Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Transcription

1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders

2 Approaches to Treatment Insight Therapy: Discussing problems and symptoms to find solutions (aka talk therapy ) Behavior Therapy: Looks for ways to change daily problematic behavior through learning. ex. token economies Biomedical Therapy: Treating illnesses through alterations in biological functioning. ex. medications

3 Specialties All Psychologists must have a PhD years of school annual income $60,000 Clinical and counseling Psychologists- diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems. Clinical psychologists- emphasize treatment of full-fledged disorders Counseling psychologistsspecialize in everyday adjustment problems

4 Psychiatrists Psychiatrists- physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. Can prescribe medications. Specialize in more severe disorders (ex: schizophrenia and mood disorders) Must have an M.D. degree + a PhD 12 years of schooling Mean annual wage $150,000

5 Other Professionals Clinical Social Workers-BA/MA 37,000/$60, years Psychiatric Nurses-BS $57,000-4 years Counselors-MA 60 credits $47,000, 6-7 years school Therapists-MA 36 Credits $43,000, 6 years school

6 Who seeks help.

7 Insight Therapy First major type of therapy! Includes verbal interactions

8 Psychoanalysis (First type of Insight) Definition: emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts from childhood, motives, and defenses. Reduces anxiety and guilt Feel old feelings Founded by Sigmund Freud

9 Psychoanalysis Free Association: Patients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur (very little censorship). Car..fun Car..death Dream Analysis: Therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the clients dreams.

10 Resistance: Largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy (ex: show up late to sessions or have hostility toward therapist) Spontaneous remission: A recovery from a disorder without formal treatment

11 Transference: Patients unconsciously start relating to their therapists in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives. Helpful in determining which stage there was a problem. (ex: being angry at the therapist as if she s your mother)

12 Client-Centered Therapy Humanistic (Second type of Insight) Definition: Emphasizes providing a nondirective supportive emotional climate for clients Fulfill one s potential to improve self-concept. Focuses on present and future rather than the past. Conscious thoughts not unconscious. People are clients not patients.

13 Client Centered Humanistic Cont Clients learn to take responsibility for actions and feelings. Clients decide pace and direction of therapy Personal growth is sought rather than a cure. Paraphrase, reflect and invite clarification Active listening, acceptance and support Founded by Carl Rogers

14 Client Centered Therapy Emotional Climate: stable and comfort environment for the session to take place 3 types of environments: -Empathy: Understand clients from their point of view (Client and therapist are equal) -Genuineness: Communication is honest and spontaneous -Unconditional positive regard: A nonjudgmental acceptance of the client

15 Cognitive Therapy Definition: Emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive behavior Founded by Aaron Beck Therapist controls the direction of the session Talking, listening & role-playing Often there is homework. Largest model of therapy 45-50% of all therapists Cognitive-behavioral therapy combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavioral therapy (changing behavior)

16 Group & Family Therapy Definition: the simultaneous treatment of several clients in a group Controlled environment Clients realize their problems might not be as bad as others Provides supportive environment.

17 Definition: The application of learning principles to direct efforts to change clients maladaptive behavior using reinforcement, modeling and punishment. Changes daily problematic behavior We can unlearn what we learn through operant conditioning Token economies. Behavioral Therapy

18 Systematic Desensitization Definition: Therapy used to reduce phobic clients anxiety responses through counterconditioning ex: Person with a fear of spiders Builds an anxiety hierarchy Works from the bottom up Joseph Wolpe

19 Aversion Therapy Definition: An aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response ex: An alcoholic has a drug paired with their favorite alcoholic drink antabuse Depo-used for sexual deviance (changes testosterone levels) Deals with the autonomic nature of responses

20 Social Skills Training (Third technique of Behavioral) Definition: Behavioral therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills Uses both operant conditioning and observational learning (Bandura) 3 types of social skills training: -Modeling -Behavioral rehearsal -Shaping

21 Social Skills Training Modeling- Client observes and emulates acceptable behavior. Behavioral rehearsal- role playing Shaping- Clients gradually handle more delicate and complicated social situations ex: standing up to your boss

22 Biomedical Therapy Definition: Physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders 3 types of Biomedical therapy: -Psychopharmacotherapy -Electroconvulsive Therapy -Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy

23 Psychopharmacology (First type of Biomedical) Definition: The treatment of mental disorders with medicine 3 main categories of drugs: Antianxiety-Xanax, ativan, Antipsychotic-Lithium, Haldol, Thorazine - Antidepressant-Zoloft, Well-butrin, Paxil, Prozac

24 Anti-anxiety Drugs Treats anxiety and reduces tension and nervousness Has immediate results Ex: Valium, Xanax, Ativan, Tranquilizers

25 Antipsychotic Drugs Treats Schizophrenia and reduces hallucinations, hyperactivity, and delusions Effects shown in 2-7 days and continue for months Ex: Thorazine, Mellaril, Clozaril,and Haldol

26 Antidepressant Drugs Treats depression and anxiety Elevates mood due to depression May take 2-4 weeks to work ex: MAO inhibitors, Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Well-Butrin, Nadril, Elail Often unpleasant side effects

27 Tardive Dyskinesa: Neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing an ticlike movements of the mouth, tongue, face, and feet. Caused by toxic intake of drugs. Can be permanent. Can cause death. Therapeutic level of medication is generally just below toxic level. Many drugs can be toxic: Lithium: A chemical used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders. It is a simple salt. Stimulant Meds used to treat ADD. Adderall, Ritalin, Concerta.

28 Electroconvulsive Therapy & Psychosurgery Definition: Electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions Has a high relapse rate but extremely effective on severe depression clients A.K.A = ECT or rewiring the brain 1938, 100 volts Lobotomies prior to drug era. (before 1950 s 35,000 a year)

29 Eclecticism- the practice of therapy involves drawing ideas from 2 or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one system ex: combining biomedical and insight therapies

30 Deinstitutionalizationtransferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to communitybased facilities that emphasize outpatient care A.K.A the revolving door problem!

31 Due to medical advances or $? Has the prison population increased as the mental health treatment decreased? Mental hospitals housed 550,000 in 50 s to less than 70,000 today. Currently over 2.3 million people are behind bars. Roughly 20% are gravely mentally ill/50%-60% are mentally ill (approx. 400,000) Are we being proactive or reactive? How many of those 400,000 people were receiving treatment before deinstitutionalization? $41 billion to house current prison population Prison population increased by 400% over the last 20 years. 50% violent crimes (4x the amount of testosterone as normal males, 20X the amount of females) Revolving door problem Homelessness

32 What can be done? Every year more than 32,000 Americans end their lives-(more than twice as much as all the homicides.) 50 % use weapons Why don t people go to therapy? More woman than men attempt suicide, but more men nearly 25,000 succeed. What is wrong with our males? About 70% of people who kill themselves had threatened to do so within the three months preceding the suicide. CDC.GOV

33 How can we prevent mental illness? Genetic testing Increase education and penalties on drug and alcohol use/abuse Early intervention with family therapy Insurance companies Psychological wellness visits Change the perception and stigma of getting help.

34 Protect Your Mental Health Exercise Eat healthy Get enough sleep Avoid drugs/alcohol Have some fun every day Maintain a good support system Take on only what you can handle Make decisions using your goals and values.