08/06/2018. How genetics shapes what we learn. Estimating heritability. How heritable is

Transcription

1 How genetics shapes what we learn Professor Robert Plomin, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience Resilience How heritable is Eye colour 0% heritable 50% heritable 100% heritable Estimating heritability Weight (BMI) 0% heritable 100% heritable School achievement (SE) 0% heritable 100% heritable Identical twins (monozygotic, MZ) Fraternal twins (dizygotic, DZ) 1

2 Heritability (%) at 7 at 9 at 12 at 16 at 18 est of Word Reading Efficiency (fluency and phonics) at age 7* 40 words 40 non-words *Very similar to UK Phonics Screening heck (Year 1) ~ 70% heritability for both words and non-words Kovas Plomin (2007) SRD Monographs Heritability (%) Meta-analysis of 2800 reports of 5000 traits in 2.6 million twin pairs Physical Physiological Psychological (Polderman et al Nature enetics 2015) 2

3 SingleNucleotidePolymorphism(SNP) 2 lleles 3 enotypes denine hymine ytosine uanine Finding DN differences responsible for the heritability of traits et DN enotype SNPs orrelate SNPs with traits enome-wide polygenic scores Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) enome-wide association (W) Variance explained (%) Many polygenic scores of psychological traits are already available % % Schizophrenia Bipolar depression Mental illnesses 2% Major depressive disorder 15% Educational achievement 10% Intelligence Mental abilities 10% Reading ability Resilience 3

4 My phenotypic height et my DN enotype my SNPs reate my polygenic scores and compare My height 196 cm (99 th percentile) Where are my polygenic scores? Distribution of height My polygenic score for height me Numberof individuals 90 th percentile Height percentiles 98% 50% 2% Polygenic scores for height in population 0% 2% 50% 98% Height polygenic score Height by deciles of polygenic score My body mass index (BMI) 75 th percentile of height Height Percentiles My BMI = 30 (114 kg) 70th percentile 25 th percentile of height Deciles for Height Polygenic Score Distribution of weight 4

5 My polygenic score for BMI My polygenic scores for psychological traits My BMI 70th percentile My polygenic score 94 th percentile Bipolar disorder (22%) lzheimer disease (39 % ) Major depressive disorder (33 % ) lzheimer disease? Educational achievement (94 % ) Schizophrenia (85 % ) Polygenic scores for BMI in population Polygenic scores in population DN.Land DN.Land Research implications of polygenic scores: Novel topics differences between selective and non-selective schools Smith-Woolley von Stumm Plomin (2018) Science of Learning Emily Smith-Woolley Smith, D. J., Escott-Price, V., Davies,., Bailey, M. E., olodro-onde, L., Ward, J.,... & Hagenaars, S. P. (2016). enome-wide analysis of over individuals identifies 9 neuroticism-associated loci. Molecular psychiatry, 21,

6 Impact of polygenic scores on clinical psychology Polygenic scores are normally distributed Before Symptoms Qualitative diagnosis fter auses Quantitative dimensions Polygenic scores here are no common disorders, just quantitative traits Impact of polygenic scores on clinical psychology Polygenic scores ommon disorders Before Symptoms Qualitative diagnosis ures One-size-fits-all treatments Negative genomics fter auses Quantitative dimensions Prediction and prevention Individually tailored interventions Positive genomics Plomin et al (2009). ommon disorders are common traits. Nature Reviews enetics. Promise Strength bility Resilience?? From negative to positive genomics Problem Weakness Disability Vulnerability ommon disorders enetics: the elephant in the classroom enetics and education: implications What follows if we accept the evidence for the importance of genetics? Polygenic scores 6

7 enetics and education: implications enetics and education: implications No necessary policy implications Policy depends on values as well as knowledge Better decisions with knowledge than without (evidence-based education) Do we stop teaching children? No! Heritable does not mean innate -- hildren have to be taught to read Heritable does not mean immutable -- Probabilistic propensities -- What is not what could be enetics and education: implications Justify social inequality? Educate the best, forget the rest? No! he essence of democracy is that people are treated equally despite their differences Democratic values and genetics n Equality of educational opportunity n Social mobility n Maximise potential n Personalised learning ll will increase heritability! Heritability is an index of equality of educational opportunity. genetic way of thinking about education n Recognition of and respect for individual differences n Education is not just a curriculum imposed on students n Students select, modify and create their experiences in part based on genetic propensities Passive model of imposed environments (instruction) ctive model of shaped environments (education) hoice, opportunities, personalised learning 7

8 How genetics shapes what we learn Professor Robert Plomin, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience 8