An Introduction to the Study of Nonverbal Communication p. 1 Nonverbal Communication: Basic Perspectives p. 3 Defining Nonverbal Communication p.

Transcription

1 An Introduction to the Study of Nonverbal Communication p. 1 Nonverbal Communication: Basic Perspectives p. 3 Defining Nonverbal Communication p. 5 Encoding p. 5 Decoding p. 6 Classifying Nonverbal Behavior p. 7 The Communication Environment p. 7 Physical Environment p. 7 Spatial Environment p. 8 The Communicators' Physical Characteristics p. 8 Body Movement and Position p. 8 Gestures p. 8 Posture p. 9 Touching Behavior p. 9 Facial Expressions p. 10 Eye Behavior p. 10 Vocal Behavior p. 10 Nonverbal Communication in the Total Communication Process p. 11 Repeating p. 12 Conflicting p. 13 Complementing p. 16 Substituting p. 16 Accenting/Moderating p. 16 Regulating p. 17 The History of Nonverbal Studies p. 18 Nonverbal Communication in Everyday Life p. 22 Crime and Punishment p. 23 Televised Politics p. 24 Classroom Behavior p. 27 Courtship Behavior p. 28 Summary p. 30 The Roots of Nonverbal Behavior p. 40 The Development of Nonverbal Behavior Across Evolutionary Time: Phylogeny p. 42 Evidence from Sensory Deprivation p. 43 Evidence from Infants p. 44 Evidence from Twin Studies p. 51 Evidence from Nonhuman Primates p. 53 Evidence from Multicultural Studies p. 62 Summary p. 66 The Ability to Receive and Send Nonverbal Signals p. 71 Methods for Improving Nonverbal Skills p. 73

2 Measuring Accuracy of Decoding and Encoding Nonverbal Cues p. 76 Standardized Tests of Decoding Ability p. 78 Characteristics of Skilled Nonverbal Receivers p. 82 Gender p. 83 Other Personal Correlates of Receiving Accuracy p. 84 Task Factors Affecting Nonverbal Receiving Accuracy p. 88 Characteristics of Accurate Nonverbal Senders p. 89 The Relationship between Sending and Receiving Skills p. 92 On Being an Observer of Nonverbal Communication p. 93 The Fallibility of Human Perception p. 95 Summary p. 97 The Communication Environment p. 107 The Effects of the Environment on Human Communication p. 109 Perceptions of Our Surroundings p. 111 Perceptions of Formality p. 112 Perceptions of Warmth p. 112 Perceptions of Privacy p. 112 Perceptions of Familiarity p. 112 Perceptions of Constraint p. 113 Perceptions of Distance p. 113 Reacting to Environments p. 113 Perceptions of Time p. 114 Time as Location p. 115 Time as Duration p. 116 Time as Intervals p. 116 Time as Patterns of Intervals p. 116 The Natural Environment p. 117 Other People in the Environment p. 119 Architectural Design and Movable Objects p. 121 Color p. 123 Sound p. 125 Lighting p. 126 Movable Objects p. 127 Structure and Design p. 129 Regulating Environments and Communication p. 134 Summary p. 135 The Effects of Territory and Personal Space on Human Communication p. 143 The Concept of Territoriality p. 143 Territoriality Invasion and Defense p. 144 Density and Crowding p. 148 The Effects of High Density p. 150

3 Coping with High Density p. 151 Conversational Distance p. 152 Sex p. 155 Age p. 157 Cultural and Ethnic Background p. 157 Topic or Subject Matter p. 158 Setting for the Interaction p. 159 Physical Characteristics p. 159 Attitudinal and Emotional Orientation p. 159 Characteristics of the Interpersonal Relationship p. 160 Personality Characteristics p. 161 Seating Behavior and Spatial Arrangements in Small Groups p. 161 Leadership p. 161 Dominance p. 163 Task p. 163 Sex and Acquaintance p. 164 Introversion-Extraversion p. 166 Summary p. 168 The Communicators p. 177 The Effects of Physical Characteristics on Human Communication p. 179 Our Body: Its General Attractiveness p. 180 Dating and Marriage p. 181 On the Job p. 184 Persuading Others p. 184 Self-Esteem p. 185 Antisocial Behavior p. 186 The Power of Physical Attractiveness: Some Important Qualifications p. 187 The Effects of Interaction p. 187 The Effects of Other Factors p. 188 Changing Standards over Time p. 188 Our Body: Its Specific Features p. 189 The Face p. 189 Body Shape p. 192 Height p. 197 Body Image p. 199 Body Color p. 200 Body Smell p. 201 Body Hair p. 203 Our Body: Clothes and Other Artifacts p. 206 Clothing and Communication p. 207 Functions of Clothing p. 209

4 Clothing as Information about the Person p. 210 Effects of Clothing on the Wearer p. 211 Clothing and Personality p. 211 Artifacts and Body Decoration p. 213 Summary p. 214 The Communicators' Behavior p. 227 The Effects of Gesture and Posture on Human Communication p. 229 Speech-Independent Gestures p. 230 Speech-Related Gestures p. 241 Referent-Related Gestures p. 241 Speaker's-Relationship-to-the-Referent Gestures p. 244 Punctuation Gestures p. 245 Interactive Gestures p. 245 The Coordination of Gesture, Posture, and Speech p. 250 Self-Synchrony p. 250 Interaction Synchrony p. 253 Summary p. 260 The Effects of Touch on Human Communication p. 272 Touching and Human Development p. 273 Who Touches Whom, Where, and How Much? p. 275 Different Types of Touching Behavior p. 280 The Meanings and Impact of Interpersonal Touch p. 284 Touch as Positive Affect p. 285 Touch as Negative Affect p. 285 Touch as Play p. 285 Touch as Influence p. 286 Touch as Interaction Management p. 286 Touch as Physiological Stimulus p. 286 Touch as Interpersonal Responsiveness p. 286 Touch as Task Related p. 287 Touch as Healing p. 287 Touch as Symbolism p. 288 Contextual Factors in the Meaning of Interpersonal Touch p. 289 Touch--A Powerful Unconscious Force in Interaction p. 290 Cultural Differences in Touching Behavior p. 292 Self-Touching p. 293 Summary p. 297 The Effects of the Face on Human Communication p. 305 The Face and Personality Judgments p. 305 The Face and Interaction Management p. 306 Channel Control p. 307

5 Complementing or Qualifying Other Behavior p. 307 Replacing Spoken Messages p. 307 The Face and Expressions of Emotion p. 308 The Face--A Complex Stimulus p. 309 The Facial Emotion Controversy p. 313 Measuring the Face p. 315 Judging Facial Expressions of Emotion p. 322 Emotions Inferred from the Face p. 326 Physiology and the Face p. 330 The Social Impact of Facial Expressions p. 335 Summary p. 338 The Effects of Eye Behavior on Human Communication p. 347 Gaze and Mutual Gaze p. 349 Functions of Gazing p. 350 Regulating the Flow of Communication p. 351 Monitoring Feedback p. 352 Reflecting Cognitive Activity p. 352 Expressing Emotions p. 353 Communicating the Nature of the Interpersonal Relationship p. 355 Conditions Influencing Gazing Patterns p. 360 Distance p. 360 Physical Characteristics p. 360 Personal and Personality Characteristics p. 361 Topics and Tasks p. 363 Cultural Background and Racial Attitudes p. 365 Pupil Dilation and Constriction p. 366 Summary p. 369 The Effects of Vocal Cues That Accompany Spoken Words p. 379 The Ingredients of Paralanguage p. 381 Vocal Cues and Speaker Recognition p. 384 Vocal Cues and Personality p. 386 Vocal Cues and Group Perceptions p. 390 Vocal Cues and Judgments of Sociodemographic Characteristics p. 392 Sex p. 392 Age p. 393 Social Class/Status p. 394 Target Effects p. 394 Vocal Cues and Emotion p. 395 Vocal Cues, Comprehension, and Persuasion p. 400 Vocal Cues, Comprehension, and Retention p. 401 Vocal Cues and Persuasion p. 402

6 Vocal Cues and Turn Taking in Conversations p. 403 Turn Yielding p. 404 Turn Requesting p. 404 Turn Maintaining p. 404 Turn Denying p. 405 Hesitations, Pauses, Silence, and Speech p. 405 Location or Placement of Pauses p. 405 Types of Pauses p. 406 Reasons Why Pauses Occur p. 407 Response Latency and Talking Time p. 407 Silence p. 408 Summary p. 410 Communicating Important Messages p. 421 Putting It All Together: Multisignal Messages p. 423 Communicating Intimacy p. 424 Communicating Dominance/Status p. 429 Managing the Interaction p. 433 Greeting Behavior p. 433 Turn-Taking Behavior p. 434 Leave-Taking Behavior p. 437 Communicating Our Identity p. 438 Personal Identity p. 439 Social Identity p. 441 Deceiving Others p. 443 A Perspective for Communicators p. 446 Credits p. 459 Author Index p. 461 Subject Index p. 477 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.