11, 2011 Proceedngs Book Edtors: Dragan Mlanovć and Goran Sporš Unversty of Zagreb, Faculty of Knesology Zagreb, 2011

3 Integratve Power of Knesology FREQUENCY OF ALLERGIC DISEASES AMONG WRESTLING AND KARATE TRAINEES Jelena Macanl, Maro Bać! and Goran Romć 3 lfnsttute for Medcal Research and Occupatonal Health, Zagreb, Croata 'Facully DJKnesDIogy, Unversty ojzagreb, Croata 3Zagreb Sport Assocaton, Zagreb, Croata Abstract The am of ths study was to evaluate dfferences n the prevalenee of subjects wth al1ergc dsorder~ among 189 Greco-Roman wrestlng and 124 karate tranees aged years. Data about allergc nasal, asthmatc and skn symptoms, and asthmatc symptoms durng exercse were recorded and analyzed wth ch-square test. The prevalenee ofrhnts and eczema was smlar n wrestiers and karatekao(rhnts- 21.2% vs 21%; eczema~ 6.3% vs 4%, P>O.05). The prevalence of asthma was hgher n karateka than n wrestlers, but wthout statstcal sgnfcanee (12,1% vs 6,8%, P=O.II), Al1erge dseases were present among analyzed tranees n smlar proporton as n general male schoolchldren populaton of Croata. Results also ndcate that wrestlng s a less sutable sport dscplne for asthmatcs than karate, probably due to hgher energy consumpton, and greater mportance of strength and endurance. Key words: allergc rhnts, asthma, e.--.:ercse-nduced asthma, Greco-Roman wrestlng, karate Introducton It s well establshed that common allergc dseases pose some lmts to physcal actvty, partcularly those nvolvng respratory system, lke allergc rhnts and asthma. Consequently, these dsorders can nterfere wth athlete's performance durng tranng and partcularly durng competton. For allergc persons. the most common pathophysologeal problems related to physcal actvty are exercse-nduced asthma and exercse-nduced rhnts, condtons defned as worsenng of asthmatc or rhntc symptoms durng~ or shortly after the physcal actvty. Investgatons were so far able to defne some factors nfluencng the occurrence of exercse-ndueed arway dsorders. Envronmental factors such as low ar temperature and humdty, heavy exposure to allergens durng exercse (for example to pollens for outdoor actvtes or to dust mtes for ndoor actvtes), or physcal performance n areas pol1uted wth respratary rrtants lke sulphur doxde, ntrc oxdes, ozone, and cgarette smoke, can provoke or enhance exercse-nduced arway problems n athletes. Although the pathophysology of exercse-nduced rhnts and asthma s not fully recognzed, t s known that ther occurrence s related to the ntensty, duraton and the course ofexercse, makng exercse-nduced arway problems more prone wth more ntensve and longer tranngs, and tranngs wth rapd ncrease and decrease ofthe work load. However, nvestgators are stll confused wth great varablty n occurrence and course ofexercse-nduced dsorders among athletes n dfferent sport dscplncs, and nfluencng factors related to the specfc functonal, motorcal, and techncal!tactcal demands of dfferent sports are not recognsed (Carlsen et al., 2008; Saeha and Qunn, 2011), Wrestlng and karate both belong to polystructural acyclc sport dscplnes, wth mxed aerobc/anaerobc functonal demands, The compettons for both dscplnes are n a form of a fght. Duraton ofkarate fght s l, 1,5 or 2 mnutes for age categores years, For the same age categores wrestlng fght last 4 or 6 mnutes (2x2 or 3x2 mnutes). Wrestlng s a contact sport characterzed wth alteratons of dynamc, explosve repeatng movements and statc exertons of bg muscle groups, altogether wth permanent need to overpower opponent's weght and resstance. It s consdered that strength and endurance are the most mportant motorcal components n senor wrestlng (Marć et al. 2003; Bać 2006), Wrestlng experts also consder that n younger wrestlers (younger boys, boys) coordnaton s the most mportant ablty. Wth ncrease ofwrestler age (cadets, junors, and sellors), mportance of coordnaton decreases and the mportance ofstrength and endurance ncreases. Modern karate fght represents a non-contact dscplne wth performance of controlled punches and kcks aganst the opponent Only mld contact of hand or leg wth the opponent's trnnk, and only tonch of leg to the opponent's head are allowed, whle any contact ofhand wth opponent's head s prohbted (hand technqnes must be stopped few centmetres from the head). Speed and coordnaton are consdered as most mportant motorcal components of karate tranng (Kuleš. 1998). t III

4 6'~ Internatonal Scentfc Conference on Knesology, 20lI, Opatja, Croata The am of ths study s to establsh the prevalence of schoolchldren wth allergc dsorders among wrestlng and karate tranees from sport clubs from Zagreb and surroundngs, and to evaluate dfferences n the prevalenee of these dsorders between tranees n analyzed sport dscplnes. Methods The study wth cross-sectonal desgn nvolved a total of 313 male subjects, 189 Greco-Roman wrestlng and 124 karate tranees, aged 10 to 16 years, from wrestlng and karate clubs from Zagreb and surroundngs. The man descrptve characterstcs of the study subjects are presented n Table I. Data about allerge symptoms were reeorded n the form ofstructured medcal ntervew condueted by the author, a physcan and specalst n occupatonal and sport medene. All subjects were asked about the presence ofallergy-related nasal symptoms (sneezng, rhnorrhea, nasal tchng and obstructon not related to common cold), asthmatc symptoms (wheezng, dyspnea, dry cough), asthmatc symptoms durng exercse, and skn symptoms (tchng, rush, erythema, eczema) durng the last 12 month. Subjects who reported at least two nasal, asthmatc or skn symptoms were consdered as subjects wth allergc rhnts, asthma or eczema, respectvely. All data were handled, analyzed and presented n accordance wth the ethcal prncples ofthe Helsnk Dedaraton, mantanng anonymty of nvolved subjects. Table l. Man characterstcs ofthe studed male subjects Subjects N Age (years) medan (range) Wrestlng tranees 1B9 13 (10-16) Karate lranees 12' 12 (10-16) Tolal (10-16) Statstcal analyss was done by programme Statstca 5.0 for Wndows wth methods of descrptve statstcs, and non-parametrc procedure (ch-square test, Yates correcton for samples less than 10) for testng dfferences n the prevalence of allergc symptoms related to localzaton of symptoms and cvaluated sport dscplne. A value ofp< 0.05 was consdered statstcally sgnfcant. Results In ths study, 90/313 (28.75%) subjects, 54/189 (28.6%) wrestlers and 36/124 (29 %) karateka, reported the presence of allergc rhnts, asthma and/or eczema. Allergc rhnts was reported n 66/313 (21.1%) subjects, asthma n (8.9%) subjects and eczema n 17/313 (5.4%) subjects. The prevalence ofreported allergc dsorders separately n wrestlers and karateka are presented n Fgure l. The prevalence of rhnts and eczema were smlar n wrestlcrs and karateka' (rhnts- 21.2% vs 21%, P>O.05; cczema- 6.3% vs 4%, P>0.05). The prevalence ofasthma was hgher n karateka than n wrestlers, but wthout statstcal sgnfcance (12.1% vs 6.8%, P~O.ll). Accordngly, occasonal exercse-nduced asthmatc symptoms were reported n 7/124 (5.6%) karateka, and n 7/189 (3.7%) wresllers. % lb, "' ,.Wrestlng OKarate 6 IIITotal 2 O Rhnts Asthma Rhnts and Eczema asthma Fgure l. Theprevalenee ofwrestlng and karate tranees wth reported allergc dsorders. 112

5 Integratve Power ofknesology Dscusson and conclusons Exercse-nduced breathng problems are relatvely common n athletes, ncludng those wth top nternatonal performance. However, the frequency ofathletes wth such problems vares among dfferent sport dscplnes due to the nvolved envronmental factors, and exercse structure. It s known that exercse n cold ar and exercse wth endurance demands are the most favourable condtons for the occurrence ofexercse-nduced rhnts or asthrna. It was shown that the prevalenee ofathletes wth exercse-nduced breathng problems durng the summer Olympc Games was hghest n cyclng, trathlon, modern pentathlon and rowng, and durng the wnter Olympc Games n cross-country skng, speed skatng, nordc combned, short-track skatng and bathlon. Expectedly, the prevalence ofathletes takng medcatons to control exercse-nduced arway dsorders was hgher n wnter games 2006 than n summer games 2004 (8.3% and 4.6%, respectvely) (Carlsen et al., 2008). Swmmng s recommended as a most sutable sport for asthmatc athletes because the exerese s performed n warm and humd envronment. That s why the proporton ofasthmatcs s often hgher amo'ng swmmers (ncludng elte athletes) n comparson wth other sport dscplnes. However, there s an nereasng number of studes suggestng that swmmng should also be regarded as a dseplne nvolvng some rsk factors for the occurrence or progresson ofarway dseases, lke nhalaton ofchlorne compounds mxed wth water drop!ets (Haahtela et al., 2008). In ths study, we analysed the prevalence of sehoolchldren wth allergc dseases among Greco-Roman wrestlng and non-contact karate tranees. Results show that the prevalenee of allergc dseases, partcularly rhnts and eczema, among wrestlng and karate tranees was smlar to the prevalence of ths dseases n general male schoolchldren populaton of Croata (Munvrana et al., 200.). Both analyzed dscplnes ean be consdered sutable for persons wth allergc rhnts and eczema, wth no observed selecton or excluson ofsehoolchldren wth these allergc dseases among wrestlng and karate tranees. Our prevous study also suggested that non-contact karate s a sutable sport dscplne for physcal and psychologcal condtonng of allergc chldren and adolescents, ncludng those wth asthma (Romć et al, 2008). However, n ths study the proporton of asthmatc chldren was lower among wrestlers than among karateka (6.8% and 12.1%, respeetvely). Ths dfference dd not reach statstcal sgnfeance, bearng n mnd that the number of asthmates was relatvely small, thus nfluencng the power of statstcal analyss. Wrestlng and karate represent sport dscplnes whch are not consdered as parteular rsk for the occurrence of exercse-nduced arway problems. Ther tranng sessons and compettons are performed ndoors, n condtons ofregular room temperature and humdty, and wthout exposure to ndoor pollutants and allergens. ln case of wrestlng, ar humdty n tranng rooms can be very hgh. However, dscplnes have some dfferences n structure whch could nfluence the nvolvement of astlllnatcs nto a tranng process. Wrestlng represents a contact sport wth permanent efforts to overpower the opponent's weght and resstance. On the contrary, karate s a non-contaet dscplne wth exchange ofcontrolled punches and keks. Duraton of fghts s sgnfcantly longer n wrestlng than n karate. Therefore, wrestlng fght demands hgher energy consumpton, strength and endurance than karate fght, makng karate more sutable for tranng ofasthmatcs. It s also possble that the age of analyzed tranees nfluenced the results ofths study. It was shown that mportance of strength and endurance n wrestlng ncreases wth age oftranees, suggestng that greater dfferenee between proporton ofasthmatcs n wrestlers and karateka should be expected n older tranees. Therefore, the age ofanalyzed subjects eould pose another reason why the observed dfference n proporton ofasthmatcs between wrestlers and karateka n ths study dd not reach statstcal sgnfcance (Marć et al. 2003; Bać 2006). In concluson, the results show that the prevalenee of allergc dseases, partcularly rhnts and eczema, among wrestlng and karate tranees was smlar to the prevalence ofths dseases n general male sehoolchldren populaton of Croata. Study also ndcates that wrestlng s less sutable sport dscplne for asthmatc persons than karate, probably due to ts contact nature, hgher energy consumpton, and greater mportance of strength and endurance. Study results are n lne wth other studes suggestng that dfferent structure and demands of certan sport dscplnes can nfluenee the nvolvement ofasthmate athletes nto tranng process. Further nvestgatons n older age categores ofwrest1ers are ndcated due to changes n motorcal demands related to wrestler's age (greater mportanee of strength and endurance n older wrestlers), and specfc envronmental condtons for tranng (hgh ar humdty).!, References 1. Bać, M. (2006). Razlke zmeđu vrhunskh poljskh hrvatskh hrvača razlčth stlova, dob težnskh skupna u prostoru varjabl za procjenu kondcjske prpremljenost. (Doktorska dsertacja). Zagreb: Knezološk fakultet Svenčlšta u Zagrebu. 2. Carlsen, K.H., Anderson, S.D., Bjermer, L., Bonn, S., Brusasco, v., Canonca, W., et al. (2008). Exercse-nduced asthma, respratory and allerge dsorders n elte athletes: epdemology, mechansms and dagnoss: Part I ofthe resport from the Jont Task Force ofthe European Respratory Socety (ERS) and the European Academy ofallergy and Clncal Immunology (EAACI) n cooperaton wth GA'LEN. Allergy, 63, Haahtela, T., Ma!mberg, P., Morcra, A. (2008). Mechansms of asthma n Olympc athletes- practcal mplcatons. Allergy, 63, L 113

6 6 lh Internatonal Scentfc Conference on Knesology, 2011, Opatja, Croata 4. Kuleš, B. (1998). Trenng karatsta. Zagreb: Grafokor d.o.o. 5. Marć, 1., Bać, M., Aračć, M. (2003). Kondcjska prprema hrvača. U: Dragan Mlanovć Igor Jukć (ur.), Zbornk radova Međunarodnog znanstveno-stručnog skupa "Kondcjska prprema sportaša", 12. zagrebačk sajam sporta nautke, Zagreb, veljaee (str ). Zagreb: Knezološk fakultet Sveuelšla u Zagrebu; Zagrebaek športsk savez. 6. Munvrana, H., Vorko-Jove, A., Munvrana, S., Kursar, M., Medlob-Gluhak, M., Vlahek, P. (2007). The prevalence of allergc dseases among Croatan school chldren accordng to the ISAAC Phase One questonnare. Med Sc Mont, 13(11), CR Romć, G., Macan, 1., Hrženjak, M. (2008). Karate tranng and allergc dseases. In: Dragan Mlanovć Franjo Prot (ed.): Proeeedngs Book, 5th Internatonal scentfc conference on knesology, Zagreb, Croata, September 10-14, (p ). Zagreb: Faculty of Knesology, Unversty of Zagreb. 8. Sacha, JJ., Qunn, 1.M. (2011). The envronment, the arway, and the athlete. Ann Allergy Asthma Immuno!, 106(2),