SOCI 323 Social Psychology

Transcription

1 SOCI 323 Session 6 Social Perceptions Lecturer: Dr. Peace Mamle Tetteh, Department of Sociology Contact Information: ptetteh@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/ /2017 godsonug.wordpress.com/blog

2 Session Overview What are perceptions? Are opinions the same as perceptions? What factors influence the perceptions we have of people, things or situations? Can we use the perceptions we have of others to explain their behavior? Additionally, how accurate are our perceptions and under what circumstances would these perceptions change and/or not change? These are the questions we shall seek to answer in this session. Specifically in this session, we shall explain how perceptions are formed using non-verbal communication. At the end of the session, the student will be able to: define and explain the process of social perception define non-verbal communication and identify the various channels/cues of non-verbal communication. explain how people form perceptions based on non- verbal cues identify the inaccuracies and the strengths of using non-verbal cues in social perception.

3 Session Outline The key topics to be covered in the session are as follows: Definition of Social Perceptions Definition of Non Verbal Communication Channels of Non-Verbal Communication Uses of Non-Verbal Communication Non-Verbal Communication, Technology and Gender Sample Question Summary of Session References

4 Reading List Read chapter three (3) of the required text and the articles on this session sis, posted on Sakai.

5 Topic One DEFINING SOCIAL PERCEPTION

6 What is Social Perception? Social perception is the process through which we seek to know and understand other people (Baron & Branscombe, 2012) The process involves learning about the temporary causes of behavior as well as the more permanent causes of behavior. To obtain information about the temporary causes of others behavior (feelings and emotions) we focus on non- verbal cues which are provided by others facial expressions, eye contact and body posture or movements.

7 What is Non-Verbal Communication? This is communication between individuals that does not involve the content of spoken language. It relies instead on an unspoken language of facial expressions, eye contact and body language (Baron & Branscombe, 2012) In many situations, behavior is strongly affected by temporary factors and causes (shifting moods, emotions, fatigue etc). Thus to understand behavior, you must pay significant attention to such non verbal communication as people may not want to talk about how they feel even if asked. Thus, non verbal communication reveals much insight into other peoples moods and feelings from silent language. The most revealing non verbal cues involve facial expressions (eye contact), body movements and posture (body language).

8 Topic Two CHANNELS OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

9 Facial Expressions This channel of communication has the longest history of research, starting with DarǁiŶ s book in Many researchers have suggested that much human feelings, emotions and attitudes are reflected on the face. The renowned philosopher Cicero indicates that, The face is the image of the soul. Research (Rozin et al 1994) have indicated that five basic emotions are expressed on the face namely happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust. These emotions tend to be the first to appear in human development. A sixth emotion has been suggested as another emotion but current research is mixed on this. It thus suggests that though humans express this emotion, it may not be as basic as the other five. Its important to note that even though only 5/6 emotions are named, humans are capable of expressing many more emotions than these.

10 Facial Expressions Facial expressions are universal. People in all situations faced with similar emotion provoking situations express similar cues. Also despite the geographical locations, these expressions are meaningful to all people. Thus, all humans can encode (express or emit non verbal behavior) and decode (interpret the meaning of the non verbal behavior other people express). Non verbal cues are therefore speđie speđifiđ and not Đulture specific. In other words they are specific to humanity and not to a particular culture. Zagonc (1985) suggests that facial expressions and the capability to universally recognize and or interpret them has survival value. Thus, through the process you can warn others of impending danger or can help prepare them for aggression against outside attackers (through signs of facial anger).

11 Facial Expressions However, even though many non verbal cues can be decoded by others who are watching, it sometimes can be a challenging task. Your decoding of others non verbal cues can be inaccurate. This happens because of three reasons namely: Affect blends (facial expressions in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion.) Pretence: The instance when people try to appear less emotional than they are so that others will not know how they really feel. Culture (Ekman et al): Every culture has display rules (culturally defined rules about which non verbal behaviors are appropriate to display). For instance, cultural norms discourage Ghanaian men from emotional displays such as grief or crying ( Barima nsu - a man does not cry). Again in Japan cultural rules dictate that women should not exhibit a broad uncontrolled smile- if they do they hide it behind their hands (France, Hecht, & Paluck, 2003).

12 Eye Contact You can learn about others feelings through the eyes (love, joy, sadness etc) - the eyes are the windows to the soul. A high level of gazing or eye contact may be signs of liking or friendliness (Lienke 1986). Too much and continuous gazes (staring) may be interpreted as a sign of hostility or anger (Ellsworth and Carl smith, 1973). It may also mean friendliness, attraction, suspicion or even surprise, depending on the situation. This non verbal cue is also shaped by culture. In some cultures, direct eye contact may be considered invasive or disrespectful, whereas in others avoiding eye contact may be suspicious. For instance in some Asian countries and even in traditional Ghanaian society, you are not expected to look directly into an adults eye as a sign of respect. However in other places as the United States, you must not avoid eye contact if you want to portray yourself as an honest person.

13 Eye Contact This non verbal cue is also shaped by culture. In some cultures, direct eye contact may be considered invasive or disrespectful, whereas in others avoiding eye contact may be suspicious. For instance in some Asian countries and even in traditional Ghanaian society, you are not expected to look directly into an adults eye as a sign of respect. However in other places as the United States, you must not avoid eye contact if you want to portray yourself as an honest person.

14 Body Language Body language refers to cues provided by the position, posture and movements of others bodies or body parts. Body language often reveals much about other peoples emotional states. Large amounts of movements, especially ones in which a particular part of the body does something to another (e.g. scratching, lip licking, rubbing) suggest emotional arousal or nervousness (Knapp 1978). Body movements can also reveal much about others physical status (e.g. age, vigor, and gait). Thus, though you may not see peoples faces, their current moods and emotions can be known through the movements and positions of their bodies.

15 Gestures and Emblems Gestures are an aspect of body movements. An type of gestures is Emblems: are body movements that carry a highly specific meaning in a given culture (e.g. thumbs up). Emblems vary from culture to culture, though all human situations have some emblems that have meaning to all- examples- greetings, departures, insults etc. Canyou think of any emblems specific to your culture?

16 Topic Three OTHER SOURCES OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

17 Communicating Via Personal Space How people use personal space is another form of non verbal communication. Standing too far or too Đlose from others while you speak to them may affect their impressions about you. Again, cultures vary in what they consider Ŷorŵal spacing or the normative use of personal space.

18 Communicating Via Touch The factors to consider in this context are: Who does the touching (a family member, friend stranger, gender etc) What is the nature of the physical contact or touch (gentle or rough; brief or prolonged) Which part of the body is touched (handshake, hug, pat on the back etc) The context within which this touching takes place (in a doctors office, a social setting as a stadium or theatre etc) Depending on these factors, touch can suggest several things from affection, love to hatred.

19 Communicating Via Body Scent Research has identified body scent as a subtle nonverbal cue Miller & Maner (2010) found a correlation between shifts in body chemistry occurring during ǁoŵeŶ s menstrual cycle and others (especially men)testosterone levels. Thus changes in body chemistry, reflected in subtle changes in body odour, can serve as an informational non verbal cue (Baron & Branscombe, 2012:75)

20 Topic Four USES OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

21 Self Presentation Non verbal cues apart from being an important source of information about others are useful for social interaction. It is used mainly in self deception. presentation and in the detection of Self presentation involves the use of several techniques designed to create a favorable impression of yourself to others. Non verbal communications have been used to induce favorable reactions in others by people controlling their non verbal behaviors. If you want to impress people, you may smile frequently, lean forward, maintain high eye contact, and nod in agreement at your target persoŷ s statements in situations as a job interview, dates and social events.

22 NVC & Detection of Deception Micro Expressions: This refers to fleeting facial expressions lasting only a few tenths of a second. Such reactions appear very quickly before persons can put their masks on (Ekman and Friessent 1976). Eye Contact: The eyes have one language eǀeryǁhere (George Herbert- English Poet ). When individuals avoid your gaze or blink frequently they most probably are not being truthful. (Klienke, 1986). Liars also show more dilated pupils than those who are telling the truth. They may also show an unusually low level of eye contact or an unusually high one as they try to fake being honest by looking others right in the eye.

23 NVC & Detection of Deception Adapters: This refers to instances when individuals move their hands and touch various parts of their body while speaking. In more cases than not, the person is lying. You may notice that some people scratch their head, twist their fingers, pull their nose or chin etc. These may all be indications of deception. Exaggerated facial Expressions: Persons who are lying may sometimes show exaggerated facial expressions like smile more or too broadly. Sometimes you may mistakenly think that those who smile at you cannot deceive you. But smiling is commonly used by deceivers to hide their feelings. Again the structure of peoples face (when people portray a sweet ďaďy fađe you tend to think that they are truthful). In such cases, you could pay attention to other non verbal cues or body movements. Another way to know if a person is lying is when they show greater sorrow than is typical in a given situation. For example if someone says Ŷo to a request you have made, and then shows exaggerated regret, it may most likely be that the reasons the person is giving you for saying Ŷo are not exactly true.

24 NVC & Detection of Deception Inter-channel Discrepancies: Differences noticed between different channels or NVC may be an indication of deception Changes in Speech (Para language): some aspects of people s linguistic style can be revealing of deception. Instances of pitch of voice rising slightly (Zukerman et al 1981), many pauses and sentence repairs and hesitations (Stiff et al 1989), shorter answers, slower speech, ahs and uhms, fast speech may suggest deception. That is, if you know someone to be a fast talker/or a slow talker and all of sudden, in response to something, they start taking too fast or slow, you may need to watch closely for deception.

25 Sample Question With ŶoŶ-verbal communication, you cannot, not ĐoŵŵuŶiĐate. DisĐuss.

26 Topic Five NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION: TECHNOLOGY & GENDER

27 Gender and NVC Many studies have indicated that women are better than men at both encoding and de-coding non verbal information. However, the exception is that women are good at de-coding non verbal cues when a person is telling the truth, whilst men are better at detecting lies (Rosenthal & De Paolo, 1979). This has been explained by Alice Eagly s (1987) social role theory. This theory explains that the social expectations and roles assigned women by society, makes them more polite, nurturing, friendly and sensitive than men. Thus, in the face of deception, they turn off their non verbal cue decoding skills in polite deference to the speaker. Also, because women usually occupy many low positions in society, it tends to be more important for women to have to be more polite and accommodating than it is for men (Deaux & Major, 1987).

28 Technology and NVC The dilemma and challenge with s (social media) is that words go out but there are no non verbal cues to give them additional meaning. Emotions (humor, sadness, sarcasm) are stripped away and the words stand alone, open to potential misinterpretations. To prevent this, we sometimes try to add emoticons but some of these emoticons are difficult to interpret or are inappropriate to use especially when the message is formal. Thus, words alone as used in communication can be easily misunderstood, which may lead to problems for interpersonal relationships.

29 Summary of Session In this session we have explain how the temporary causes of behavior can be explained using nonverbal communication Non-verbal communication occurs through many cues. Ones ability to decode and encode these cues and their obvious and subtle meanings help in self presentation and in detecting deception. Technology has made the interpretation of some nonverbal cues quite complex

30 References Robert, B. and Branscombe, N. (2012).. 13 th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc. Aronson, E., Wilson, T. & Akert, R. (2007) Social Psychology. 6 th Edition. Pearson Education Inc. Aronson, E., Wilson, T. & Akert, R. (2010) Social Psychology. 7 th Edition. Pearson Education Inc.